List of southernmost items explained

The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements

See also: Southernmost settlements.

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation)	Wellington, New Zealand
Permanent settlement of any size	Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica	-90°N 0°W
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people^[1]	McMurdo Station, Antarctica	-77.85°N 206°W
Town > 1,000 people	Puerto Williams, Chile	-54.9333°N -104°W
City > 50,000 people	Ushuaia, Argentina	-54.8°N -86°W
City > 100,000 people	Punta Arenas, Chile	-53.1667°N -126°W
City > 250,000 people	Christchurch, New Zealand
City > 500,000 people	Mar del Plata, Argentina	-38°N -90°W
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people	Melbourne, Australia	-37.8136°N 144.9631°W
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people	Buenos Aires, Argentina	-34.6033°N -58.3817°W
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people	São Paulo, Brazil	-23.5517°N -46.6336°W

Geography

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable)	Bay of Whales, Ross Sea
Land (excluding Antarctica)	Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	-59.5306°N -27.3972°W

Islands

See also: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands.

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level)	Deverall Island
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered)	Ross Island	-77.8333°N 206°W
Any size excluding Antarctica	Thule Island	-59.45°N -45°W
Island > 10,000 km^2 excluding Antarctica	Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile	-55.0333°N -83°W
Island > 100,000 km^2	South Island, New Zealand
Coral atoll	Elizabeth Reef, Australia	-29.95°N 163°W

The southernmost point of Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature

Animals

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki)	seen at the South Pole^[2]
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum)	Southern tip of South America^[3]
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)	Southern Ocean^[4] ^[5]	80th parallel south
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli)	Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina^[6]
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus	Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego^[7]
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica)	Refuge Islands^[8] ^[9]
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarctica	Ross Sea^[10]	75th parallel south

Plants

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses)	Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica^[11]
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring)	Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica^[12]
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring)	Hornos Island, Chile^[13]
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring)	Tierra del Fuego, Chile^[14] ^[15]
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring)	Chatham Islands, New Zealand^[16]

Agriculture

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Cattle farm	Estancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina^[17]
Cherry orchard	Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina^[18]
Potato farm	Centro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile^[19]
Rice field	San Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile^[20] ^[21]
Vineyard	Chile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile^[22]

Education

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate school	John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand^[23]
University	National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina^[24]
Kindergarten	Puerto Williams,^[25] Chile
Secondary school	Puerto Williams, Chile^[26]
Primary school	Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica^[27]

Science and technology

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Astronomical observatory	South Pole Telescope, Antarctica
Permanent scientific research station	Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica
Planetarium	Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand^[28]
Nuclear power plant	Atucha I, Argentina^[29]
	Atucha II, Argentina

Transportation

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights)	Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica
Seaport/Harbour	Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica^[31]
Narrow gauge railway	Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica^[32] ^[33] The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights)	Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile	-54.9333°N -104°W
International airport	Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina
Traffic light	Hipólito Yrigoyen/Constitución Fueguina, Ushuaia, Argentina
Suspension bridge	Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands^[34]
Railway	Southern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina^[35]
Railway station	Rolleston railway station, New Zealand
Electrified railway	Wellington station, Wellington, New Zealand
Metro station	Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina^[36]
Underground railway station	Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia	-37.8122°N 144.9561°W
Tramway system	Christchurch Heritage Tram, Christchurch, New Zealand	-43.5353°N 172.6411°W (southernmost point of route)
Tramway system (as part of mass transit, excluding heritage routes)	Melbourne, Australia	-37.9144°N 145.0167°W (southernmost point of route)
Trolleybus	Valparaíso, Chile

Recreation

Sport

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Bowling club	Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand^[37]	-46.8992°N 168.1287°W
Ski resort	Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina^[38]	-54.7167°N -68°W
Golf club	Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina^[39]	-54.8312°N 68.4173°W

Religious buildings

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Church (ice-made)	Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica^[40] ^[41]
Church (regular)	Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica
Mormon church	Puerto Williams, Chile^[42]
Cathedral	El Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile^[43]
Hindu temple	Centro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile^[44]
Mosque	Southland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand^[45]
Synagogue	Dunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand^[46] ^[47]
Buddhist stupa	the Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand^[48]
Sikh Gurdwara	New Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand^[49]

Shops and service facilities

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Tourist office	Puerto Williams,^[50] Chile
Restaurant	Lodge Lakutaia,^[51] Puerto Williams, Chile	-54.9368°N -67.613°W
Cinema	Jubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula	-62.2333°N -98°W
Public post office	Port Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica^[52]
Bar	Faraday Bar,^[53] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica	-65.2457°N -64.2574°W
Automated teller machine	McMurdo Station, Antarctica^[54]

International brand names

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Mercedes-Benz retailer	Mario Bonetto Rodados y Servicios, Ushuaia, Argentina
Toyota retailer	Celentano Motors, Ushuaia, Argentina
Volkswagen retailer	Ushuaia, Argentina
Mobil petrol station	Invercargill, New Zealand	-46.4294°N 168.3617°W ^[55]
Tesla retailer	Wigram, Christchurch, New Zealand	^[56]
H&M	Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand	-43.5333°N 172.6378°W ^[57]
Shell petrol station	Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia	-43°N 147.3203°W ^[58]
Aldi	Wonthaggi, Victoria, Australia
	Rosebud, Victoria, Australia	-38.3569°N 144.9011°W ^[59]
ECCO	Moorabbin, Melbourne, Australia	-37.9708°N 145.0892°W ^[60]
IKEA	Springvale, Melbourne, Australia	-37.9267°N 145.1433°W
Zara	Chadstone Shopping Centre, Malvern East, Melbourne, Australia	-37.8846°N 145.0832°W

Franchised food brands

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
Hard Rock Café	Ushuaia, Argentina	-54.8068°N -68.3063°W
Domino's Pizza	Punta Arenas, Chile	-53.1388°N -70.8899°W
Pizza Hut	Invercargill, New Zealand	-46.4278°N 168.3613°W
Subway	Invercargill, New Zealand	-46.4279°N 168.3617°W
McDonald's	Invercargill, New Zealand^[61]	-46.4209°N 168.3615°W
KFC	Invercargill, New Zealand	-46.4188°N 168.3616°W
Burger King	Invercargill, New Zealand^[62]	-46.4133°N 168.3618°W
Starbucks	Invercargill, New Zealand^[63]	-46.412°N 168.3491°W
Wendy's	Dunedin, New Zealand^[64]	-45.894°N 170.5038°W
Taco Bell	Dunedin North, Dunedin, New Zealand
Denny's	Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand
Baskin-Robbins	Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia	-37.8304°N 145.0567°W

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
National park	Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile
Penguin reserve	Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile^[65]
Aviary	Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand
Botanical garden	Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina^[66]

Other

Item	Place	Latitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural)	French Austral Land and Seas	(southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural)	Cueva de las Manos, Argentina^[67]
Skyscraper (>100 m)	Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
Opera house	Oamaru Opera House, Oamaru, New Zealand
High-rise building	Cue Building,^[68] Invercargill, New Zealand
Mine	Invierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile^[69]
Brewery	Cerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina^[70]
Lighthouse	Monumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile
Bell tower	Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church, Milton, New Zealand
Place of birth of a human	Esperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) ^[71]
Cemetery	Buromskiy Island, Antarctica^[72]

See also

• List of northernmost items
• Extreme points of Earth
• Extreme points of the Antarctic
• List of countries by southernmost point

References

• Moore, D. M. (1983). Flora of Tierra del Fuego.

Notes and References

1. Web site: 4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present . 2018-04-06 . 2017-07-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112521/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm . live .
2. Web site: Skuas - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection. https://web.archive.org/web/20060211065548/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/wildlife/birds/skuas.shtml. dead. February 11, 2006.
3. Web site: Amphibians 101 - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service). Mailing Address: 101 Dunkel St Suite 110. Fairbanks. AK 99701 Phone: [phone] Contact. Us. www.nps.gov. 2020-03-23. 2021-03-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301052808/https://www.nps.gov/gaar/learn/nature/wood-frog-page-5.htm. live.
4. Web site: Antarctica: Marine Mammals. www.marinebio.net. 2020-03-23. 2020-03-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323225019/http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/AAmammals.htm. live.
5. Perfluoroalkyl substances detected in the world's southernmost marine mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii). Heli. Routti. Bjørn A.. Krafft. Dorte. Herzke. Regina. Eisert. Olav. Oftedal. February 1, 2015. Environmental Pollution. 197. 62–67. 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.026. 25497307.
6. Birney, Elmer C.; Monjeau, J. Adrian; Phillips, Carleton J. Sikes, Robert S.; Kim, Iksoo. 1996. Lestodelphys halli: new information on a poorly known Argentine marsupial. Mastozoología Neotropical 3:171-181.
7. Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) . . Jaksic . Fabian M. . 7 . 95 . 10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y . 2022. 252717680 . free .
8. Web site: Stress tolerance in a polyextremophile: The southernmost insect | Request PDF.
9. A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae) with a description of its larva. Michael B.. Usher. Marion. Edwards. September 1, 1984. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 23. 1. 19–31. academic.oup.com. 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00803.x. March 23, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013358/https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/23/1/19/2666295. live.
10. Web site: Archived copy . 2020-03-23 . 2019-02-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190214181231/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/508228/1/Atlas_Chap.7-Duhamel_et_al_2014-F.pdf . live .
11. Web site: UA, Tempe company bring veggies to South Pole . 2006-10-07 . 2021-10-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211017200704/https://help.azcentral.com/ . live .
12. https://web.archive.org/web/20071214202521/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/12/01/html/ft_20011201.1.html. Frozen Under. 2007-12-14. Roff. Smith. National Geographic. 2012-06-23. dead.
13. News: Welch. Craig. The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it. National Geographic. July 2020. July 13, 2020. July 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714155713/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/journey-to-the-worlds-southernmost-tree/. dead.
14. Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum forests in their northern distribution in the Chilean Coastal Range . . Soto . Daniel P. . 3 . 28 . 263–270 . Le Quesne . Carlos . 2007 . Lara . Antonio . Gardner . Martin F.. 10.4067/S0717-92002007000300012 .
15. Genetic variation in the threatened South American conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae), detected using RAPD markers . . Allnutt . T.R. . 2 . 114 . 245–253 . Newton . A.C. . 2003 . Premoli . A. . Lara . A.. 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00044-2 .
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17. Hoffmann, M. A. (1974). The southernmost cattle exploitation in the world. Development action of the Argentine Army in an isle of Tierra del Fuego. (in Spanish). Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina.
18. News: Los Antiguos: la cereza más austral del mundo . 2022-07-22 . 2022-12-02 . . Spanish.
19. News: Chile: INIA prepara la cosecha más austral de papa semilla certificada . 2020-04-03 . 2022-12-02 . Argenpapa . Spanish.
20. Paredes, C.M.; Becerra, V.V.; Donoso, Ñ.G.; Cruz, G.M. (2021) Tolerancia al frío en el cultivo del arroz en el mundo. In: Paredes, C.M. (et al. (eds.)) 100 años del cultivo del arroz en Chile en un contexto internacional 1920-2020. Tomo I. Colección Libros INIA no. 40. Chillán (Chile): Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, p. 188-214.
21. Presente y perspectivas futuras del cultivo del arroz en Chile . 2020-11-30 . Mundo Agro . Spanish.
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28. News: World's southernmost planetarium opens in Dunedin. Newshub. www.newshub.co.nz. 2020-03-23. 2020-03-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323195212/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2015/12/worlds-southernmost-planetarium-opens-in-dunedin.html. live.
29. Web site: Nucleoeléctrica Argentina (in Spanish) . 2009-08-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140326100354/http://www.na-sa.com.ar/centrales . 2014-03-26 . dead .
30. Antiquity announcement: Isla Hornos/Isla Lököshpi. Antiquity. October 2022. 96. 389. 1324–1329. 10.15184/aqy.2022.91. Buma. Brian. Morello. Flavia. Rodriguez. Karina. Fillol. Alberto Serrano. 251269854. free.
31. Klein, Andrew G.. Kennicutt, Mahlon C. . Wolff, Gary A. . Sweet, Steve T. . Bloxom, Tiffany . Gielstra, Dianna A. . Cleckley, Marietta . The historical development of McMurdo station, Antarctica, an environmental perspective. Polar Geography. 2008. 31. 3. 119–144. 10.1080/10889370802579856. Winter Quarters Bay is the world's southernmost port.. 10.1.1.693.1204 . 128640917 .
32. Book: A concise account of Signy Base 'H'. David Rootes . British Antarctic Survey . 17 . 1988 . 085665129X.
33. Web site: Big whales, small engines!. Martin Coombs . Railways of the Far South . 2022-01-03 .
34. Web site: Southern most Suspension Bridge . 2017-03-22 . 2017-03-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203046/http://text.fostlong-photography.com/Southern-most-Suspension-Bridge . live .
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36. Web site: Oren . 2018-06-12 . Riding to the Southernmost Subway Station in the World . 2023-01-30 . Oren's Transit Page . en-US.
37. Web site: Stewart Island bowling green opened - the world's southernmost green? . 2016-08-23 . 2016-01-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160131062540/https://www.bowlsnz.co.nz/Category?Action=View&Category_id=2955 . live .
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40. Web site: Church in ice cave at Belgrano II station, Antarctica. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065855/http://www.waponline.it/ChurchinAntarctica/tabid/65/Default.aspx. dead. July 22, 2011.
41. Web site: Mass at ice church in Belgrano II Base . 2009-08-24 . 2008-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080627234800/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/fotos/BaseBelgrano/pages/Misa_jpg.htm . live .
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58. https://www.shell.com.au/motorists/fuel-finder.html
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