Brantford Explained

Brantford
Official Name:City of Brantford
Settlement Type:City (single-tier)
Image Blank Emblem:Brantford city 2000 logo.png
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Pushpin Map:Canada Southern Ontario
Pushpin Label Position:top
Pushpin Mapsize:200
Coordinates:43.1569°N -80.2575°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Canada
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Ontario
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Brant (independent)
Established Title:Established
Established Date:May 31, 1877
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Kevin Davis
Leader Title1:Governing Body
Leader Name1:Brantford City Council
Area Footnotes:[1] [2]
Area Land Km2:98.65
Area Metro Km2:1074.00
Elevation M:248
Population Total:104688 (53rd)
Population As Of:2021
Population Density Km2:1061.2
Population Metro:144162 (30th)
Population Density Metro Km2:134.2
Demographics Type2:Gross Metropolitan Product
Demographics2 Title1:Brantford
Demographics2 Info1:CA$6.1billion (2020)[3]
Postal Code Type:Forward sortation area
Postal Code:N3P to N3V
Area Code:519, 226, and 548
Website:www.brantford.ca
Leader Title2:MP
Leader Name2:Larry Brock (Conservative)
Leader Title3:MPP
Leader Name3:Will Bouma (Progressive Conservative)
Timezone:EST
Utc Offset:−05:00
Timezone Dst:EDT
Utc Offset Dst:−04:00

Brantford (2021 population: 104,688[1]) is a city in Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario. It is surrounded by Brant County but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county's municipal government.[4] [5] [6]

Brantford is situated on the Haldimand Tract,[7] [8] and is named after Joseph Brant, a Mohawk leader, soldier, farmer and slave owner.[9] Brant was an important Loyalist leader during the American Revolutionary War and later, after the Haudenosaunee moved to the Brantford area in Upper Canada. Many of his descendants and other First Nations people live on the nearby Six Nations of the Grand River reserve south of Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada.

Brantford is known as the "Telephone City" because the city's famous resident, Alexander Graham Bell, invented the first telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead, located in Tutela Heights south of the city. Brantford is also known as the birthplace and hometown of Wayne Gretzky and Phil Hartman.

History

The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as the Neutral Nation, lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of the chief, Kandoucho, was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the Grand River where present-day Brantford developed. This community, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated the Neutral nation.[10]

In 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada.[11] [12] As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a large land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract, on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing (or fording) of the river gave the original name to the area: Brant's ford The Glebe Farm Indian Reserve exists at the original site today.

The area began to grow from a small settlement in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved. By the 1830s, Brantford became a stop on the Underground Railroad, and a sizable number of runaway African-Americans settled in the town.[13] From the 1830s to the 1860s – several hundred people of African descent settled in the area around Murray Street, and in Cainsville. In Brantford, they established their own school and church, now known as the S.R. Drake Memorial Church.[14] In 1846, it is estimated 2000 residents lived in the city's core while 5199 lived in the outlying rural areas.[15] There were eight churches in Brantford at this time – Episcopal, Presbyterian, Catholic, two Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and one for the African-Canadian residents.

By 1847, Europeans began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford.[16] The population increased after 1848 when river navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford.

Because of the ease of navigation from new roads and the Grand River, several manufacturing companies could be found in the town by 1869. Some of these factories included Brantford Engine Works, Victoria Foundry and Britannia Foundry.[17] Several major farm implement manufacturers, starting with Cockshutt and Harris, opened for business in the 1870s.

The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand.[18]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Canadian government encouraged the education of First Nations children at residential schools, which were intended to teach them English and European-Canadian ways and assimilate them into the majority cultures. Such institutions in or near Brantford included the Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School), and the Haudenosaunee boarding school. Decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears,[19] and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".[20]

In June 1945, Brantford became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supply.[21] [22]

Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council expropriated and demolished 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. The buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada and included one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada. The decision was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community, however, the city argued it was needed for downtown renewal.[23] [24]

Historical plaques and memorials

Plaques and monuments erected by the provincial and federal governments provide additional glimpses into the early history of the area around Brantford.[25]

The famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) led his people from the Mohawk Valley of New York State to Upper Canada after being allied with the British during the American Revolution, where they lost their land holdings. A group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which would later become Brantford.[25] Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.[26]

The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution.[25] In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.[27]

Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) was one of the sons of Joseph Brant.[28] He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and, from 1828, served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations.[25] Chief Brant was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.[29]

The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed courtrooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.[25]

Among the most famed residents were Alexander Graham Bell and his family, who arrived in mid 1870 from Scotland while Bell was suffering from tuberculosis. They lived with Bell's father and mother, who had settled in a farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe of the area[30] and later absorbed into Brantford.) Then called Melville House, it is now a museum, the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. This was the site of the invention of the telephone in 1874 and ongoing trials in 1876. The Bell Memorial, also known as the Bell Monument, was commissioned to commemorate Bell's invention of the telephone in Brantford; it is also one of the National Historic Sites of Canada.

Invention of the telephone

Some articles suggest that the telephone was invented in Boston, where Alexander Graham Bell did a great deal of work on the development of the device.[31] However, Bell confirmed Brantford as the birthplace of the device in a 1906 speech: "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home".[32] At the unveiling of the Bell Memorial on 24 October 1917, Bell reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875" and that "the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris" (on 3 August 1876).[33] [34] As well, the second successful voice transmission (over a distance of 6 km; 4 miles) was also made in the area, on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires.[35] [36]

Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd, was located in Brantford and operated from about 1879 until Cowherd's death in 1881.[37] [38] The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was located in what is now Brantford.[25] The combination of events has led to Brantford calling itself "The Telephone City".

Law and government

Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from the county.[4] [5] [6] Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes."[39] Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services.[40]

Year! colspan="2" scope="col"
LiberalConservativeNew DemocraticGreen
202129%13,40938%17,65521%9,9563%1,226
201931%14,97738%18,05822%10,2806%2,747
Year! colspan="2" scope="col"
PCNew DemocraticLiberalGreen
202243%13,92630%9,77313%4,2527%2,158
201839%16,47344%18,56010%4,0324%1,860

At the federal and provincial levels of government, Brantford is part of the Brant riding.

Brantford City Council is the municipal governing body. As of October 22, 2018, the mayor is Kevin Davis.

Safety

Brantford's economy was hit hard in the 1980s when farm equipment manufacturers Massey Ferguson and White Farm Equipment closed their local plants.[41] By the end of 1981, the city's unemployment rate reached 22%. As with other small Ontario cities hit by the decline of manufacturing, the community struggled with an increase in social problems.

In more recent times, the city was hit hard by the opioid crisis. In 2018, Brantford had the highest rate of emergency department visits for overdose of any city in Ontario.[42] [43] In 2018, Brantford police reported an overall crime rate of 6,533 incidents per 100,000 population, 59% higher than in Ontario (4,113) and 19% higher than in Canada (5,488).[44] The same year, Maclean's magazine ranked Brantford as having a higher rate of crime severity than most of the province.[45]

Economy

The electric telephone was invented here leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of the cash value of manufactured goods exported.

The city developed at the deepest navigable point of the Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs based on the agriculture implementation industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the Cockshutt Plow Company. This industry, more than any other, provided the well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century.

By the 1980s and 1990s, Brantford's economy was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as White Farm Equipment, Massey Ferguson (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of the businesses left thousands of people unemployed. As a consequence, it became one of the most economically depressed areas in the country, leaving a negative impact on the once-vibrant downtown.

An economic revival was prompted by the completion of the Brantford-to-Ancaster section of Highway 403 in 1997, bringing companies easy access to Hamilton and Toronto and completing a direct route from Detroit to Buffalo. In 2004 Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA chose to locate in the city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed its local foundry, its corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. SC Johnson Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. Other companies that have their headquarters here include Gunther Mele and GreenMantra Technologies. On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford, was added to the Greater Golden Horseshoe along with Haldimand and Northumberland counties.

In February 2019, Brantford's unemployment rate stood at 4.6% – lower than Ontario's rate of 5.6%.[46]

Climate

Brantford has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with warm to hot summers and cold, moderately snowy winters, though not severe by Canadian standards.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brantford had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2021.[47]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Brantford CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2021.[48]

Ethnicity

103,210 people gave their ethnic background on the 2021 census, up from 95,780 on the 2016 census.[49] Brantford has the highest proportion of Indigenous people (Status Indians) in Southern Ontario, outside of an Indian reserve.[50]

Panethnic
group! colspan="2"
2021[51] 2016[52] 2011[53] 2006[54] 2001[55]
European82,01580,94581,03579,20578,115
South Asian6,0703,1151,6401,6601,245
Indigenous5,4155,3954,0903,4402,475
African3,5702,0151,5501,5801,110
Southeast Asian2,3851,8051,1901,1951,045
East Asian1,0201,0651,090940670
Middle Eastern910490655115140
Latin American905445365360140
Other920510355245190
Total responses103,21095,78091,97588,84585,125
Total population104,68897,49693,65090,19286,417

Religion

In 2021,[56] 51.8% of residents were Christian, down from 64.8% in 2011.[57] 22.2% of residents were Catholic, 17.6% were Protestant, and 7.7% were Christian not otherwise specified. All other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions accounted for 4.1% of the population. 40.4% of residents had no religion, up from 31.6% in 2011. All other religions and spiritual traditions make up 8.1% of the population. The largest non-Christian religions were Sikhism (2.6%), Islam (2.0%), Hinduism (1.7%) and Buddhism (0.5%).

Film and television

Brantford has been used as a filming location for TV and films.

Education

Statistics from the Federal 2016 Census indicated that 54.1% of Brantford's adult residents (ages 25 to 64) had earned either a post-secondary certificate, diploma, or university degree.

Universities and colleges

Several post-secondary institutions have facilities in Brantford.

Secondary schools

Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board.

Elementary schools

Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board and the Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud.

Other

Media

Online

BTOWN is a free alternative online magazine which highlights people, projects and events in the Brantford area.[69]

Print

The Brantford Expositor, started in 1852, is published by Sun Media Corp. six days a week (excluding Sundays).

The Brant News was a weekly paper, delivered Thursdays until 2018; it publishes breaking news online at their website,[70] and is published by Metroland Media Group.

The Two Row Times, a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website,[71] published by Garlow Media.

BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website.[72] Independently published.

Radio

Television

Brantford's only local television service comes from Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from Toronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.

Transportation

Air

Brantford Municipal Airport is located west of the city. It hosts an annual air show featuring the Snowbirds. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is located about 35 km (20 miles) east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is located in Mississauga, about 100 km (60 miles) northeast of Brantford.

Rail

Brantford station is located just north of downtown Brantford. Via Rail has daily passenger trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Trains also stop at Union Station in Toronto.

Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893, this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936, it began to replace the electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939, the changeover was complete.[73]

Bus

Provincial highways

Cycling

, there are at least of bikeways in Brantford.[74] There are some planned street redesigns which include protected bike lanes and multi-use trails, which are in the public consultation phase.[75]

Some former rail lines serving Brantford have been converted to rail trails, which allow for intercommunity cycling connections to the north, south, and east. This includes the SC Johnson Trail to Paris (with further connections north to Cambridge and beyond)[76] and the Hamilton to Brantford Rail Trail, which provides a connection east to Hamilton through Dundas and Jerseyville.[77] Twin rail trails, the LE&N Trail and TH&B Trail, connect south to Mount Pleasant, where they connect further south ultimately to Port Dover.[78]

Culture and entertainment

Local museums include the Bell Homestead, Woodland Cultural Centre,[79] Brant Museum and Archives,[80] Canadian Military Heritage Museum[81] and the Personal Computer Museum.

Annual events include the "Brantford International Villages Festival" in July;[82] the "Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest" in August;[83] the "Chili Willy Cook-Off" in February; the "Frosty Fest", a Church festival held in winter;[84]

The Bell Summer Theatre Festival,[85] takes place from Canada Day to Labour Day at the Bell Homestead

Brantford is the home of several theatre groups including Brant Theatre Workshops,[86] Dufferin Players, His Majesty's players, ICHTHYS Theatre, Stage 88, Theatre Brantford and Whimsical Players.

Brantford has a casino, Elements Casino Brantford. The Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts is a local performance venue.[87]

Brantford Public Library

Brantford Public Library's central branch is located downtown on Colborne Street. It has an additional branch on St. Paul Avenue.[88] It has been automated since 1984.[89] In 2000, the library was the first in North America to join the UNESCO model library network.

Sports, teams and tournaments

The YMCA in Brantford organized individual and team sports, led by J. Howard Crocker from 1908 to 1911.[90] This included intercity basketball competitions,[91] a junior ice hockey league,[92] and a junior baseball league.[93] There was also an annual racewalking event sponsored by the Brantford Expositor,[94] and the Brantford-to-Hamilton marathon race.[95] In 1910, Brantford hosted the YMCA national athletics championships.[96]

Current intercounty or major teams

Defunct teams

Events

Notable people

See main article: List of people from Brantford.

Twin towns – sister cities

Brantford is twinned with:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Brantford Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population . Statistics Canada . 9 February 2022 . 22 February 2022 . 22 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220222202849/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Brantford&DGUIDlist=2021A00053529006&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 . live .
  2. Web site: Brantford Ontario [Census metropolitan area] Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population ]. Statistics Canada . 9 February 2022 . 22 February 2022 . 22 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220222203622/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Brantford&DGUIDlist=2021S0503543&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 . live .
  3. Web site: Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000). Statistics Canada.
  4. Web site: Proposed Boundary Adjustment . Brant.ca . 2017-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144010/http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/Proposed-Boundary-Adjustment.asp . 2017-04-07 . dead.
  5. Web site: Members of Council . Brantford.ca . 2019-03-21 . 2011-03-13 . 2011-02-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110213221707/http://www.brantford.ca/govt/council/members/Pages/default.aspx . live .
  6. Web site: Councillors and Wards – County of Brant . Brant.ca . 2018-12-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180402221234/http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/councillors-and-wards.asp . 2018-04-02 . dead.
  7. Web site: Haldimand Tract . live . 2021-06-03 . Grand River Country . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709151336/http://grandrivercountry.org/haldimand-tract/ . 2019-07-09.
  8. Encyclopedia: Haldimand Proclamation . . December 16, 2020 . Filice . Michelle . . June 5, 2021 . August 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805214208/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation . live .
  9. Web site: Sophia Burthen Pooley: Part of the Family? . Ontario Ministry of Government and Consumer Services . July 15, 2021 . July 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210715171611/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/sophia_pooley.aspx . live .
  10. Reville, F. Douglas. The History of the County of Brant, Brantford: Hurley Printing Company, vol. 1, pp. 15–20, 1920.
  11. Web site: Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) The Canadian Encyclopedia . 2021-06-05 . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 2021-06-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605115032/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-brant . live .
  12. Web site: Mohawk Language in the Workplace . Six Nations Polytechnic . Six Nations Polytechnic University . 21 January 2024.
  13. Web site: - Grand River Branch – United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada . www.grandriveruel.ca . 11 February 2019 . 27 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013856/http://www.grandriveruel.ca/Newsletter_Reprints/99v11n1African_Canadian.htm . live .
  14. Web site: Lieuxpatrimoniaux.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca . www.historicplaces.ca . 11 February 2019 . 12 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011945/https://www.historicplaces.ca/fr/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10046 . live .
  15. Book: Smith, Wm. H. . 1846 . SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER – STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST . Toronto . H. & W. ROWSELL . 19.
  16. Web site: Brantford Facts . Brantford.ca . 5 May 2016 . 10 . 2 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160602215214/http://www.brantford.ca/discover/AboutBrantford/Pages/BrantfordFacts.aspx . live .
  17. Book: Henry McEvoy . The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory: Containing Concise ... . 21 October 1869 . Robertson & Cook . 9780665094125 . October 21, 2017 . Internet Archive.
  18. Book: At the Forks of the Grand . Donald Alexander . Smith . Paris Public Library Board . (Ont.) . 21 October 2017 . Brant County Library . Google Books . 9780969124511 . 16 October 2020 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814062241/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BVGImuSa_oC&q=at+the+forks+of+the+Grand . live .
  19. News: Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating unseen tears (AAT 1482210) . Douglas, Ronald James . 2010 . .
  20. News: Where Are the Children? . Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools . Legacy of Hope Foundation . 2012-12-04 . 2012-12-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121205232302/http://www.wherearethechildren.ca/en/ . live .
  21. News: The great debate to fluoridate (or not) . . March 10, 2016 . Chris Purdy . February 28, 2019 . March 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074526/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/6383872-the-great-debate-to-fluoridate-or-not-/ . live .
  22. Web site: Windsor, Ont. flips back to fluoride — why that's unlikely to change minds in Calgary . Toronto Star . January 14, 2019 . Madeline Smith . Andrew Jeffery . February 28, 2019 . March 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013431/https://www.thestar.com/calgary/2019/01/14/windsor-flips-back-to-fluoride-why-thats-unlikely-to-change-minds-in-calgary.html . live .
  23. News: Blaze Carlson . Katherine . Ontario city to demolish historic street, despite Ottawa's objection . February 8, 2022 . Toronto Sun . June 8, 2010 . February 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220208221214/https://torontosun.com/news/canada/ontario-city-seeks-to-demolish-historic-street-despite-ottawas-objection . live .
  24. News: Wilkes . Jim . Demolition of historic buildings begins in Brantford . February 8, 2022 . The Toronto Star . June 8, 2010 . February 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220208221212/https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2010/06/08/demolition_of_historic_buildings_begins_in_brantford.html . live .
  25. Web site: Historical Plaques of Brant County . Waynecook.com . 2017-04-07 . 2017-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170326000209/http://waynecook.com/abrant.html . live .
  26. Web site: Thayendanega (Joseph Brant) Historical Plaque . ontarioplaques.com . 2017-04-07 . 2021-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210821103306/http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Brant19.html . live .
  27. Web site: Mohawk Chapel . History . 7 April 2017 . 2011 . 30 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170130160904/http://mohawkchapel.ca/html/history-of-mohawk-chapel.shtml . live .
  28. Web site: War of 1812 . Eighteentwelve.ca . 2018-12-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014253/http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng%2FTopic%2F104 . 2018-10-13 . dead.
  29. Web site: Ahyouwaighs, Chief of the Six Nations 1838 . vitacollections.ca . 2017-04-07 . 2017-04-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171621/http://vitacollections.ca/sixnationsarchive/2687515/data . live .
  30. Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. Pioneering The Telephone In Canada, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926, pg.7. (Note: Patten's full name as published is William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as stated at Google Books)
  31. Web site: Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention of the Telephone . Telecommunications.ca . The Telecommunications Mosaic: An Introduction to the Information Age . Robert N. E. . Haughton . 2017-04-07 . 2016-07-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160725232834/http://www.telecommunications.ca/alexander-graham-bell-invention-telephone.htm . live .
  32. Book: Reville, F. Douglas . 1920 . History of the County of Brant . Brantford, Ontario . Hurley . 315 . 6 April 2017 . 12 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412093913/https://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/reville1.pdf . live .
  33. Web site: The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial . Brantford.library.on.ca . 21 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223180354/http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/bellmemorial.pdf . 23 February 2017 . dead.
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