The Town Hall (New York City) Explained

The Town Hall
Address:123 West 43rd Street
City:Manhattan, New York City
Country:United States
Architect:Teunis J. van der Bent of McKim, Mead & White
Owner:Town Hall Foundation, Inc.
Capacity:1,495
Yearsactive:1921–present
Coordinates:40.756°N -73.9847°W
Built:1919
Embedded:
Town Hall
Embed:yes
Nrhp Type:nhl
Designated Nrhp Type:March 2, 2012
Added:April 23, 1980
Refnum:80002724
Designated Other2 Name:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:November 28, 1978
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL
Designated Other2 Link:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Designated Other2 Number:1011, 1012
Designated Other2 Color:
  1. ffe978

The Town Hall (also Town Hall) is a performance space at 123 West 43rd Street, between Broadway and Sixth Avenue near Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was built from 1919 to 1921 and designed by architects McKim, Mead & White for the League for Political Education. The auditorium has 1,500 seats across two levels and has historically been used for various events, such as speeches, musical recitals, concerts, and film screenings. Both the exterior and interior of the building are New York City landmarks, and the building is on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark.

Town Hall was designed in the Georgian Revival style and has a brick facade with limestone trim. The base contains seven arched doorways that serve as the venue's entrance. The facade of the upper stories contains a large limestone plaque, niches, and windows. Inside the ground story, a rectangular lobby leads to the auditorium. The upper stories originally housed offices for the League for Political Education the Civic Forum, the Economic Club, and the Town Hall Club.

Town Hall's auditorium opened on January 12, 1921, and was originally intended as a place for speeches, but Town Hall subsequently became one of New York City's top musical venues in its 20th-century heyday. The first public-affairs media programming, the America's Town Meeting of the Air radio program, broadcast from Town Hall between 1935 and 1956. New York University (NYU) leased Town Hall afterward, but the venue began to decline in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s. NYU closed the auditorium in 1978 due to financial shortfalls, and Town Hall was then renovated and reopened as a performance venue by the Town Hall Foundation.

Site

Town Hall is on 123 West 43rd Street, between Broadway and Sixth Avenue near Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City.[1] The land lot covers 12563ft2, with a frontage of on 45th Street and a depth of 100.42feet. Nearby buildings include the Millennium Times Square New York, Hudson Theatre, Hotel Gerard, and the Chatwal New York hotel to the north; the Belasco Theatre to the northeast; the Bank of America Tower and Stephen Sondheim Theatre to the south; 4 Times Square to the southwest; and 1500 Broadway to the west.

Design

Town Hall was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the Georgian Revival style and constructed from 1919 to 1921 as a lecture venue.[2] Teunis (Dennis) J. van der Bent of the firm was in charge of the overall design,[3] and Russell B. Smith was the supervising engineer.[4] The interior work was completed by Louis Jallade after the building opened. Wallace Clement Sabine has been popularly cited as a consultant in the design of Town Hall's auditorium, but he died before the building was completed.[5] Town Hall was originally built for the League for Political Education. The Georgian Revival style was chosen for its connotations of grassroots democracy.

Facade

The main elevation of the facade, facing south on 43rd Street, is clad in brown brick with Flemish bond and is divided into three horizontal sections.[6] The openings have limestone trim around them. Generally, the facade is nine bays wide and is designed to appear as a four-story structure. When it was completed, Town Hall's facade complemented the Georgian facade of the Stephen Sondheim Theatre immediately across the street.

The western elevation abuts an adjacent four-story building, which was formerly an annex of Town Hall and retains a connection at a single story. The eastern elevation is clad with common brick and originally was not visible from the street, but the site immediately to the east was redeveloped in the 1970s with an office building, which is set back from the curb. The northern elevation is not visible from the street since it faces another building.

Base

The first-story facade contains a blind arcade with seven arches containing double doors. The westernmost door leads to the upper story, the five center doors lead to the theater, and the easternmost door leads to the box office. The arches are accessed by either one or two steps, since the eastern section of the site is higher than the western section. Fluted limestone pilasters flank the doors. Each double door has wooden frames and glass panes, above which are multi-pane transom windows. Each doorway has a limestone tympanum above it, as well as a lunette window with a keystone. The extreme ends of the facade, on either side of the blind arcade, contain metal double doors that lead to The Town Hall's backstage hallways. Above each of these end doors is a splayed brick lintel and a wood-framed sash window.

Five of the arched openings have steel-and-glass canopies above them. The canopies are cantilevered from steel rods that extend diagonally from the facade.[7] There are three such canopies: one above each outermost arch and one above the center three doorways. Underneath each canopy are spherical lamps, with glass shades at the edges of the canopy. The centers of the canopies' undersides have large spherical lamps, which are surrounded by smaller spheres. A Greek key band course runs above the mezzanine.

Upper floors

The middle stories generally lack window openings and are faced in brick. The center of the facade has a limestone plaque that contains the words "The Town HallFounded bythe League for Political Education1894–1920'Ye Shall Know the Truth andthe Truth Shall Make You Free'". On either side are two empty niches surrounded by limestone frames. The niches are topped by round arches and contain similar keystones to the openings below them. There are light fixtures at the bases of the niches, as well as on the sills of the round arches. Above the niches and plaque is a set of sash windows with brick and limestone frames. A Greek key band course runs above the middle stories.

The attic contains seven double-hung sash windows, which are larger than those in the midsection. Each window has an iron grille below it, as well as a limestone lintel with a keystone above. There are recessed brick panels between each of the attic windows, each of which contains a limestone lozenge. Both of the outermost bays contain recessed panels with an ocular window inside. The attic contains an Adamesque limestone frieze above the windows. Above this is a set of dentils and a balustrade.

Interior

The Town Hall's lobby and auditorium are on the lower levels, and the offices are on the upper levels.[8] [9] The auditorium is semicircular in plan and is surrounded by the backstage and front of house areas. Two passageways, one each on the extreme west and east ends of the ground story, provide access from the street to backstage areas. While the auditorium is two stories tall, it has been described in contemporary publications as a four-story space.[10]

Lobby

The lobby is accessed from the five center doorways on 43rd Street. It has a largely rectangular plan, except for the north wall, which corresponds to the auditorium's rear wall. A contemporary publication called the lobby "a memorial to public-spirited citizens not now living who were leaders of their day in public usefulness".

The lobby contains a floor of terrazzo tiles, as well as classically styled pilasters and a paneled ceiling. The northern wall of the lobby has a screen divided into three portions. The central section of the screen has a set of double doors, flanked by Ionic-style engaged columns. The outer sections of the screen are made of marble with window openings, and they contain Doric-style pilasters. On either side of the screen are staircases that lead up to the first mezzanine level of the auditorium. These stairs have balustrades with iron balusters and walnut wooden railings. Underneath the stairs are additional doorways that lead into the auditorium's orchestra level. Double doors with multiple glass panes lead east to the box office and west to the elevator banks.

Auditorium

The auditorium has a parterre-level orchestra and a single balcony, with a small stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium has a seating capacity of 1,495.[11] Every effort was taken to ensure that no seats had obstructed views,[12] which led to the Town Hall's long-standing mantra "Not a bad seat in the house".[13] The balcony is cantilevered from the structural framework, which obviated the need for columns that blocked audience views. The balcony has a loge, or theatrical box. The front of the balcony contains a wrought-iron balustrade. The auditorium retains most of its original wicker seat designs, except for the loge, where modern theatrical seats have been installed. The original seats were capable of unusually high levels of acoustic absorption; they were replaced in the 1980s by seats with similar acoustic qualities.[14] The writer Harold C. Schonberg wrote that only the seating on the balcony had good acoustics, as the balcony's presence muffled the sounds at orchestra level.[15]

The lower sections of the side walls contain marble paneling, which is topped by a molding with a torus motif. Above that, the walls are made of artificial stone, carved in rusticated blocks. Each of the corners contains a fluted pilaster with a Composite-style capital. The side walls contain two niches, which are designed similarly to the proscenium arch. The gilded cornice just beneath the ceiling contains acanthus leaves, under which are dentil blocks.[16] The cornice is supplemented by a band with Greek key fretwork and guilloche moldings. The plaster ceiling is split into coffers, with Greek key and guilloche moldings between each coffer. The center of the ceiling has an Adamesque ornamental medallion with a large chandelier hanging from it. Smaller chandeliers hang from various other parts of the ceiling. The lighting was intended to be indirect, with 2,500 bulbs in total.

The proscenium arch consists of a band with a Greek key molding, supported on either side by ornamented pilasters with Composite-style capitals. Above the center of the arch is a keystone with foliate decorations. The proscenium measures tall and wide.[17] The stage curves slightly outward from the proscenium, measuring deep at its center and deep at its sides. The back of the stage area was designed with a tapestry. On either side of the stage are round-arched screens, which formerly framed the auditorium's organs. Each arch has a sill that contains foliate decorations and is supported by scrolled brackets. The screens themselves are divided into three parts, with a pediment atop the central section, and contain carved swags and garlands. The organs themselves were donated in 1922 but saw little use and were removed in 1960.[18] The organ pipes remain in place,[19] but paintings were placed within the screens in an 1983 renovation.

Other features

The elevators on the western side of the ground floor, lead to the second through fourth stories. The second and third stories were designed with club offices and a library, as well as communal spaces such as a bar, lounge, and dining area.[20] The fourth story, which corresponded to the penthouse, had a kitchen and space for employees and food storage. Many of the original decorations, including plaster walls, paneled piers, and neoclassical moldings, still exist.

The second story was intended to contain offices for the League for Political Education, as well as its subsidiaries, the Civic Forum and the Economic Club. In addition, there was to be an adjoining political science library. The third story and the roof were to be arranged with space for a social club. While the League's offices were occupied from the building's completion, the two upper stories were not furnished until the end of 1924. As ultimately completed, the third floor was equipped with two main dining rooms and four private dining rooms. In addition, the fourth floor contained a library decorated with American pine from floor to ceiling. The room, measuring 77by, was described in the New York Herald Tribune as "probably the largest pine room in the country", containing three large pine columns and alcoves with space for 9,000 books.[21]

History

Early history

Eleanor Butler Sanders and five other prominent suffragists established the League for Political Education in 1894 to advocate for women's suffrage.[22] [23] The group held popular "town meetings" about social issues and had 600 members by 1899. The initial meetings were held in Sanders's house and attracted mainly women. Subsequent meetings attracted more men and were hosted in various venues around New York City, since the League had no dedicated clubhouse.[24] The Economic Club and Civic Forum were both founded in 1907 as offshoots of the League for Political Education.[25] In 1912, Anna Blakslee Bliss gave money to fund the construction of a dedicated clubhouse; her initial donation of $1,000 was followed the next year by a larger donation.

Development

Plans for a dedicated clubhouse for the League were first announced in 1914; the clubhouse would have been at 108–120 West 49th Street.[26] The 49th Street clubhouse, which would likely have been designed by James E. Ware, was never built. The League's real estate committee then researched alternate sites before recommending the plots at 113–123 West 43rd Street, near Times Square. The committee recommended the site because of its proximity to transit. The plots were then purchased in 1917[27] for $425,000.[28] At the time, Manhattan's theater district was in the process of shifting from Union Square and Madison Square to the vicinity of Times Square,[29] with forty-three Broadway theaters being erected there from 1901 to 1920. The Societies Realty Corporation, which had been formed to construct the building, received a $300,000 loan for the site in 1918.[30] That February, the League announced it would organize "a new club for men and women interested in civic problems", with a new clubhouse at 113 West 43rd Street.[31]

The plans for Town Hall were announced in April 1919. McKim, Mead & White had prepared plans for the building, which was expected to cost $500,000 and be completed by the next year. The structure was to house the League for Political Education, the Civic Forum, and the Economic Club.[32] That July, Russell B. Smith began to raze the existing row houses. Work on Town Hall began on October 10, 1919. The League then scheduled a ceremony where Sanders's grand-niece Eleanor Butler Roosevelt would have laid the cornerstone.[33] [34] E. B. Roosevelt could not attend because she was sick, so her husband Theodore Roosevelt Jr. laid the cornerstone for Town Hall on January 24, 1920.[35] [36] At a June 1920 dinner of the Economic Club, real-estate operator Joseph P. Day raised $7,500 in subscriptions for Town Hall, then tried to compel its attendees to give $100 each by locking them inside a dining room.[37]

Opening and early years

Town Hall was dedicated on January 12, 1921, with 1,600 audience members listing to speeches by John J. Pershing and Henry Waters Taft.[38] [39] At its opening, Town Hall hosted lectures during the morning, receptions during the afternoon, and mass meetings in the evening.[40] A magazine from the building's completion wrote that McKim, Mead & White "are responsible for a very beautiful building, lovely in its graceful lines and simplicity". The New-York Tribune wrote: "The need of wise citizenship in New York was never greater. May the new Town Hall aid materially in its growth."[41] The U.S. president Woodrow Wilson and president-elect Warren G. Harding both sent congratulatory telegrams to celebrate Town Hall's opening.[42] [43] At the time, the League had 6,000 members in total. Some $1.25 million or $1.35 million had already been spent on its construction.

Town Hall, under its first director Robert Erskine Ely,[44] [45] extended its programming to benefit New York City at large. As a venue, Town Hall was compared with the ideal of a New England town hall, with one book likening the venue to "an idea with a roof over it". This imagery was reinforced by reporters such as Hildegarde Hawthorne, who noted that "America was born in her town halls", as well as another writer, who said "New York's small town longings rise in the concrete". Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern wrote that Town Hall, along with the Tammany Hall Building at 44 Union Square, were two "unofficial civic monuments" built between the first and second world wars. Within the first year of Town Hall's opening, it had seen 200,000 guests. Some of Town Hall's popularity came from a variety of speeches and programs regarding social issues, but the musical productions were also major attractions. Over a million people used Town Hall within its first three years.[46] [47]

At the time of Town Hall's opening, its interior, aside from the lobby and auditorium, remained incomplete because there was not enough money.[48] Town Hall sought extra donations to complete the work. In late 1921, the Societies Realty Corporation obtained a $500,000 loan from William A. White & Sons.[49] [50] Ely announced the following year that he would form a 100-person Town Hall Council and seek $1,000 pledges for each of the auditorium's 1,500 seats.[51] James Speyer donated an organ to the auditorium in 1922.[52] Anna Blakeley Bliss donated money to cover the estimated $500,000 cost of completing the interior in either 1922 or 1923. In April 1924, Ely announced that Town Hall needed to raise another $600,000 to pay off its debts. Two donors had pledged $400,000 on the condition that the remaining funds be raised by the end of that June.[53] Ultimately, more than three thousand people donated to fund Town Hall's development.[54] [55] The upper stories were completed by the end of December 1924. To celebrate the venue's debts being paid off, Town Hall's management ceremonially burned the mortgage documents on the fourth anniversary of the venue's opening.

The Town Hall Club was established within the two top stories in January 1925, with a thousand members.[56] The club, which accepted both men and women, aimed to promote "a finer public spirit and a better social order". Town Hall acquired a property at 125 West 43rd Street in May 1930,[57] and architect Louis Jallade filed plans to expand the original structure by five stories, as well as develop a twelve-story wing at number 125.[58] [59] This addition was never completed, and Town Hall instead expanded its offices into the existing four-story building at 125 West 43rd Street. Eventually, Town Hall, alongside Carnegie Hall and the old Metropolitan Opera House at 39th Street, became one of New York City's top musical venues in its 20th-century heyday.[60] The neighboring Aeolian Hall closed not long after Town Hall opened.

Town Meeting era

Ely hired George V. Denny Jr. as an associate director of the league in 1930. Denny thought "an honest system of political education" was vital to the "safety of American democracy",[61] and he believed that Americans should be exposed to multiple viewpoints.[62] In 1934, Denny was inspired to create America's Town Meeting of the Air, a radio show to promote the free exchange of ideas; it became the first public-affairs media program. NBC approved a limited run of the show in early 1934, and Town Meeting premiered at Town Hall on May 30, 1935,[63] to wide praise. The show was broadcast on the NBC Blue Network every Thursday night (the Blue Network eventually split from NBC to become the American Broadcasting Company, or ABC). The Town Hall Club on the building's upper stories stopped hosting weekly roundtable luncheons when Town Meeting aired.[64]

When Town Meeting was not being broadcast, Town Hall continued to be used as a venue for speeches, musical recitals, and other events and performances. Town Hall was frequently called the "busiest theater on Broadway", though it was neither a Broadway theater nor physically on Broadway.[65] Despite Town Hall's success, the League for Political Education still did not own Town Hall outright by 1936, as it still rented the auditorium and offices. Town Hall's leadership planned another expansion of the building in 1937,[66] but this was not carried out. The same year, Denny succeeded Ely as the League's director.[67] The League formally reorganized as Town Hall Inc. in January 1938, with Denny as the new organization's president. The move reflected the fact that political education was no longer the League's priority, especially with Town Hall hosting Town Meeting over the last several years.[68] [69] Town Meeting was being broadcast on 78 stations by 1939;[70] the show's own popularity was largely fueled by its setting within the Town Hall building.

The Town Hall 50th Anniversary Committee, under Denny's leadership, started raising funds for a five-story expansion to Town Hall in 1940, though this was also not built.[71] [72] Town Hall also started a fundraiser in 1946 to pay off the $200,000 mortgage on the building.[73] The venue was musically successful between 1946 and 1948, immediately after World War II. During October 1947 alone, the hall hosted 52 concerts. Town Hall was still used for many solo musical performances during the 1950s.

Decline

The mid-1950s coincided with a general decrease in the number of performance events. While similar venues like Carnegie Hall saw similar decreases in recitals, Town Hall was particularly affected because it was smaller than other venues such as Carnegie Hall. Furthermore, Times Square was falling into decline at the time, and Town Hall was being used more often for the premieres of fledgling artists before they appeared at Carnegie Hall or Lincoln Center.[74] Town Hall Inc. evicted the Town Hall Club from the building in April 1955 after falling into debt and failing to pay $9,500 of rent.[75] [76] The Town Hall Club filed for bankruptcy on April 6, 1955. It had only 650 members at the time, far below its peak of 1,900.[77] Town Meeting ultimately ended in 1956.[78]

New York University operation

In October 1955, the New York University (NYU)'s alumni club signed a five-year lease with Town Hall Inc. to use the upper floors formerly occupied by the Town Hall Club. NYU then renovated the two top floors.[79] The NYU alumni clubhouse opened on September 12, 1956.[80] [81] Concurrently, the university booked Town Hall for all evenings for the following several months, eliminating Town Hall's mounting debt load.[82] NYU and Town Hall Inc. also signed an agreement in which NYU would take over Town Hall's programming, and NYU president Alvin C. Eurich became chairman of the Town Hall board in 1957.[83] [84] NYU fully acquired Town Hall in March 1958, and the venue became known as The Town Hall of New York University, an educational and cultural center directed by Ormand Drake.[85] [86] The annex at 125 West 43rd Street, which had been used for offices for Town Meeting, was sold in early 1959.[87] [88]

The Town Hall of NYU held its first performances in October 1958.[89] Within a few months, The New York Times had written that "Town Hall was much emptier than usual by too high a rent scale".[90] This was worsened by the opening of Lincoln Center in 1962, which drew events away from Town Hall.[91] For over a decade after NYU's takeover, Town Hall was "abandoned by the great names in music who had once made it a mecca for the finest in recitals and chamber music", according to the Times.[92] The organ was removed by 1960. To raise money, in 1966, NYU leased some air rights above Town Hall to the Durst Organization, developer of the neighboring building at 1133 Avenue of the Americas, for $25,000 a year. By the end of that decade, Lincoln Center had completed its new Alice Tully Hall, and Town Hall was largely supplanted in stature.[93] This was evidenced by the number of bookings at both venues in 1969: while Tully Hall was nearly completely booked, less than half of available dates at Town Hall were booked.[93]

In 1971, Jerrold Ross became director of Town Hall, and he scheduled a series of concerts and speeches.[94] [95] At the time, the lobby and marquee were being renovated; an electronic organ was installed during this time. A task force also recommended that NYU sell off Town Hall to save money.[96] [97] Ross resigned as director in 1974[98] and was replaced by Jesse Reese.[99] By March 1975, the venue was in danger of closing permanently unless $365,000 was pledged by that August to support the programming over the next three years.[100] [101] The Shubert Organization granted $125,000 for Town Hall that May,[102] [103] and enough money was raised by August to sustain the venue for two years.[104] A fundraiser was held that November to raise the remaining money.[105] Still, NYU president John C. Sawhill warned in mid-1977 that there was not enough money to keep Town Hall open past 1978.[106]

Closure and preservation

Town Hall had $5 in its bank account by 1978,[107] and there were concerns that Town Hall could be demolished.[108] With Town Hall's annual operating costs ranging from $50,000 to $100,000, NYU's board of trustees voted in February 1978 to close the auditorium within six months. The NYU Club and Alvin Ailey Dance Company would continue to use the upper stories, and NYU planned to hand over operation to "a responsible group" rather than demolish it.[109] [110] [111] By then, the venue was mostly vacant during prime-time evenings and weekends, and the neighborhood had become dilapidated. The high crime rates of Times Square also discouraged potential events. Although 355 events had been hosted in the 1977–1978 season, the announcement of Town Hall's closure had resulted in the loss of over $165,000 of potential revenue for 1978–1979.[112]

After Town Hall's closure was announced, the Committee to Save Town Hall organized a campaign to preserve the venue.[113] [114] Despite the advocacy in favor of Town Hall, NYU's trustees closed the venue and planned to turn over the operation to the nonprofit Town Hall Foundation.[115] [116] In September 1978, Craig Anderson of the Hudson Guild acquired the lease to Town Hall at $1 per year. He created the Town Hall Theater Foundation and announced that the auditorium would be split into two smaller theaters.[117] [118] The Town Hall Foundation was to take title to the venue while the Town Hall Theater Foundation would operate it.[119] Amid opposition to the plan, Anderson then said he would consider retaining the original 1,500-seat auditorium and erecting a new theater on the roof.[120] [121] [122]

The 1978 preservation effort led the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to consider the venue for city landmark status. The LPC designated the facade and auditorium as city landmarks in November 1978.[123] [124] Following the landmark designation, the electronic organ was removed. Hudson Guild then asked the LPC for permission to convert Town Hall into two auditoriums, but its application was denied twice. Because of this disagreement, Anderson reneged from his lease of Town Hall in January 1979.[125] [126] The venue saw a net loss of $138,000 in 1978 and $200,000 in 1979.

Revival

1980s renovation

In March 1979, the Town Hall Foundation took title to Town Hall, though NYU continued to collect payments from the air rights. The foundation, led by Marvin Leffler, acquired the Town Hall for a nominal fee of $10.[127] [128] Leffler, a metal-product manufacturer, received no salary from the foundation; Lawrence Zucker was hired as the director.[129] NYU also provided a $70,000 subsidy,[130] giving financial support to Town Hall for two years. The foundation did not raise any money for two years after acquiring the venue. Instead, the foundation operated Town Hall exclusively as a rental venue, charging $1,200 to host an event outside the morning hours. Within a year of taking over Town Hall, the foundation had started restoring parts of the auditorium. Town Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in April 1980,[131] which the foundation celebrated later that year with a concert and a plaque.[132] [133] To avoid running a deficit, the foundation planned performances only if there was funding for them.

The Town Hall Foundation needed to raise $1.2 million to restore the building; the National Endowment for the Arts would provide a $400,000 grant if the remainder was raised privately. The federal government would provide another $300,000 to fund the proposed $1.5 million cost of the renovation.[134] By 1981, Town Hall was finally profitable and was raising $2 million for operation and restoration.[135] The foundation planned to install plaques on the auditorium's seats to honor donors who gave over $1,000.[136] Larger donors would also get different parts of the building named after them; anyone who gave $1.5 million would get the entire auditorium named in their honor.[137] [138] Some $250,000 had been raised toward the proposed cost by April 1982.[139] The work was to be performed over a five-year period in three phases.

In 1983, the federal government allocated funds to Town Hall's renovation. Leffler also obtained grants from private foundations to fund the renovation, but nineteen banks rejected the foundation's request for a mortgage. The mortgage ultimately came from Apple Bank chairman Jerome McDougal, who, as a child, had performed in a brass band at Town Hall.

By mid-1984, the Town Hall Foundation received an Urban Development Action Grant of $428,000, and The Kresge Foundation had donated another $100,000, enough to pay for a full renovation.[140] Town Hall was closed in July 1984 for a renovation spanning two and a half months. The facade was cleaned, while the auditorium was refurbished and restored, with a new carpet and renovated seats. Because of the landmark status of the building, the seats were restored to their original condition rather than being replaced, while the rear wall was coated in wash to preserve the acoustics.[141] Leffler also sought to make the building wheelchair-accessible and relocate some of the rooms. The renovated hall officially reopened on October 14, 1984.[142]

Late 20th century to present

The NYU Club continued to occupy Town Hall's upper-story clubhouse space until 1989 when it filed for bankruptcy.[143] The clubhouse space was leased the following to the New Yorker Club, a majority-minority social club, which raised $800,000 to renovate the clubhouse space.[144] [145] The Town Hall Foundation received a $281,000 grant in 1992 to fund the restoration of Town Hall's marquee. The architect Bonnie Roche was also hired to replace the doors, add information kiosks, and make the venue wheelchair-accessible.[146] Town Hall had become profitable by the late 1990s, with an attendance of 400,000 in 1996. The Town Hall Foundation was raising money for a roof replacement, seat refurbishment, and repainting of the interior. The foundation also wanted to produce its own events, so it started raising funds for a sound system, and it also sought to create a chamber orchestra and host a festival of foreign films.

In March 2012, the United States Department of the Interior designated Town Hall as a National Historic Landmark.[147] [148] The Rockwell Group proposed replacing the lighting on the facade and marquee in 2019.[149]

Notable performances

While the Town Hall was initially intended as a speaking hall, it quickly became known for musical performances and recitals, leading one New York Times writer to call it an "accidental concert hall".[150] McKim, Mead & White had written in 1921 that the venue could be adapted to "concerts, moving picture exhibitions, and similar entertainment".[151] Throughout its history, the Town Hall has hosted performances by hundreds of musicians and composers.

1920s and 1930s

Town Hall hosted musical performances and other recitals initially as a way to gain revenue. The first musical event held at the venue was a recital by Spanish violinist Juan Manén on February 12, 1921.[152] [153] That December, German composer Richard Strauss gave three concerts,[154] [155] an event the Town Hall Foundation described as giving "the hall christening as an ideal space for musical performances". Cellist Pablo Casals made his debut in January 1923,[156] followed the next month by a dance recital by Ruth St. Denis.[157] Singer and actor Paul Robeson first performed Black spiritual songs at the Town Hall in 1927,[158] [159] guitarist Andrés Segovia first gave a recital in 1929,[160] and Richard Tauber made his American premiere there in 1931.[161] In its first decade, the Town Hall's other events included Edna St. Vincent Millay's public poetry reading debut in 1928[162] and a screening of amateur films in 1929.[163]

Town Hall sponsored the first season of the Town Hall Endowment Series in 1930.[164] The series featured such figures as Mischa Elman, Margaret Matzenauer, John McCormack, Rosa Ponselle, and Sergei Rachmaninoff, who all appeared in the 1931–1932 season, as well as Feodor Chaliapin for the 1932–1933 season.[165] The series originally had five performances per season, but this was changed in 1933 to eight performances.[166]

Outside of the Endowment Series, the Colonial Dames of America and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America presented a play in 1932, which depicted the inauguration of George Washington as U.S. president.[167] Pianist Ruth Slenczynska made her debut at the Town Hall in 1933, aged eight.[168] Antonia Brico's all-woman orchestra debuted at the Town Hall in early 1935,[169] and contralto Marian Anderson made her Town Hall debut that December after facing discrimination against African-Americans at other venues.[170] Alice Tully sang at Town Hall in 1936,[171] [172] and young violinist Isaac Stern debuted at Town Hall the next year.[173] [174] Other performers of the decade included Lily Pons in 1938[175] and the Von Trapp family the same year.[176]

1940s to 1970s

The Kolisch Quartet gave the world premiere performance of Béla Bartók's String Quartet No. 6 at Town Hall in 1941.[177] Especially popular at Town Hall were performances of jazz music. Guitarist Eddie Condon began holding a series of jazz concerts at Town Hall in February 1942,[178] [179] and he began hosting a biweekly series of jazz concerts that November.[180] By 1944, the performances were sold out,[181] and NBC Blue broadcast the concerts under the Eddie Condon's Jazz Concerts radio program from 1944 to 1945.[182] One such concert by Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Don Byas, Al Haig, Curley Russell, Max Roach, and Sid Catlett on June 22, 1945,[183] was the first public performance of the jazz style that came to be known as bebop.[184] Another jazz concert in 1946, featuring Billie Holiday's first solo appearance, sold out rapidly.[185]

Town Hall's musical popularity peaked in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During June 1947, Town Hall hosted a Louis Armstrong concert, which led to the formation of Louis Armstrong and His All Stars.[186] In 1949, Burl Ives gave a folk-song concert, which was popular enough that the audience requested seven encore performances.[187] Lotte Lenya gave a concert in 1951 in memory of her late husband, composer Kurt Weill.[188] In April 1953, Anna Russell gave a performance of her humorous analysis of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, which was recorded.[189] Duke Ellington performed for The Fresh Air Fund in 1957,[190] and Carlos Montoya gave a guitar recital.[191] The events in 1958 included Betty Allen's first New York City performance;[192] the American Opera Society's presentation of The Coronation of Poppea;[193] and the 25th Year Retrospective Concert of the music of John Cage.[194] Igor Stravinsky gave the U.S. premiere of his composition Threni in 1959.[195] Nina Simone performed in September 1959, and the concert was released as Nina Simone at Town Hall, her first live album.[196]

Shows in the 1960s included a benefit for the Morningside Mental Hygiene Clinic in 1960,[197] Bob Dylan's large-concert debut in 1963,[198] and a Coretta Scott King Freedom Concert in 1964.[199] Jazz composer and bandleader Charles Mingus held two concerts there, resulting in his live albums from October 1962 and April 1964.[200] Bill Evans and his trio recorded a live album in 1966, Bill Evans at Town Hall.[201]

A panel debate between Norman Mailer and feminist activists Jacqueline Caballos, Jill Johnston, Diana Trilling, and Germaine Greer took place on April 30, 1971.[202] Chris Hegedus and D. A. Pennebaker filmed the event and released Town Bloody Hall in 1979.[203] [204]

1980s to present

In 1982, the Town Hall Foundation started to host the People's Symphony Concerts series.

The cast of the folk music mockumentary film A Mighty Wind performed in character at the Town Hall in September 2003 as part of a seven-city tour.[205] In September 2009, singer Whitney Houston chose the Town Hall for her first interview in seven years, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere; the Town Hall was where Houston performed for the first time at the age of 14.[206] When hosted by Garrison Keillor, the radio show A Prairie Home Companion was often broadcast live from the Town Hall in its New York appearances while on tour. Its successor, Live from Here, hosted by Chris Thile, now appears most frequently in the Town Hall. The venue was announced as the home of Live from Here for its 2019–2020 season.[207]

Other notable events

Recordings

See main article: category. Over the years, several musical performances have been recorded at Town Hall, including:

Speeches

Various activists, politicians, artists, and other speakers have long preferred Town Hall for speeches, even before the America's Town Meeting of the Air era. The Town Hall's opening week in January 1921 included a speech by suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt and General John J. Pershing. Lady Astor, the first woman to serve in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, spoke at Town Hall in its early years,[214] as did social reformer Jane Addams.[215] The authors Edna Ferber, Henry James, Thomas Mann, and Carl Sandburg have also spoken at Town Hall, as well as politicians including U.S. presidents Calvin Coolidge, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson, and British prime minister Winston Churchill. Naval officer Richard E. Byrd spoke about military issues, educator Booker T. Washington talked about racial issues, and labor leader Samuel Gompers discussed labor.

Notable speeches have included a lecture on November 13, 1921, birth control advocate Margaret Sanger was arrested and carried off the stage after attempting to speak to a mixed-sex audience about contraception.[216] [217] Anarchist Emma Goldman spoke at Town Hall while in the U.S. on a visa preventing political lectures.[218] In 1960, former U.S. first lady Eleanor Roosevelt spoke at Town Hall to promote Adlai E. Stevenson II's presidential campaign,[219] and an Africa Freedom Day rally was held.[220] Town Hall also hosted what The New York Times described as "musical lectures", including an event in which Thomas Beecham spoke while playing the piano.

When America's Town Meeting of the Air was broadcast from 1935 to 1956, each episode generally included a set of brief remarks on a predetermined topic from four speakers, followed by short questions from audience members. George Denny moderated the discussions. The first episodes from the 1930s featured numerous debates on economic, political, and social issues, and even extreme viewpoints were entertained. Such episodes included discussions about the New Deal, press freedom,[221] and labor unions. During World War II, the broadcasts focused on wartime discussions, which tended to be controversial among the audience members. Other episodes of the 1940s included discussions on racial issues, with both Langston Hughes[222] and Clare Boothe Luce;[223] preventing world famine;[224] the legality of communism, with Joseph McCarthy; and dependency on welfare, with Hubert Humphrey. After World War II, episodes tended to focus on international relations.

Town Hall is still used in the modern day for political debates and speeches. In 1996, Town Hall hosted a debate between columnists from the left-wing magazine The Nation and the right-wing magazine National Review.[225] Town Hall also hosted a summit in 2000 in opposition to globalization,[226] as well as a 2016 debate between U.S. presidential candidates Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton.[227]

Educational programs

Educational programs were also provided at Town Hall. In 1941, Town Hall Inc. hosted the Town Hall Leadership School, a short course that taught adults to become certified teachers, and the First National Town Hall Conference, a forum and discussion group composed of leaders from across the U.S.[228] [229] A Red Cross defense course opened at Town Hall in 1943.[230] Town Hall also began offering courses for adults in topics such as national politics, writing, philosophy, psychology, and world affairs in 1944. These courses attracted nearly 2,500 students in their first year.[231]

Memorials and commencements

In 1929, the American Civil Liberties Union booked Town Hall for a memorial service for anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti after the memorial was rejected by venues in Boston.[232] The actor John Drew was memorialized in 1932,[233] as was Jane Addams in 1935.[234] The short film St. Louis Blues premiered at Town Hall during a memorial for blues singer Bessie Smith on January 1, 1948.[235]

Town Hall has also hosted commencements from schools and colleges. In the venue's early years, those included local institutions such as the School for Printing Pressmen[236] and the Mechanics Institute,[237] De La Salle Institute,[238] and Calhoun School.[239] Commencements continued through the late 20th century, such as those for the City University of New York's Graduate Center in the 1990s.[240]

The Community Church of New York started using Town Hall as a house of worship in 1933, when the church's old building was demolished. The church relocated in 1948 to 35th Street.[241]

Peter Schickele, who gave his first concert at Town Hall in 1965, gave a 50th anniversary concert there in 2015.[242]

Management and operations

Town Hall is managed by the Town Hall Foundation, Inc.[243] [244] The foundation was formed in 1973 as a fundraising arm of the Town Hall at New York University and took over the operation in 1979.

The Town Hall Foundation offers free morning performances to public school students.[245] It also features programming in alliance with Theatreworks USA as part of its Arts in Education program.[246] The Hall's tradition of jazz programming continues with the Not Just Jazz series of concerts, which also features poetry, film and dance. Past participants in the series include The Art Ensemble of Chicago, the Lounge Lizards, Cassandra Wilson, Meredith Monk, and Allen Ginsberg.

See also

References

Citations

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  21. News: December 28, 1924. Town Hall, Started Six Years Ago, Is Finally Completed: 2 Upper Floors of Structure on West 43d Street Have Been Made Into Library, Lounge and Dining Rooms. B1. The New York Herald, New York Tribune. .
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  28. News: April 13, 1919. 'Town Hall' To Be Built at Cost Of $1,000,000: Erection of Public Meeting Place on West 43d Street Will Be Started Early in May, Say Projectors Upholds Municipal Pride Societies Really Company Formed by Economic Club and Others as Backers. 22. New-York Tribune. .
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  34. News: January 22, 1920. Mrs. Roosevelt Jr. to Lay 'Town Hall' Cornerstone. 11. New-York Tribune. .
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  36. News: January 25, 1920. Cornerstone Laid for Public Forum; Bishop Burch, Rabbi Wise, Father Bourke, and F.A. Vanderlip Among Speakers. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108192422/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/01/25/archives/cornerstone-laid-for-public-forum-bishop-burch-rabbi-wise-father.html. live.
  37. News: April 7, 1920. $7,500 For Town Hall Fund; J.P. Day Has Doors Locked at Economic Club Meeting. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108203026/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/04/07/archives/7500-for-town-hall-fund-jp-day-has-doors-locked-at-economic-club.html. live.
  38. News: January 13, 1921. Town Hall Is Dedicated as Public Forum: General Pershing Speaks at the Opening Exercises, Which Will Continue Throughout the Week Henry W. Taft Presides "Adult Education in New York City" Will Be the Topic Discussed To-night. 4. New-York Tribune. .
  39. News: January 13, 1921. Town Hall Opened; Pershing Raps War; 1,600 Attend Meeting of League for Political Education – Faneuil Hall Planned. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108203025/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/01/13/archives/town-hall-opened-pershing-raps-war-1600-attend-meeting-of-league.html. live.
  40. News: January 2, 1921. New Town Hall Will Be Opened Week of Jan. 12: Lectures Every Morning, Receptions Each Afternoon and Mass Meetings Evenings. 14. New-York Tribune. .
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  43. News: January 14, 1921. Harding Rejoices Over Founding of Town Hall: Telegram of Congratulation Indorses Work to Aid in Government by Co-operation. 5. New-York Tribune. .
  44. News: July 14, 1948. Robert Erskine Ely Dies at 86; A Town Hall Founder, Director: Devoled Career to Aiding Free Discussion; He Was Economic Club Executive. 18. New York Herald Tribune. .
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  51. News: February 9, 1922. Endow Town Hall Seats; Council Seeks $1,000 Gifts to Extend Meeting Place's Usefulness. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109003738/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/02/09/archives/endow-town-hall-seats-council-seeks-1000-gifts-to-extend-meeting.html. live.
  52. News: December 29, 1922. Organ for Town Hall.; Gift of James Speyer as a Memorial to His Wife. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108174013/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/29/archives/organ-for-town-hall-gift-of-james-speyer-as-a-memorial-to-his-wife.html. live.
  53. News: June 29, 1924. Town Hall in Peril by Lack of Funds; Unless $105,000 Is Raised by Tomorrow Night $400,000 in Gifts Will Be Lost. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109005223/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/29/archives/town-hall-in-peril-by-lack-of-funds-unless-105000-is-raised-by.html. live.
  54. News: January 13, 1925. Town Hall Burns $800,000 Mortgages: Match Applied to Documents on Fourth Anniversary as 1,500 Persons Applaud. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173259/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/01/13/archives/town-hall-burns-800000-mortgages-match-applied-to-documents-on.html. live.
  55. News: January 23, 1925. Town Hall's Debt Goes Up in Smoke As 1,500 Applaud: Fourth Anniversary of Opening Brings Burning of the $800,000 Mortgage, With Thanks to Those Who Gave. 10. The New York Herald, New York Tribune. .
  56. News: January 20, 1925. 1,000 Charter Members Join Town Hall Club: Group Aims to Provide Center for Citizenship and Arts. 17. The New York Herald, New York Tribune. .
  57. News: May 30, 1930. Town Hall Buys Site; Acquires Property Adjoining Its Present Quarters in 43d St. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108040416/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/30/archives/town-hall-buys-site-acquires-property-adjoining-its-present.html. live.
  58. News: June 8, 1930. Our Town Hall Is To Be Lifted Five Floors: Seven-Story Building in West 43d Street Will Be Twelve Stories Next Year. E1. New York Herald Tribune. .
  59. News: June 8, 1930. Larger Town Hall Within One Year; Five-Story Addition Will Enlarge Facilities of Forty-third Street Building. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108040414/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/08/archives/larger-town-hall-within-one-year-fivestory-addition-will-enlarge.html. live.
  60. News: Ericson. Raymond. Raymond Ericson. November 12, 1976. Town Hall, 55, Has Something To Sing About. The New York Times. November 8, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108211547/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/12/archives/town-hall-55-has-something-to-sing-about-town-hall-at-55-has.html. live.
  61. News: Dunlap. Orrin E. Jr.. June 30, 1935. Open Forum Is Applauded; Freedom of Speech and Assembly for Discussion Are Commended By Listeners in Tune With Town Hall of the Air. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205140/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/06/30/95508628.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false. live.
  62. News: Woolf. S. J.. June 6, 1943. The Umpire of the Town Meeting; George Denny tells why he thinks the nation needs an 'unfettered exchange of opposing views'. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205125/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/06/06/170375002.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false. live.
  63. News: May 31, 1935. Speakers Uphold 4 Types of State; Democracy, Socialism, Fascism and Red System Defended at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191128/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/05/31/archives/speakers-uphold-4-types-of-state-democracy-socialism-fascism-and.html. live.
  64. News: May 26, 1935. Town Hall Parleys to End. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191130/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/05/26/archives/town-hall-parleys-to-end.html. live.
  65. News: November 29, 1936. Town Hall Finds Itself Hindered By Fiscal Needs: Report Regrets Necessity of Shaping All Programs for Appeal al Box Office Would Aid More Artists Forums in U. S. Advocated to Curb Pressure Groups. 19. New York Herald Tribune. .
  66. News: April 16, 1937. Town Hall Plans Five More Stories; Will Spend $800,000 Enlarging Present Building in West 43d Street. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191127/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/04/16/archives/town-hall-plans-five-more-stories-will-spend-800000-enlarging.html. live.
  67. News: March 28, 1937. R. E. Ely Quits Post in Town Hall League; Director of Group for Political Education Is Succeeded by G. V. Denny Jr. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191131/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/28/archives/r-e-ely-quits-post-in-town-hall-league-director-of-group-for.html. live.
  68. News: January 5, 1938. Town Hall Plans $1,300,000 Addition; 5-Story Project Deferred to Better Times – $30,000 Fund Sought for Present Needs. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173257/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/01/05/archives/town-hall-plans-1300000-addition-5story-project-deferred-to-better.html. live.
  69. News: January 5, 1938. Political Forum Superseded by Town Hall, Inc: League for Political Education Is Reorganized to Meet More Varied Needs. 20. New York Herald Tribune. .
  70. News: December 17, 1939. Town Hall Adds 25% to Its Following; 2,500,000 Now Taking Part in Programs. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191128/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/12/17/archives/town-hall-adds-25-to-its-following-2500000-now-taking-part-in.html. live.
  71. News: April 1, 1940. Town Hall to Open Drive in U.S. Today; Friends Throughout Nation to Solicit Funds for Forums and 5-story Addition. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185357/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/04/01/archives/town-hall-to-open-drive-in-us-today-friends-throughout-nation-to.html. live.
  72. News: April 1, 1940. How the Enlarged Town Hall May Appear in 1944. 11. New York Herald Tribune. .
  73. News: March 4, 1946. $8,450 Donated for Town Hall. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013039/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/03/04/archives/8450-donated-for-town-hall.html. live.
  74. News: Barron. James. February 25, 1996. Neighborhood Report: Midtown; Town Hall Would Like Its Piece of the Times Square Pie. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040310/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/25/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-town-hall-would-like-its-piece-times-square-pie.html. live.
  75. News: April 6, 1955. Town Hall Club Hopes; Evicted From Old Quarters, it Still Plans to Carry On. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173257/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/04/06/archives/town-hall-club-hopes-evicted-from-old-quarters-it-still-plans-to.html. live.
  76. April 6, 1955. Chatter: Broadway. 198. 5. 62. . Variety.
  77. News: April 7, 1955. The Town Hall Club Filing as Bankrupt. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173302/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/04/07/archives/the-town-hall-club-filing-as-bankrupt.html. live.
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  79. News: September 9, 1956. N.Y.U. Club to Open; Heald to Welcome 300 at Town Hall Quarters Wednesday. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193249/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/09/09/archives/nyu-club-to-open-heald-to-welcome-300-at-town-hall-quarters.html. live.
  80. News: September 13, 1956. N.Y.U. Club Is Opened; Gimbel, Snaith and Tishman Get Plaques for Aid. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193248/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/09/13/archives/nyu-club-is-opened-gimbel-snaith-and-tishman-get-plaques-for-aid.html. live.
  81. News: September 13, 1956. N. Y. U. Club Is Dedicated. 17. New York Herald Tribune. .
  82. News: Freeman. Ira Henry. September 17, 1956. Town Hall Saved From Fiscal Ruin; N.Y.U. Aids Reorganization – Bookings Are Spurred for the Auditorium Heavily in Debt Payroll Problems Solved. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193250/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/09/17/archives/town-hall-saved-from-fiscal-ruin-nyu-aids-reorganization-bookings.html. live.
  83. News: June 11, 1957. Town Hall and N. Y. U. Take Step to Closer Affiliation. 18. New York Herald Tribune. .
  84. News: June 11, 1957. N.Y.U. President Elected Head of Town Hall in Affiliation Step. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021805/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/11/archives/nyu-president-elected-head-of-town-hall-in-affiliation-step.html. live.
  85. News: March 16, 1958. Town Hall Made a Unit of N. Y. U.; University Plans Expansion of Traditional Activities in 43d Street Building. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021634/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/03/16/archives/town-hall-made-a-unit-of-n-y-u-university-plans-expansion-of.html. live.
  86. News: March 16, 1958. Town Hall Now a Unit of N. Y. U.: University Will Plan Programs. 29. New York Herald Tribune. .
  87. News: October 30, 1957. Syndicate Buys Town Hall Annex: Firm Will Alter 43d St. Building. B5. New York Herald Tribune. .
  88. News: February 9, 1959. Town Hall Annex on W. 43d St. Sold; Nation Wide Investors Will Modernize and Lease It – Other Transactions. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113232737/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/02/09/archives/town-hall-annex-on-w-43d-st-sold-nation-wide-investors-will.html. live.
  89. News: October 2, 1958. Town Hall Opens as N. Y. U. Division. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021636/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/02/archives/town-hall-opens-as-n-y-u-division.html. live.
  90. News: Parmenter. Ross. February 3, 1959. Not So Festive; N. Y. U. Starts 3-Part Town Hall Series. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040317/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/02/03/archives/not-so-festive-n-y-u-starts-3part-town-hall-series.html. live.
  91. News: Kozinn. Allan. Allan Kozinn. August 23, 1987. Music; a Grand Old Trouper Strives for a Comeback. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185405/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/23/arts/music-a-grand-old-trouper-strives-for-a-comeback.html. live.
  92. News: Hughes. Allen. Allen Hughes. August 22, 1971. Again It's Town Hall Tonight—Maybe Every Night. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021809/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/22/archives/again-its-town-hall-tonight-maybe-every-night-its-town-hall-tonight.html. live.
  93. News: Henahan. Donal. Donal Henahan. September 2, 1969. Town Hall Loses Recitals to New Tully Hall. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021632/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/02/archives/town-hall-loses-recitals-to-new-tully-hall.html. live.
  94. January 29, 1971. Ross Revives Town Hall. 12. 5. 23. . Back Stage.
  95. News: Hughes. Allen. Allen Hughes. February 2, 1971. For Town Hall, a Man Full of Ideas. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170813/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/02/archives/for-town-hall-a-man-full-of-ideas.html. live.
  96. News: Farber. M. A.. May 23, 1972. Task Force Bids N.Y.U Discard Some Programs and Cut Faculty. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170815/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/23/archives/task-force-bids-nyu-discard-some-programs-and-cut-faculty-task.html. live.
  97. News: Buskin. Martin. May 31, 1972. A Way Out of the Fiscal Darkness. 47. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170811/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88678261/a-way-out-of-the-fiscal-darknessmartin/. live.
  98. News: July 4, 1974. Ross to Quit Town Hall. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170820/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/ross-to-quit-town-hall.html. live.
  99. News: November 6, 1974. Briefs on the Arts. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170822/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/06/archives/briefs-on-the-arts-naumburg-to-hold-string-competition-town-hall.html. live.
  100. News: March 12, 1975. Town Hall may close. 99. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170818/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88678926/town-hall-may-close/. live.
  101. News: March 12, 1975. Town Hall's Future Is Linked to Success Of Drive for Funds. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110171247/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/12/archives/town-halls-future-is-linked-to-success-of-drive-for-funds.html. live.
  102. News: Calta. Louis. May 5, 1975. Town Hall Aided by Shubert Fund. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110171250/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/05/archives/town-hall-aided-by-shubert-fund-foundation-gives-125000-to-continue.html. live.
  103. May 7, 1975. Miscellany: Shuberts Aid N.Y. Town Hall With 125G Grant. 278. 13. 2, 350. . Variety.
  104. August 6, 1975. Miscellany: Two-year Reprieve for Town Hall. N. Y.. 279. 13. 2, 60. . Variety.
  105. News: Parker. Jerry. November 11, 1976. They're throwing a party for Town Hall. 149. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88679876/theyre-throwing-a-party-for-town/. live.
  106. News: May 15, 1977. Town Hall Blues: In Red. 152. New York Daily News. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170816/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88679981/town-hall-blues-in-red/. live.
  107. Denitto. Emily. August 18, 1997. Town Hall gets star billing. 13. 33. 4. . Crain's New York Business.
  108. News: Page. Tim. October 19, 1982. Town Hall Celebrates Its 61st Anniversary. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185359/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/19/arts/town-hall-celebrates-its-61st-annaversary.html. live.
  109. News: Ericson. Raymond. Raymond Ericson. February 8, 1978. N.Y.U. Will Quit Town Hall by Aug. 31. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170816/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/08/archives/nyu-will-quit-town-hall-by-aug-31.html. live.
  110. News: Kaufman. Bill. February 15, 1978. NYU ready to close Town Hall Aug. 31. 157. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170814/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88680271/nyu-ready-to-close-town-hall-aug/. live.
  111. February 15, 1978. Auditorium-Arena: NYU Pullout From Town Hall May Force Historic Aud To Close. 290. 2. 76. . Variety.
  112. News: Horowitz. Joseph. Joseph Horowitz. May 12, 1978. Town Hall Faces 1978–79 Shutdown. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170811/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/12/archives/town-hall-faces-197879-shutdown-decision-to-be-made-longrange.html. live.
  113. News: Moritz. Owen. April 30, 1978. Old Town Hall Dying, Needs $-Type Blood. 31. New York Daily News. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170816/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88680625/old-town-hall-dying-needs-type/. live.
  114. News: May 8, 1978. To save Town Hall. 134. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88680744/to-save-town-hall/. live.
  115. News: McNeil. Donald G. Jr.. July 26, 1978. Town Hall to Shut Its Doors This Week After 57 Years. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170813/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/26/archives/town-hall-to-shut-its-doors-this-week-after-57-years-may-get-new.html. live.
  116. News: Kaufman. Bill. July 27, 1978. NYU closing Town Hall tomorrow. 173. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88681052/nyu-closing-town-hall-tomorrowbill/. live.
  117. News: September 8, 1978. Town Hall to Become Arts Center. 12. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88681510/town-hall-to-become-arts-center/. live.
  118. September 8, 1978. Legitimate Theatre & Talent: Town Hall to Be Saved. 19. 36. 36. . Back Stage.
  119. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. November 12, 1978. Hearings Set on Status of Town Hall. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194751/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/12/archives/hearings-set-on-status-of-town-hall-a-goal-of-two-theaters-church.html. live.
  120. October 25, 1978. Legitimate: Landmark Status For N.Y. Town Hall; Alterations Are Tabu. 292. 12. 85. . Variety.
  121. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. November 6, 1978. Town Hall Surviving As Multipurpose Hall. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110171249/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/06/archives/town-hall-surviving-as-multipurpose-hall.html. live.
  122. News: October 17, 1978. A landmark decision. 135. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194752/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88929506/a-landmark-decision/. live.
  123. News: Fraser. C. Gerald. November 30, 1978. Town Hall Now a Historic Landmark. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170818/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/30/archives/town-hall-now-a-historic-landmark-very-happy-other-plans-disclosed.html. live.
  124. News: Kaufman. Bill. November 30, 1978. Town Hall Given Landmark Status. 5, 11. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170811/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88681996/town-hall-given-landmark-statusbill/. live.
  125. News: Fraser. C. Gerald. January 11, 1979. Town Hall Plan Dropped. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185400/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/11/archives/town-hall-plan-dropped.html. live.
  126. News: Kaufman. Bill. January 12, 1979. Town Hall Plan Rejected. 9. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185357/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88684947/town-hall-plan-rejectedbill-kaufman/. live.
  127. Web site: May 3, 2010. NYU Alumni Connect – July 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100503045756/http://www.nyu.edu/alumni/connect/archive/0709/special.htm. May 3, 2010. November 10, 2021. New York University.
  128. News: Gonzalez. David. October 23, 1996. Amid Theme Restaurants, the People's Hall Lives. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173309/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/23/nyregion/amid-theme-restaurants-the-people-s-hall-lives.html. live.
  129. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. July 18, 1984. A Refreshed Town Hall Will Make Fall Debut. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113232421/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/18/arts/a-refreshed-town-hall-will-make-fall-debut.html. live.
  130. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. February 24, 1980. Music View; Wanted: Music at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185409/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/02/24/archives/music-view-wanted-music-at-town-hall.html. live.
  131. Web site: February 3, 1981. Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981). March 8, 2020. Library of Congress. 10649 (PDF p. 179). February 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210201110754/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf. live.
  132. News: Goldberger. Paul. October 20, 1980. Town Hall Celebrates the Staging of Its Comeback. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185401/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/10/20/archives/town-hall-celebrates-the-staging-of-its-comeback.html. live.
  133. News: Smith. Bruce. October 23, 1980. Plaque in place, Town Hall seeks facelift funds. 608. New York Daily News. newspapers.com. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185357/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88686978/plaque-in-place-town-hall-seeks/. live.
  134. News: Perlez. Jane. October 1, 1983. New York Is Given $25 Million to Aid Urban Rebuilding. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113232753/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/01/us/new-york-is-given-25-million-to-aid-urban-rebuilding.html. live.
  135. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. September 7, 1981. Town Hall Seeks Funds: Now in the Black. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185357/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/07/theater/town-hall-seeks-funds.html. live.
  136. August 19, 1981. Auditorium-Arena: Plot Town Hall, N.Y. Comeback. 304. 3. 68. . Variety.
  137. News: Holland. Bernard. Bernard Holland. August 14, 1983. Music Notes; Town Hall Is Scouting for Donors. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233932/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/14/arts/music-notes-town-hall-is-scouting-for-donors.html. live.
  138. News: Shepard. Joan. September 27, 1983. Town Hall bounces back. 277. New York Daily News. newspapers.com. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013043/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88889673/town-hall-bounces-backjoan-shepard/. live.
  139. News: Holland. Bernard. Bernard Holland. April 1, 1982. News of Music; Town Hall Is Planning 5-year Restoration Job. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113232731/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/01/theater/news-of-music-town-hall-is-planning-5-year-restoration-job.html. live.
  140. News: July 13, 1984. $1.5M Restoration of Town Hall Begins. 21. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013124/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88889461/15m-restoration-of-town-hall-begins/. live.
  141. News: Goodman. Peter. October 14, 1984. A renewed Town Hall opens. 123. Newsday. newspapers.com. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113232721/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88881851/a-renewed-town-hall-openspeter-goodman/. live.
  142. News: Anderson. Susan Heller. Carroll. Maurice. October 15, 1984. New York Day by Day; Handel and Banners Salute Town Hall's Restoration. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113234257/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/15/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-handel-and-banners-salute-town-hall-s-restoration.html. live.
  143. News: Brozan. Nadine. July 22, 1989. N.Y.U. Club Is Shut Down, Perhaps Permanently. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185403/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/22/nyregion/nyu-club-is-shut-down-perhaps-permanently.html. live.
  144. McNatt. Robert. August 13, 1990. Multicultural Club Opens Its Doors to All. 6. 33. 5. . Crain's New York Business.
  145. News: Dullea. Georgia. November 4, 1990. Lifestyle; A Wood-Paneled Refuge Beckons The People Used to Being Left Out. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194758/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/lifestyle-a-wood-paneled-refuge-beckons-the-people-used-to-being-left-out.html. live.
  146. News: July 13, 1992. Town Hall Given Grant To Restore Its Marquee. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114195602/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/13/arts/town-hall-given-grant-to-restore-its-marquee.html. live.
  147. Web site: March 28, 2012. The Town Hall Designated as National Historic Landmark. November 14, 2021. TheaterMania. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013036/https://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/the-town-hall-designated-as-national-historic-land_53526.html. live.
  148. Web site: Pogrebin. Robin. March 28, 2012. Town Hall Named National Historic Landmark. November 14, 2021. ArtsBeat. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013036/https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/town-hall-named-national-historic-landmark/. live.
  149. Web site: Morris. Sebastian. May 9, 2019. Landmarks Preservation Commission to Review Façade Alteration at The Town Hall, in Midtown. November 14, 2021. New York YIMBY. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108201302/https://newyorkyimby.com/2019/05/landmarks-preservation-commission-to-review-facade-alteration-at-the-historic-town-hall-nyc-theatre-in-midtown-manhattan.html. live.
  150. News: Pollak. Michael. November 19, 2006. The Words Before the Music. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191126/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/nyregion/thecity/19fyi.html. live.
  151. ;
  152. 1976. Town Hall: 55 and Humming. Cue: The Weekly Magazine of New York Life. Cue Publishing Company. 24. December 5, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108210044/https://books.google.com/books?id=VjMvAQAAIAAJ. live.
  153. News: February 13, 1921. Manen Plays in Town Hall. 12. New-York Tribune. .
  154. Korn. Ralph H.. 1921. Conductors Composers Notables. Mrs. David Allen Campbell, Publisher. 11. 119. The Musical Monitor. December 5, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108210045/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7qzxK4ZascC&pg=PA119. live.
  155. Book: Petersen. Barbara A.. Ton und Wort: The Lieder of Richard Strauss. Buelow. George. UMI Research Press. 1980. 978-0-8357-1072-5. Studies in musicology. 177.
  156. News: January 8, 1923. Large Audience Hears Pablo Casals Recital: Program of Short Numbers by Composers of Older Day Given by Cellist. 6. New-York Tribune. .
  157. News: February 28, 1923. Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn in Dance Recital. 8. New-York Tribune. .
  158. News: May 12, 1927. Paul Robeson in Benefit; Sings Negro Spirituals at Town Hall to Aid American Ort. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173257/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/12/archives/paul-robeson-in-benefit-sings-negro-spirituals-at-town-hall-to-aid.html. live.
  159. Book: Gilliam, D.B.. Paul Robeson, All-American. New Republic Book Company. 1976. 978-0-915220-15-1. 49. December 5, 2021. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205118/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdEEAQAAIAAJ. live.
  160. News: March 17, 1929. Programs of the Week's Recitals; Pizzetti Opera Novelty, Two Orchestras and Belgian Band – Flonzaleys' Farewell and Clemens Krauss's Debut. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173300/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/03/17/archives/programs-of-the-weeks-recitals-pizzetti-opera-novelty-two.html. live.
  161. News: Downes. Olin. Olin Downes. October 29, 1931. Tauber Is Cheered at American Debut; German Lyric Tenor Delights His Many Listeners at Recital in Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173302/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/29/archives/tauber-is-cheered-at-american-debut-german-lyric-tenor-delights-his.html. live.
  162. News: November 18, 1928. 1,200 to Greet Miss Millay at Poetry Reading: Appears at Town Hall Tuesday Morning for League for Political Education. E7. New York Herald Tribune. .
  163. News: May 13, 1928. Home Movies Exhibited; Small Films Made by Amateurs Shown at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173304/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/13/archives/home-movies-exhibited-small-films-made-by-amateurs-shown-at-town.html. live.
  164. News: Downes. Olin. Olin Downes. May 9, 1931. Music; Paderewski Heard Intimately. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173259/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/09/archives/music-paderewski-heard-intimately.html. live.
  165. News: December 8, 1932. Chaliapin Sings Farewell. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173300/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/12/08/archives/chalidpin-sings-farewell.html. live.
  166. News: April 16, 1933. To Extend Fund Recitals; Backers of Town Hall Endowment to Offer Eight Events. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173303/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/04/16/archives/to-extend-fund-recitals-backers-of-town-hall-endowment-to-offer.html. live.
  167. News: February 25, 1932. Pageant Portrays Colorful Scenes in Washington's Life: Patriotic Societies, on Town Hall Stage, Depict Welcome to New York. 17. New York Herald Tribune. .
  168. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. November 14, 1958. Music: 25 Years Later; Ruth Slenczynska Has Recital at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191133/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/14/archives/music-25-years-later-ruth-slenczynska-has-recital-at-town-hall.html. live.
  169. News: March 17, 1935. Brico Orchestra Heard; Women's Ensemble Welcomed in Program at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191131/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/17/archives/brico-orchestra-heard-womens-ensemble-welcomed-in-program-at-town.html. live.
  170. News: H.t. December 31, 1935. Marian Anderson in Concert Here; Negro Contralto Returns to New York After 4 Years Spent in Europe. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040306/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/31/archives/marian-anderson-in-concert-here-negro-contralto-returns-to-new-york.html. live.
  171. Book: Fuller, Albert. Alice Tully: An Intimate Portrait. University of Illinois Press. 1999. 978-0-252-02509-9. Music in American life. 40. December 5, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110014447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuq-PfQ736UC&pg=PA40. live.
  172. News: N.s. November 29, 1936. Jan Smeterlin, Polish Pianist, Gives an All-Chopin Program at Town Hall – Alice Tully Is Heard. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040309/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/11/29/archives/jan-smeterlin-polish-pianist-gives-an-allchopin-program-at-town.html. live.
  173. News: Downes. Olin. Olin Downes. October 12, 1937. Isaac Stern Plays to Large Audience; Young Violinist Makes First Appearance in New York at the Town Hall. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021807/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/12/archives/isaac-stern-plays-to-large-audience-young-violinist-makes-first.html. live.
  174. Book: Libbey, Theodore. The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music. Workman Publishing Company. 2006. 978-0-7611-3642-2. 806. December 5, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110014447/https://books.google.com/books?id=I6tdoiIvoMwC&pg=PA806. live.
  175. News: January 27, 1938. Lily Pons Stirs Large Audience; Metropolitan Soprano Gives Recital at Town Hall to Aid Its Endowment. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040314/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/01/27/archives/lily-pons-stirs-large-audience-metropolitan-soprano-gives-recital.html. live.
  176. News: December 10, 1938. Music Notes. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110040312/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/10/archives/music-notes.html. live.
  177. News: H.T. January 21, 1941. Bartok Quartet Heard in Premiere; Kolisch Group Offers His Work No. 6 for Strings at Concert Given at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 13, 2021. November 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211113231330/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/01/21/archives/bartok-quartet-heard-in-premiere-kolisch-group-offers-his-work-no-6.html. live.
  178. DeVeaux. Scott. Spring 1989. The Emergence of the Jazz Concert, 1935–1945. American Music. 7. 1. 21. 10.2307/3052047. 3052047.
  179. News: R.p. February 22, 1942. 800 and Town Hall Rock in Swingtime As 'Jam Sessions' Supplant the Classics. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013046/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/02/22/archives/800-and-town-hall-rock-in-swingtime-as-jam-sessions-supplant-the.html. live.
  180. News: November 8, 1942. Jazz Concert Series Opens at Town Hall; Eddie Condon Presides at First of New Biweekly Programs. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013104/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/11/08/archives/jazz-concert-series-opens-at-town-hall-eddie-condon-presides-at.html. live.
  181. Book: Lopes. Paul Douglas. The Rise of a Jazz Art World. 2002. Cambridge University Press. 9780521000390. 166. October 7, 2017. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205123/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQfOJRe6lysC&dq=%22Eddie+Condon%27s+Jazz+Concerts%22&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=%22Eddie%20Condon's%20Jazz%20Concerts%22&f=false. live.
  182. Book: Mackenzie. Harry. The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series. 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313308123. 53. October 7, 2017. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205141/https://books.google.com/books?id=L3WyZ9A4_XEC&dq=%22Eddie+Condon%22+concert+radio&pg=PA53. live.
  183. News: June 23, 1945. Jazz Foundation Concert. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013045/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/06/23/archives/jazz-foundation-concert.html. live.
  184. Book: Finkelman, Paul. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: J-N. Oxford University Press. 2009. 978-0-19-516779-5. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century. 22. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114013036/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=RA2-PA22. live.
  185. News: February 17, 1946. Billie Holiday Hailed in Solo Jazz Concert. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114014656/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/17/archives/billie-holiday-hailed-in-solo-jazz-concert.html. live.
  186. Book: Yanow, Scott. The Trumpet Kings: The Players who Shaped the Sound of Jazz Trumpet. Backbeat Books. 2001. 978-0-87930-640-3. Book Series. 27. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTysFVY-i7UC&pg=PA27. live.
  187. News: March 7, 1949. Seven Encores by Burl Ives. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114045349/https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/07/archives/seven-encores-by-burl-ives.html. live.
  188. News: February 5, 1951. Full House Hears Kurt Well Music; Excerpts From the Composer's Works Played in Town Hall – His Widow Takes Part. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183532/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/02/05/archives/full-house-hears-kurt-well-music-excerpts-from-the-composers-works.html. live.
  189. News: April 23, 1953. Anna Russell Recital at Town Hall Tonight Will Aid Third Street Music School Group. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183231/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/04/23/archives/anna-russell-recital-at-town-hall-tonight-will-aid-third-street.html. live.
  190. News: April 15, 1957. Bllington Suite to Bow April 28; 'Such Sweet Thunder' to Be Heard at First of 4 'Music for Moderns' Concerts "Such Sweet Thunder," a concert suite composed by Duke Ellington at the request of the Stratford (Ont.) Shakespeare Festival, will have its world premiere at Town Hall Sunday evening, April 28. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114201029/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/15/archives/bllington-suite-to-bow-april-28-such-sweet-thunder-to-be-heard-at.html. live.
  191. News: October 12, 1957. Montoya Is Heard in Guitar Recital. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114195514/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/12/archives/montoya-is-heard-in-guitar-recital.html. live.
  192. News: January 6, 1958. Betty Allen, Mezzo-Soprano, at Town Hall. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004750/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/01/06/archives/betty-allen-mezzosoprano-at-town-hall.html. live.
  193. News: Schonberg. Harold C.. Harold C. Schonberg. February 26, 1958. 300 Years Young; Monteverdi's Poppea Sung in Town Hall. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004751/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/26/archives/300-years-young-monteverdis-poppea-sung-in-town-hall.html. live.
  194. News: Parmenter. Ross. May 16, 1958. Music: Experimenter; Zounds! Sounds by John Cage at Town Hall. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004748/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/16/archives/music-experimenter-zounds-sounds-by-john-cage-at-town-hall.html. live.
  195. News: Taubman. Howard. Howard Taubman. January 5, 1959. Stravinsky's Threni Is Sung: Work's U. S. Premiere Given at Town Hall 6 Soloists and Chorus Heard in Tribute. 25. The New York Times. .
  196. Web site: Nina Simone - Nina Simone at Town Hall Review . Easlea . Daryl . 2010 . BBC Review . BBC . 19 December 2022 .
  197. News: April 13, 1960. African Freedom. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004749/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/13/archives/african-freedom.html. live.
  198. News: April 13, 1963. Bob Dylan Sings His Compositions; Folk Musician, 21, Displays Originality at Town Hall. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004747/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/13/archives/bob-dylan-sings-his-compositions-folk-musician-21-displays.html. live.
  199. News: November 15, 1964. Freedom Concert. 379. New York Daily News. newspapers.com. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004747/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90044818/freedom-concert/. live.
  200. Book: Jenkins, Todd S. . I Know What I Know: The Music of Charles Mingus: The Music of Charles Mingus . ABC-CLIO . Non-Series . 2006 . 978-0-313-08200-9 . 91, 107 . February 20, 2022 . February 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220220043426/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qtzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 . live .
  201. News: February 22, 1966. Bill Evans Plays Town Hall Debut; Pianist, a 'Jazz Romantic,' Backed by Instrumentalists. en-US. The New York Times. February 8, 2023. 0362-4331. February 8, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230208140804/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/22/archives/bill-evans-plays-town-hall-debut-pianist-a-jazz-romantic-backed-by.html. live.
  202. Web site: Review: Town Bloody Hall. Ed. McMenamin. Under the Radar. December 29, 2020. December 8, 2021. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208033915/https://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/town_bloody_hall. live.
  203. Web site: Town Bloody Hall. Time Out Worldwide. December 8, 2021. December 8, 2021. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208042629/https://www.timeout.com/movies/town-bloody-hall. live.
  204. Web site: Town Bloody Hall. Jonathan. Kirshner. 2020. Cineaste Magazine. December 8, 2021. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208042631/https://www.cineaste.com/winter2020/town-bloody-hall. live.
  205. News: Hajdu. David. April 13, 2003. Music; 'A Mighty Wind': 'Spinal Tap' For Folkies?. The New York Times. December 6, 2021. December 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211206134712/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/13/movies/music-a-mighty-wind-spinal-tap-for-folkies.html. live.
  206. News: Kelley. Raina. September 14, 2009. Whitney Versus Oprah: Who Won Round 1?. Newsweek. February 19, 2021. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108010204/https://www.newsweek.com/whitney-versus-oprah-who-won-round-1-220780. live.
  207. Web site: 'Live From Here With Chris Thile' Moves To New York City For 2019–2020 Season . May 6, 2019 . JamBase . May 6, 2019 . May 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190506190104/https://www.jambase.com/article/live-from-here-with-chris-thile-town-hall-new-york-city-2019-2020 . live .
  208. Book: Gelly, Dave. Being Prez: The Life and Music of Lester Young. Oxford University Press. 2007. 978-0-19-977479-1. 154. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114045037/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgdwSa8x1sQC&pg=PA154. live.
  209. April 5, 1997. Jazz. Billboard. 71. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114045037/https://books.google.com/books?id=BA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA71. live.
  210. Book: Reed, Teresa L.. The Jazz Life of Dr. Billy Taylor. Indiana University Press. 2013. 978-0-253-00917-3. 80. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183222/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsQqoegB5VcC&pg=PA80. live.
  211. Book: van der Bliek, Rob. The Thelonious Monk Reader. Oxford University Press. 2001. 978-0-19-976147-0. Readers in American Music. 94. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183222/https://books.google.com/books?id=59q5NRQLcjgC&pg=PA94. live.
  212. Book: Larkin, Colin. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music: Clarke, Kenny-Gleason, Jackie. Guinness Pub.. 1995. 978-0-85112-662-3. 1084. December 5, 2021. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009205120/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JdGAAAAMAAJ. live.
  213. November 9, 2004. Five Alive. The Advocate. Here Publishing. 62. 0001-8996. December 5, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183224/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2QEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62. live.
  214. News: April 27, 1922. Lady Astor Urges Fight for Morality; Declares Women Can Make Big Contribution to Politics by Single-standard Demand. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109005222/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/04/27/archives/lady-astor-urges-fight-for-morality-declares-women-can-make-big.html. live.
  215. News: December 7, 1929. Jane Addams Honored; Tells Town Hall Meeting Armaments Delay Peace Work. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109005225/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/12/07/archives/jane-addams-honored-tells-town-hall-meeting-armaments-delay-peace.html. live.
  216. News: January 24, 1922. Sanger Raid Inquiry Ends in Brief Clash. 3. New York Herald. newspapers.com. December 20, 2019. November 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108010204/https://www.newspapers.com/image/334685710/?terms=Town%2BHall. live.
  217. News: November 14, 1921. Police Break Up Meeting on Birth Control: Invade Town Hall, Order Out Audience of 1,500; Arrest Margaret Sanger and Miss Windsor. 1. New-York Tribune. .
  218. News: February 12, 1934. Emma Goldman Extols Anarchist; At Community Church Service at Town Hall She Reiterates Loyalty to Cause. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173259/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/12/archives/emma-goldman-extols-anarchist-at-community-church-service-at-town.html. live.
  219. News: June 26, 1960. Stevenson Rally Set; Mrs. Roosevelt to Speak at Town Hall Meeting. The New York Times. November 10, 2021. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021642/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/26/archives/stevenson-rally-set-mrs-roosevelt-to-speak-at-town-hall-meeting.html. live.
  220. News: April 14, 1960. Boycott in U.S. Asked on Africa; Rally Here Launches Drive – Money Is Asked for Aid to Victims of Apartheid. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004749/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/14/archives/boycott-in-us-asked-on-africa-rally-here-launches-drive-money-is.html. live.
  221. January 23, 1939. The Press: Suppression of News. November 14, 2021. Time. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183222/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760627,00.html. live.
  222. News: February 26, 1944. What They Said on Town Hall's "Let's Face the Race Question": Langston Hughes, Cary McWilliams Favor Federal Solution in Granting Rights to Colored; Dr. James Shepard, John Graves for State Handling. 2. Afro-American. .
  223. News: Lohman. Sidney. October 5, 1947. Along Radio Row: One Thing and Another; Two Stations to Offer Complete Operas In Recorded Form – Other Itemswork=The New York Times. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183225/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/10/05/archives/along-radio-row-one-thing-and-another-two-stations-to-offer.html. live.
  224. News: May 3, 1946. Threat to Quit His Job Is Made By La Guardia: He Insists Congress Vote U.N.R.R.A. 600 Millions Without 'Bad Taste'. 8. New York Herald Tribune. .
  225. News: Scott. Janny. May 16, 1996. Taking Sides at Town Hall: A Standoff for Left and Right. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194748/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/16/nyregion/taking-sides-at-town-hall-a-standoff-for-left-and-right.html. live.
  226. News: Wong. Edward. September 6, 2000. Summit in New York: the Protesters; a Quiet Forum at Town Hall Opposes the East River Forum. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004748/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/06/world/summit-new-york-protesters-quiet-forum-town-hall-opposes-east-river-forum.html. live.
  227. News: Alcindor. Yamiche. Rappeport. Alan. January 5, 2016. Bernie Sanders Attacks Hillary Clinton Over Regulating Wall Street. The New York Times. December 5, 2021. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205004751/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/06/us/politics/bernie-sanders-attacks-hillary-clinton-over-regulating-wall-street.html. live.
  228. News: February 10, 1941. New Town Hall Ventures; Leadership School and Forum to Be Announced Today. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193251/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/02/10/archives/new-town-hall-ventures-leadership-school-and-forum-to-be-announced.html. live.
  229. News: February 11, 1941. Town Hall School Slated For Teachers of Adults: Plans New Approach to History and Theory of Government. 17. New York Herald Tribune. .
  230. News: November 3, 1943. Red Cross Unit Opening: Town Hall Dedicating Workroom at Luncheon; Mrs. C. Eggers Hostess. 20. New York Herald Tribune. .
  231. News: July 15, 1945. Town Hall Will Double Its Courses for Adults: Post-War Project at University of Cincinnati. 15. New York Herald Tribune. .
  232. News: August 20, 1929. Sacco Memorial Here; Committee, Unable to Get Space in Boston, Hires Town Hall for Aug. 23. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173303/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/08/20/archives/sacco-memorial-here-committee-unable-to-get-space-in-boston-hires.html. live.
  233. News: April 26, 1934. Memorial at Town Hall; Services Held for John Drew, W.E. Roosevelt and Jonathan Peterson. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191126/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/26/archives/memorial-at-town-hall-services-held-for-john-drew-we-roosevelt-and.html. live.
  234. News: June 3, 1935. Tribute to Jane Addams; 700 Former Associates Honor Her Memory at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109003735/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/03/archives/tribute-to-jane-addams-700-former-associates-honor-her-memory-at-to.html. live.
  235. News: January 2, 1948. Memorial Concert Honors Bessie Smith. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183230/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/01/02/archives/memorial-concert-honors-bessie-smith.html. live.
  236. News: June 24, 1927. 25 Are Graduated by Printing School; Prizes Are Also Awarded to Young Pressmen at Exercises in Town Hall Club. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173305/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/06/24/archives/25-are-graduated-by-printing-school-prizes-are-also-awarded-to.html. live.
  237. News: April 15, 1928. 300 to Get Diplomas; Mechanics Institute to Hold 105th Commencement at Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173308/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/15/archives/300-to-get-diplomas-mechanics-institute-to-hold-105th-commencement.html. live.
  238. News: June 18, 1929. De La Salle Graduates 49.; Prizes and Diplomas Awarded at Exercises in Town Hall. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173300/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/06/18/archives/de-la-salle-graduates-49-prizes-and-diplomas-awarded-at-exercises.html. live.
  239. News: June 4, 1931. Will Give 31 Diplomas; Calhoun School to Hold Exercises at the Town Hall Tonight. The New York Times. November 9, 2021. November 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109173305/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/06/04/archives/will-give-31-diplomas-calhoun-school-to-hold-exercises-at-the-town.html. live.
  240. News: June 1, 1996. Commencements; For CUNY Graduates, Long Trek to a Diploma. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194750/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/01/nyregion/commencements-for-cuny-graduates-long-trek-to-a-diploma.html. live.
  241. News: June 21, 1948. Community Church Leaves Town Hall; 15-Year Use of Auditorium Ends – Congregation to Open New Building on Sept. 26. The New York Times. November 14, 2021. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183533/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/21/archives/community-church-leaves-town-hall-15year-use-of-auditorium-ends.html. live.
  242. News: Oestreich. James R.. James R. Oestreich. Review: Bach at St. Paul's, and the Fictional Relative, P.D.Q., at Town Hall. January 9, 2016. The New York Times. December 30, 2015. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208033911/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/31/arts/music/review-bach-at-st-pauls-and-the-fictional-relative-pdq-at-town-hall.html. live.
  243. Web site: November 12, 2021. Town Hall Foundation, Inc.. November 14, 2021. GuideStar Profile. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194748/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/23-7296167. live.
  244. Web site: Town Hall Foundation Inc.. November 14, 2021. Bloomberg. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194747/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0250583D:US. live.
  245. Web site: Amato. Rebecca. January 12, 1921. The Town Hall. November 14, 2021. NYMag.com. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183222/https://nymag.com/listings/attraction/the-town-hall/. live.
  246. Web site: July 25, 2012. Theatreworks/USA. November 14, 2021. NYC-ARTS. November 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183224/https://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/2161/theatreworks-usa. live.

Sources

External links

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "The Town Hall (New York City)".

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