National Mall Explained

National Mall
Location:Between Independence and Constitution Avenues from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial
Architect:Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant, McMillan Commission
Added:October 15, 1966
Website:National Mall and Memorial Parks
Refnum:66000031[1]
Increase:December 8, 2016
Increase Refnum:16000805[2] [3]

The National Mall is a landscaped park near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. It contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institution, art galleries, cultural institutions, and various memorials, sculptures, and statues. It is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior as part of the National Mall and Memorial Parks unit of the National Park System.[4] The park receives approximately 24 million visitors each year.[5] Designed by Pierre L'Enfant, the "Grand Avenue" or Mall was to be a democratic and egalitarian space—the complete opposite of the gardens of Versailles where only royalty and nobility accessed similar spaces in size and scope.

The core area of the National Mall extends between the United States Capitol grounds to the east and the Washington Monument to the west and is lined to the north and south by several museums and federal office buildings. The term National Mall may also include areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park to the south and west and Constitution Gardens to the north, extending to the Lincoln Memorial on the west and Jefferson Memorial to the south.[6]

Landmarks, museums, and other features

Within the National Mall proper

The National Mall proper contains the following landmarks, museums and other features (including opening year):[6]

2. National Museum of American History (1964)[7]

3. National Museum of Natural History (1910)

4. National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden (1999)

5. West Building of the National Gallery of Art (1941)

6. East Building of the National Gallery of Art (1978)

10. National Museum of the American Indian (2004) (shown under construction)

11. National Air and Space Museum (1976)

12. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (1974)

13. Arts and Industries Building (1881)

14. Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle") (1849)

15. Freer Gallery of Art (1923)

16. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (1987)

17. National Museum of African Art (1987)

Not marked on the above image:

Above the Smithsonian Institution Building

Below the Smithsonian Institution Building

Above the Arts and Industries Building

To the left of the National Museum of American History

To the left of the Freer Gallery of Art

With the exception of the National Gallery of Art, all of the museums on the National Mall proper are part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Gardens maintains a number of gardens and landscapes near its museums.[13] These include:

East of the National Mall proper

Features east of the National Mall proper include:

West of the National Mall proper and in West Potomac Park

Not included in the above map:

Boundaries and dimensions

Dimensions

See also: Geography of Washington, D.C..

Boundaries

In its 1981 National Register of Historic Places nomination form, the NPS defined the boundaries of the National Mall (proper) as Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues on the north, 1st Street NW on the east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th Street NW on the west, with the exception of the section of land bordered by Jefferson Drive on the north, Independence Avenue on the south, and by 12th and 14th Streets respectively on the east and west, which the U.S. Department of Agriculture administers and which contains the Jamie L. Whitten Building (U.S. Department of Agriculture Administration Building).[25] The 2012–2016 National Park Service index describes the National Mall as being a landscaped park that extends from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, defined as a principal axis in the L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington.[4]

However, a 2010 NPS plan for the Mall contains maps that show the Mall's general area to be larger.[26] [27] A document within the plan describes this area as "the grounds of the U.S. Capitol west to the Potomac River, and from the Thomas Jefferson Memorial north to Constitution Avenue".[6] A map within the plan entitled "National Mall Areas" illustrates "The Mall" as being the green space bounded on the east by 3rd Street, on the west by 14th Street, on the north by Jefferson Drive, NW, and on the south by Madison Drive, SW.[28] A Central Intelligence Agency map shows the Mall as occupying the space between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol.[29]

In 2011, the 112th United States Congress enacted the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2012, which transferred to the Architect of the Capitol the NPS "property which is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, on the east by First Street Northwest and First Street Southwest, on the south by Maryland Avenue Southwest, and on the west by Third Street Southwest and Third Street Northwest".[30] This act removed Union Square (the area containing the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial and the Capitol Reflecting Pool) from NPS jurisdiction.[31]

Purposes

The National Park Service states that the purposes of the National Mall are to:

History

See also: History of Washington, D.C..

L'Enfant City Plan

In his 1791 plan for the future city of Washington, D.C., Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant envisioned a garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in lengthand 400feet wide, in an area that would lie between the Congress House (now the United States Capitol) and an equestrian statue of George Washington. The statue would be placed directly south of the President's House (now the White House) and directly west of the Congress House (see L'Enfant Plan) on the site of the Washington Monument. The grand avenue was to be flanked by gardens and spacious accommodations for foreign ministers.[32] [33] [34]

Mathew Carey's 1802 map is reported to be the first to name the area west of the United States Capitol as the "Mall".[35] The name is derived from that of The Mall in London, which during the 1700s was a fashionable promenade near Buckingham Palace upon which the city's elite strolled.[36]

The Washington City Canal, completed in 1815 in accordance with the L'Enfant Plan, travelled along the former course of Tiber Creek to the Potomac River along B Street Northwest (NW) (now Constitution Avenue NW) and south along the base of a hill containing the Congress House, thus defining the northern and eastern boundaries of the Mall.[37] [38] [39] Being shallow and often obstructed by silt, the canal served only a limited role and became an open sewer that poured sediment and waste into the Potomac River's flats and shipping channel.[37] [40] The portion of the canal that traveled near the Mall was covered over in 1871 for sanitary reasons.[37]

Some consider a lockkeeper's house constructed in 1837 near the western end of the Washington City Canal for an eastward extension of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal to be the oldest building still standing on the National Mall.[41] The structure, which is located near the southwestern corner of 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW, is west of the National Mall (proper).[39] [42]

The Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"), constructed from 1847 to 1855, is the oldest building now present on the National Mall (proper).[43] The Washington Monument, whose construction began in 1848 and reached completion in 1888, stands near the planned site of its namesake's equestrian statue.[44] The Jefferson Pier marks the planned site of the statue itself.[45]

Downing Plan: Mid-19th century

During the early 1850s, architect and horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing designed a landscape plan for the Mall.[46] [47] Over the next half century, federal agencies developed several naturalistic parks within the Mall in accordance with Downing's plan.[33] [46] Two such areas were Henry Park and Seaton Park.[48]

During that period, the Mall was subdivided into several areas between B Street Northwest (NW) (now Constitution Avenue NW) and B Street Southwest (SW) (now Independence Avenue SW):

In 1856, the Armory (No. 27 on the 1893 map of the Mall) was built at the intersection of B Street SW and 6th Street SW on the Armory Grounds. In 1862, during the American Civil War, the building was converted to a military hospital known as Armory Square Hospital to house Union Army casualties. After the war ended, the Armory building became the home of the United States Fish Commission.[50]

The United States Congress established the United States Department of Agriculture in 1862 during the Civil War.[51] Designed by Adolf Cluss and Joseph von Kammerhueber, the United States Department of Agriculture Building (No. 25 on the map), was constructed in 1867–1868 north of B Street SW within a 35-acre site on the Mall.[52]

After the Civil War ended, the Department of Agriculture started growing experimental crops and demonstration gardens on the Mall. These gardens extended from the department's building near the south side of the Mall to B Street NW (the northern boundary of the Mall). The building was razed in 1930.[51] In addition, greenhouses belonging to the U.S. Botanical Garden (No. 16 on the map) appeared near the east end of the Mall between the Washington City Canal and the Capitol (later between 1st and 3rd Streets NW and SW).

Originating during the early 1800s as a collection of market stalls immediately north of the Washington City Canal and the Mall, the Center Market (No. 19 on the map), which Adolf Cluss also designed, opened in 1872 soon after the canal closed. Located on the north side of Constitution Avenue NW, the National Archives now occupies the Market's site.[53] [54]

During that period, railroad tracks crossed the Mall on 6th Street, west of the Capitol. Near the tracks, several structures were built over the years. The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station (B on the map) rose in 1873 on the north side of the Mall at the southwest corner of 6th Street and B Street NW (now the site of the west building of the National Gallery of Art).[55]

In 1881, the Arts and Industries Building (No. 34 on the map), known originally as the National Museum Building, opened on the north side of B Street SW to the east of "The Castle". Designed in 1876 by Adolf Cluss and his associates, the building is the second oldest still standing on the National Mall (proper).[56]

In 1887, the Army Medical Museum and Library, which Adolf Cluss designed in 1885, opened on the Mall at northwest corner of B Street SW and 7th Street SW.[57] [58] The Smithsonian Institution's Hirshhorn Museum now occupies the site of the building, which was demolished in 1968.[58]

Meanwhile, in order to clean up the Potomac Flats and to make the Potomac River more navigable, in 1882 Congress authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge the river. The Corps used the sediment removed from the shipping channel to fill in the flats. The work started in 1882 and continued until 1911, creating the Tidal Basin and 628 new acres of land. Part of the new land, which became West Potomac Park, expanded the Mall southward and westward (see 1893 map above).[40] [59]

McMillan Plan: Early 20th century

In 1902, the McMillan Commission's plan, which was partially inspired by the City Beautiful Movement and which purportedly extended Pierre L'Enfant's plan, called for a radical redesign of the Mall that would replace its greenhouses, gardens, trees, and commercial/industrial facilities with an open space.[60] The plan differed from L'Enfant's by replacing the 400feet wide "grand avenue" with a 300feet wide vista containing a long and broad expanse of grass.

Four rows of American elm trees (Ulmus americana) planted fifty feet apart between two paths or streets would line each side of the vista. Buildings housing cultural and educational institutions constructed in the Beaux-Arts style would line each outer path or street, on the opposite side of the path or street from the elms.[61] [62] [63]

In subsequent years, the vision of the McMillan plan was generally followed with the planting of American elms and the layout of four boulevards down the Mall, two on either side of a wide lawn.[61] [64] [65] In accordance with a plan that it completed in 1976, the NPS converted the two innermost boulevards (Washington Drive NW and Adams Drive SW) into gravel walking paths.[61] The two outermost boulevards (Madison Drive NW and Jefferson Drive SW)) remain paved and open to vehicular traffic.[61]

Temporary war buildings

During World Wars I and II, the federal government constructed a number of temporary buildings (tempos) on the Mall, disrupting the area's planned layout. Most of these buildings were in two clusters: one near the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and the other on the National Mall (proper) in the vicinity of 4th through 7th Streets NW and SW.[66] [67] [68]

World War I

The United States entered World War I in April 1917.[69] By 1918, a row of tempos designated from north to south as Buildings A, B, and C had stretched across the Mall along the east side of the former railroad route on 6th Street. The smokestacks of the buildings' centrally-located power plant were set apart to preserve the view of the Washington Monument from the Capitol building.[67] [70] Soon afterwards, the government constructed Buildings D, E and F to the east and west of the row.[67] [70]

Around 1921 (when the United States and Germany signed the U.S.–German Peace Treaty, thus formally ending the war between the two nations),[71] the government demolished Buildings A and B. The remaining tempos held offices of several agencies belonging to the Agriculture, Commerce, Treasury and War Departments for a number of years after the war ended.[67] [70] [72]

The government then slowly dismantled most of the tempos that had remained within the Mall (proper), removing the power plant and nearby buildings by 1936.[73] Among those removed was Building C, which the government demolished between 1933 and 1936.[74]

By 1937, the government had removed all of the World War I tempos that had been within the National Mall (proper) except for Building E, thus largely restoring the Mall's central vista.[64] However, another World War I tempo, which the government constructed south of the Mall in 1919 between 14th Street SW and the Tidal Basin as the Liberty Loan Building, remained standing in 2019 while housing the Treasury Department's Bureau of the Fiscal Service.[75] [76]

In 1918, contractors for the United States Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks constructed the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings along nearly a third of a mile of the south side of Constitution Avenue (then known as B Street), from 17th Street NW to 21st Street NW.[76] [77] [78] [79] Although the Navy intended the buildings to provide temporary quarters for the United States military during World War I, the reinforced concrete structures remained in place until 1970.[76] [77] [78] After their demolition, much of their former sites became Constitution Gardens, which was dedicated in 1976.[80]

World War II

During World War II, the government constructed a larger set of temporary buildings on the Mall in the area of the former World War I tempos, along the south side of Constitution Avenue between 12th and 14th Streets NW, on the west side of the Washington Monument grounds, along the entire length of the south side of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and between the Reflecting Pool and the Main Navy and Munition buildings on the Pool's north side. Numbers identified new buildings built on the Monument grounds, while letters identified the remainder. The government also built dormitories, residence halls and facilities for dining and recreation south of the eastern half of the Mall and within the part of West Potomac Park that lay south of the Mall's western half.[68] [81]

The government progressively demolished all of the World War II tempos beginning in 1964.[76] After the government removed the Main Navy and Munitions buildings in 1970, much of their former sites became Constitution Gardens, which was dedicated in 1976.[76] [80]

Later history

The planting of American elm trees (Ulmus americana) on the National Mall following the McMillan Plan started in the 1930s between 3rd and 14th Streets at the same time that Dutch Elm Disease (DED) began to appear in the United States. Concern was expressed about the impact that DED could have on these trees.[82]

DED first appeared on the Mall during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS has used a number of methods to control this fungal epidemic, including sanitation, pruning, injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant American elm cultivars (see Ulmus americana cultivars). The NPS cloned one such cultivar ('Jefferson') from a DED-resistant tree growing near a path on the Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art, near the Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle").[83]

The NPS has combated the disease's local insect vector, the smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides. Soil compaction and root damage by crowds and construction projects also adversely affect the elms.[82]

On October 15, 1966, the NPS listed the National Mall on the National Register of Historic Places.[84] In 1981, the NPS prepared a National Register nomination form that documented the Mall's boundaries, features and historical significance.[85]

From the 1970s to 1994, a fiberglass model of a triceratops named Uncle Beazley stood on the Mall in front of the National Museum of Natural History. The life-size statue, which is now located at the National Zoological Park (the National Zoo) in Northwest Washington, D.C., was donated to the Smithsonian Institution by the Sinclair Oil Corporation. The statue, which Louis Paul Jonas created for Sinclair's DinoLand pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair, was named after a dinosaur in Oliver Butterworth's 1956 children's book, The Enormous Egg, and the 1968 televised movie adaptation in which the statue appeared.[86]

In 2003, the 108th United States Congress enacted the Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act. This Act prohibits the siting of new commemorative works and visitor centers in a designated reserve area within the cross-axis of the Mall.[87]

In October 2013, a two-week federal government shutdown closed the National Mall and its museums and monuments.[88] However, when a group of elderly veterans tried to enter the National World War II Memorial during the shutdown's first day, the memorial's barricades were removed.[89] The NPS subsequently announced that the veterans had a legal right to be in the memorial and would not be barred in the future.[90] During the shutdown's second week, the NPS permitted an immigration rally and concert to take place on the Mall.[91]

On December 8, 2016, the NPS listed on the National Register of Historic Places an increase in the National Mall Historic District's boundary to encompass an area bounded by 3rd Street, NW/SW, Independence Avenue, SW, Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, the CSX Railroad, the Potomac River, Constitution Avenue, NW, 17th Street, NW, the White House Grounds, and 15th Street, NW. The listing's registration form, which contained 232 pages, described and illustrated the history and features of the historic district's proposed expanded area.[2]

Demolished or moved structures

Usage

In combination with the other attractions in the Washington Metropolitan Area, the National Mall makes the nation's capital city one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. It has several other uses in addition to serving as a tourist focal point.

Protests and rallies

The National Mall's status as a vast, open expanse at the heart of the capital makes it an attractive site for protests and rallies of all types. One notable example was the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a political rally during the Civil Rights Movement, at which Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his speech "I Have a Dream".

The largest officially recorded rally was the Vietnam War Moratorium Rally on October 15, 1969. However, in 1995, the NPS issued a crowd estimate for the Million Man March with which an organizer of the event, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, disagreed.[92] [93] The next year, a committee of the 104th United States Congress provided no funds for NPS crowd-counting activities in Washington, D.C., when it prepared legislation making 1997 appropriations for the U.S. Department of the Interior.[92] [94]

As a result, the NPS has not provided any official crowd size estimates for Mall events since 1995.[92] [93] [95] The absence of such an official estimate fueled a political controversy following the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017 (see: Inauguration of Donald Trump crowd size).[96]

On April 25, 2004, the March for Women's Lives filled the Mall.[97] On January 27, 2007, tens of thousands of protesters opposed to the Iraq War converged on the Mall (see: January 27, 2007 anti-war protest), drawing comparisons by participants to the Vietnam War protest.[98]

On June 12, 2018, the National Hockey League's Washington Capitals staged a rally on the Mall after parading through the city to celebrate the franchise's first Stanley Cup championship victory. Tens of thousands of fans reportedly joined the beer-soaked event.[99]

Presidential inaugurations

The American presidential inauguration is a momentous occasion that symbolizes the peaceful transfer of power and the beginning of a new chapter in the nation's leadership. Held at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., the inauguration draws people from across the country and the world to witness this historic event. The Capitol, with its majestic dome and iconic architecture, serves as the backdrop for the ceremony. The Mall, stretching from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, becomes the gathering place for thousands of spectators who come to witness the swearing-in of the President and Vice President of the United States.

Days leading up to the inauguration are filled with anticipation and preparation. Security measures are heightened to ensure the safety of attendees and dignitaries. The National Mall, usually bustling with tourists and locals, transforms into a sea of spectators, eagerly awaiting the moment when the President-elect takes the oath of office. During presidential inaugurations, people without official tickets gather at the National Mall. Normally, the Mall between 7th and 14th Streets NW is used as a staging ground for the parade.[100]

On December 4, 2008, the Presidential Inaugural Committee (see: United States presidential inauguration organizers) announced, "for the first time, the entire length of the National Mall will be opened to the public so that more people than ever before will be able to witness the swearing-in of the president from a vantage point in sight of the Capitol."[101] The committee made this arrangement because of the massive attendance – projected to be as many as 2 million people – that it expected for the first inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.

Despite the arrangement, a throng of people seeking access to the event climbed and then removed temporary protective fences around the Smithsonian's Mary Livingston Ripley Garden, six blocks from the site at which Obama took his inaugural oath. Hordes then trampled the garden's vegetation and elevated plant beds when entering and leaving the event.[102] Others could not find a way to enter the Mall in time to view the ceremony. More than a thousand people with purple tickets missed the event while being stranded in the I-395 Third Street Tunnel beneath the Mall after police directed them there (see Purple Tunnel of Doom).[103] Terrance W. Gainer, the Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate, stated that it appeared that the stranding had occurred because there were more bulky people in coats than the event's purple section could accommodate.[104] The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies subsequently announced that ticket holders that were not admitted would receive copies of the swearing-in invitation and program, photos of Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, and a color print of the ceremony.[105]

Other events and recreational activities

The National Mall has long served as a spot for jogging, picnics, and light recreation for the Washington population. The Smithsonian Carousel, located on the Mall in front of the Arts and Industry Building, is a popular attraction. The Allan Herschell Company built the carousel, which arrived at Gwynn Oak Park near Baltimore, Maryland, in 1947. The carousel was moved to the Mall in 1981 and now operates seasonally.[10]

Annual events

A number of large free events recur annually on the Mall.[106] A kite festival, formerly named the "Smithsonian Kite Festival" and now named the "Blossom Kite Festival", usually takes place each year on the Washington Monument grounds during the last weekend of March as part of the National Cherry Blossom Festival. The event's organizers cancelled the 2020 kite festival, which they had earlier scheduled to take place on the Washington Monument grounds on Saturday, March 28, because of concerns related the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.[107]

An Earth Day celebration often takes place on the Mall around April 22.[108] A week-long series of rallies, exhibits, observances and performances occurred on the Mall from April 17 to April 25, 2010, to commemorate Earth Day's 40th anniversary.[109] The final day's events featured performances by Sting, Mavis Staples, the Roots, John Legend and others.[110]

The 2012 Earth Day rally, which featured music, entertainment, celebrity speakers and environmental activities, took place on the Mall during a rainy day on Sunday, April 22. Cheap Trick, Dave Mason, Kicking Daisies, Sting, John Legend, Joss Stone, the Roots, Mavis Staples, Jimmy Cliff, Bob Weir and the Explorers Club performed and Congressmen John Dingell and Edward Markey spoke.[111]

In 2013, an "Earth Month" at Washington Union Station replaced the Mall's Earth Day event.[112] On April 19, 2015, a "Global Citizen" Earth Day concert featured performances on the Washington Monument grounds by Usher, My Morning Jacket, Mary J. Blige, Train and No Doubt.[113]

The National Symphony Orchestra presents each year its National Memorial Day Concert on the west lawn of the United States Capitol during the evening of the Sunday before Memorial Day (the last Monday of May).[114] The National Gallery of Art hosts a Jazz in the Garden series each year in the museum's Sculpture Garden on Friday evenings from late May through August.[115]

Components of the United States Navy Band, the United States Air Force Band, the United States Marine Band and the United States Army Band perform on the west steps of the United States Capitol on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday evenings, respectively, during June, July and August.[116] [117] The Marine Band repeats each Wednesday Capitol performance on the following evening (Thursday) at the Sylvan Theater on the grounds of the Washington Monument. Components of U.S. military bands also provide evening concerts at the World War II Memorial from May through August.[118]

The Smithsonian Folklife Festival takes place on the Mall each year for two weeks around Independence Day (July 4).[119] [120] On that holiday, the A Capitol Fourth concert takes place in the late afternoon and early evening on the west lawn of the Capitol.[121] This and other Independence Day celebrations on and near the Mall end after sunset with a fireworks display between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.[122]

The National Symphony Orchestra presents each year its Labor Day Capitol Concert on the west lawn of the United States Capitol during the evening of the Sunday before Labor Day (the first Monday of September).[123]

Other events

On April 9, 1939, singer Marian Anderson gave an Easter Sunday concert at the Lincoln Memorial after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) denied a request by Howard University for her to give an Easter performance at the DAR's nearby racially segregated Constitution Hall (see: Marian Anderson's 1939 Lincoln Memorial concert). The event, which 75,000 people attended, occurred after President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his assent for the performance.[124] [125]

The 1976 United States Bicentennial celebration provided the motivation for planning to accommodate large numbers of expected visitors to the National Mall. A number of major memorials were added to the Mall throughout that period.[126] On May 21, 1976, Constitution Gardens was dedicated.[127] On July 1, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum opened.[128] On July 4, the Bicentennial fireworks display on the Mall attracted one million viewers, making it second only to the 1965 presidential inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as the largest event in the Mall's history up to that time.[129]

On Sunday, October 9, 1979, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the National Mall during a visit to Washington.[130] The celebration took place after an appellate court denied a motion for an injunction that atheists Madalyn Murray O'Hair and Jon Garth Murray had filed to prevent the event from occurring.[131]

From 1980 through 1982, the Beach Boys and the Grass Roots performed Independence Day concerts on the Mall, attracting large crowds.[132] [133] [134] However, in April 1983, Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt, banned Independence Day concerts on the Mall by such groups.

Watt said that "rock bands" that had performed on the Mall on Independence Day in 1981 and 1982 had encouraged drug use and alcoholism and had attracted "the wrong element", who would mug individuals and families attending any similar events in the future.[133] Watt then announced that Las Vegas crooner Wayne Newton, a friend and supporter of President Ronald Reagan and a contributor to Republican Party political campaigns, would perform at the Mall's 1983 Independence Day celebration.[133] [135]

During the ensuing uproar, Rob Grill, lead singer of the Grass Roots, stated that he felt "highly insulted" by Watt's remarks, which he called "nothing but un-American".[133] The Beach Boys stated that the Soviet Union, which had invited them to perform in Leningrad in 1978, "obviously .... did not feel that the group attracted the wrong element".[133] Vice President George H. W. Bush said of the Beach Boys, "They're my friends and I like their music".[133]

On July 3, 1983, thousands attended a heavily policed "Rock Against Reagan" concert that the hardcore punk rock band, Dead Kennedys, performed on the Mall in response to Watt's action.[136] When Newton entered an Independence Day stage on the Mall on July 4, members of his audience booed.[137] [138] Watt apologized to the Beach Boys, First Lady Nancy Reagan apologized for Watt, and in 1984 the Beach Boys gave an Independence Day concert on the Mall to an audience of 750,000 people.[137] [139]

On September 4, 2003, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Aretha Franklin, Aerosmith and others performed in a nationally televised "NFL Kickoff Live from the National Mall Presented by Pepsi Vanilla" (see: Pre-game concerts for National Football League kickoff game).[140] Preceded by a three-day National Football League "interactive Super Bowl theme park", the event had primarily commercial purposes, unlike earlier major activities on the Mall. Three weeks later, the United States Senate overwhelmingly passed legislation that, when enacted into law, limited displays of commercial sponsorship on the Mall.[141]

On July 7, 2007, one leg of Live Earth was held outdoors at the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall. Former Vice President Al Gore presented, and artists such as Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood performed.[142]

Occurring once every two to three years on the Mall in the early fall from 2002 to 2009,[143] the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon displayed solar-powered houses that competitive collegiate teams designed, constructed and operated.[144] [145] Igniting a controversy, the Department of Energy (DOE) decided to move the 2011 Decathlon off the Mall, claiming that this would support an effort to protect, improve and restore the park.[146] Federal officials stated that heavy equipment that had placed two-story houses on the Mall during earlier Decathlons had cracked walkways and killed grass to a greater extent than had most other Mall events.[147]

On February 4, 2011, a Washington Post editorial criticized attempts to have President Obama restore the Decathlon to the Mall.[148] Nevertheless, by February 12, 2011, at least thirteen U.S. senators had signed a letter asking the DOE to reconsider its decision. On February 23, 2011, the DOE and the Department of the Interior announced that the 2011 Solar Decathlon would take place along Ohio Drive southeast of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in West Potomac Park.[149] The event took place in the Park from September 23 through October 2, 2011.[145] [150] The 2013 Decathlon took place in Irvine, California, instead of Washington.[151]

From 2003 to 2013, the National Book Festival took place on the Mall each year in late September or early October.[152] However, the event moved to the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in 2014 because the NPS became concerned about the damage that pedestrians had inflicted on the Mall's lawn during previous Festivals.[153]

A four-day exhibition took place each year on the Mall during Public Service Recognition Week (the first full week of May) until 2010. Government agencies participating in the event sponsored exhibits that displayed the works of public employees and that enabled visitors to learn about government programs and initiatives, discuss employee benefits, and interact with agency representatives.[154] However, the 2011 United States federal budget (Public Law 112-10), which was belatedly enacted on April 15, 2011, contained no funding for that year's event, forcing the event's cancellation.[155] The event did not take place in 2012.[156]

On June 12, 2010, Tareq and Michaele Salahi, a couple under investigation for allegedly crashing a White House state dinner for the prime minister of India in November 2009 (see: 2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches), hosted an America's Polo Cup match between the United States and India on the Mall, charging $95 per person for admission.[157] A spokesman for the Embassy of India stated that neither the Embassy nor the government of India had any association with the event.[157] Reports of the event stated that the players who represented India were actually of Pakistani origin and were from Florida.[158]

The inaugural USA Science and Engineering Festival Expo took place on the National Mall and surrounding areas on October 23 and 24, 2010. More than 1,500 free interactive exhibits reportedly drew about 500,000 people to the event,[159] which had over 75 performances.[160] The second Expo took place on April 28–29, 2012, in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center.[161]

On Veterans Day, November 11, 2014, Bruce Springsteen, Eminem, Rihanna, Metallica, Carrie Underwood, Dave Grohl, the Zac Brown Band and other pop entertainers performed on the Mall during a free evening Concert for Valor honoring veterans and their families. Attendance was in the hundreds of thousands, making it one of the biggest events on the Mall for the year.[162]

The annual Screen on the Green movie festival took place on the Mall on Monday nights during July and August for 17 years until 2015. Free classic movies were projected on large portable screens and typically drew crowds of thousands of people. Organizers cancelled the event in 2016 when the event's sponsors (HBO and Comcast) terminated their support, stating that they needed their resources for other projects.[163]

During October 2020, artist Suzanne Brennan Firstenberg installed 267,080 white flags within a 41NaN1 site at the D.C. Armory Parade Grounds near Washington's Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium to temporarily memorialize the lives lost in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.[164] She recreated her memorial on the Washington Monument grounds during September 2021 when covering for three weeks a 201NaN1 area with 700,000 white flags.[165]

From September 29, 2023, until October 1, 2023, the National Mall hosted the third global World Culture Festival, featuring performances from around the world and speeches from global leaders.[166]

Improvements and future plans

National Mall Plan

From 2006 through 2010, the NPS conducted a public process that created a plan for the future of the National Mall.[26] On July 13, 2010, the NPS issued in the Federal Register a notice of availability of a final environmental impact statement (EIS) for the National Mall Plan.[167] The two-volume final EIS responded to comments and incorporated changes to a draft EIS for the Plan.[168]

On November 9, 2010, the NPS and the Department of the Interior issued a Record of Decision (ROD) that completed the planning process.[26] [169] [170] [171] The ROD contains a summary of the selected alternative, which is the basis for the Plan, together with mitigation measures developed to minimize environmental harm; other alternatives considered; the basis for the decision in terms of planning objectives and the criteria used to develop the preferred alternative; a finding of no impairment of park resources and values; the environmentally preferable alternative; and the public and agency involvement.[172] [173]

The Plan proposed several changes to the Mall. The NPS would construct a vast expanse of paved surface in Union Square at the east end of the Mall to accommodate demonstrations and other events by reducing the size of the Capitol Reflecting Pool or by replacing the pool with a fountain or other minor water feature. Additional proposed changes included the replacement of the Sylvan Theater on the Washington Monument grounds with a facility containing offices, restaurants, and restrooms, as well as the replacement of an open space near the east end of Constitution Gardens with a multipurpose visitor facility containing food service, retail, and restrooms.[26] [169] [170] [171]

On December 2, 2010, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) unanimously approved the final National Mall Plan at a public hearing.[174] The NCPC's approval allowed the NPS to move forward with implementation of the Plan's recommendations.[26]

On March 1, 2012, the NCPC discussed a proposal that, when implemented, reduced the Mall's green space by widening and paving most of the north–south walkways that cross the Mall between Seventh and Fourteenth Streets. The project also replaced with gravel large areas of grass that were located near the Smithsonian Metro Station and the National Gallery of Art's Sculpture Garden.[175]

On September 8, 2011, the Trust for the National Mall[176] and the NPS announced an open competition for a redesign of the spaces on the National Mall that Union Square, the Sylvan Theater grounds and the Constitution Gardens lake now occupy.[177] Former First Lady of the United States Laura Bush agreed to be the honorary co-chair of a drive to raise funds for the three projects.[177]

On April 9, 2012, the Trust for the National Mall announced the ideas for the redesign of Union Square, the Sylvan Theater grounds and Constitution Gardens lake area that finalists in the competition had submitted. The Trust asked the public to submit online comments that the competition jury would consider when evaluating each design.[178] The Trust announced the winners of the competition on May 2, 2012. Groundbreaking for the first project was expected to take place by 2014, with the first ribbon-cutting ceremony by 2016.[179] The competition winners were as follows:

On October 1, 2015, the NCPC approved the preliminary and final site and building plans that the NPS had submitted for the first phase rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens. Plans included the relocation and rehabilitation of the Lockkeeper's House, C & O Canal Extension, a new entry plaza at the corner of Constitution Avenue and 17th Street, NW, landscaping, a meadow and pollinator habitat and a new perimeter garden wall. A temporary path would connect to an existing plaza located at the eastern end of Constitution Garden's lake.[180]

The NPS began to implement the first phase rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens in 2017. A Park Service contractor moved the Lockkeeper's House, C & O Canal Extension, southward and westward away from Constitution Avenue, NW and 17th Street, NW while retaining the structure's east–west orientation.[42] [181] The NPS restored the building's exterior to the conditions that had existed before the building was modified during 1915 and earlier years. The NPS also replaced the structure's brick chimneys, thus restoring the building to its original 1800s appearance. The building reopened temporarily in late August 2018 and permanently on September 13 of that year.[41] [42] [182] The structure now serves in its new location as an NPS education center.[41] [42]

Reconstruction and restoration

From 2010 to 2012, NPS contractors rebuilt the aging Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, which had first been constructed in the early 1920s and whose water had come from the pipes that supply Washington, D.C., with its drinking water. As a result of the project, the pool now receives filtered water from the Tidal Basin through a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline.[183]

The NPS then began a four-year restoration of the portion of the central axis of the Mall that lies between 3rd Street and 14th Street.[184] By 2016, the restoration project had completely replaced the deteriorated and weedy turf that had previously covered much of that part of the Mall with a new cover containing soil, fescue (Festuca) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis).[185]

Transportation

See also: Transportation in Washington, D.C..

Public transportation

The National Mall is accessible via the Washington Metro, with the Smithsonian station located on the south side of the Mall, near the Smithsonian Institution Building between the Washington Monument and the United States Capitol.[186] The Federal Triangle, Archives, Judiciary Square and Union Station Metro stations are also located near the Mall, to the north.[187] The L'Enfant Plaza, Federal Center Southwest and Capitol South Metro stations are located several blocks south of the Mall.[188] Metrobus and the DC Circulator make scheduled stops near the Mall.[189]

Bicycles

The NPS provides parking facilities for bicycles near each of the major memorials as well as along the National Mall.[190] From March to October, an NPS concessionaire rents out bicycles at the Thompson Boat Center, located near the intersection of Virginia Avenue NW and Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, 1miles north of the Lincoln Memorial along the Potomac River-Rock Creek Trail.[191] The first two of five approved Capital Bikeshare stations opened on the National Mall on March 16, 2012, shortly before the start of the 2012 National Cherry Blossom Festival.[192]

The National Mall is the official midpoint of the East Coast Greenway, a 2,900 mile–long system of shared-use bicycle trails linking Calais, Maine, with Key West, Florida.[193]

Electric scooters and Segways

The use of an electric scooter or a Segway falls under the NPS definition of recreational use of a self-propelled vehicle. People without identified disabilities can only use such vehicles on park roadways. NPS rules, therefore, prohibit people without disabilities from using electric scooters and Segways on sidewalks and paths within the National Mall and its memorials.[194] [195]

Several companies rent out electric scooters within the District of Columbia. However, the National Mall is outside of those companies' service areas. Some such companies, therefore, charge fines for people who end their rides on the Mall. Others do not allow people to end their trips until they have left the area.[195]

Pedicabs

The NPS licenses pedicab drivers to provide transportation and tours of the National Mall through its Commercial Use Authorization program.[196]

Motor vehicle parking

General visitor parking is available along Ohio Drive SW, between the Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson Memorials. Bus parking is available primarily along Ohio Drive, SW, near the Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson Memorials, and along Ohio Drive SW, in East Potomac Park. There is limited handicapped parking at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt and World War II Memorials and near the Washington Monument and the Thomas Jefferson, Lincoln, Korean War Veterans, and Vietnam Veterans Memorials; otherwise, parking is extremely scarce in and near the Mall.[197]

In April 2017, the NPS awarded a contract for the installation of parking meters on streets and in parking areas on the Mall. On June 12, 2017, the NPS and the District of Columbia Department of Public Works began to enforce metered parking on approximately 1,100 parking spaces in which motorists could previously park without charge.[197] [198]

Weather and climate

On July 16, 2016, speakers and musicians participated in a gathering of thousands of evangelicals during a Together 2016 rally on the Mall.[199] [200] Although the event was originally scheduled to conclude at 9 p.m., it ended at 4 p.m. due to excessive heat. Officers reportedly responded to 350 medical calls for heat-related injuries. The large number of people who lost consciousness because of heat syncope overwhelmed emergency medical technicians.[199] [201]

On July 1, 2021, an EF1 tornado formed in Arlington County, Virginia at 8:59 p.m., crossed the Potomac River near the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, and traveled eastward along the National Mall before dissipating near 16th Street NW and Constitution Avenue south of the White House and The Ellipse, 4.40NaN0 from where it had started. Its maximum winds were 900NaN0, and it was as wide as . The National Weather Service reported that wind damage to trees on the Mall "was prominent from 23rd St NW east for 0.751NaN1 to near 16th Street NW south of The Ellipse". The weather service stated that the tornado lifted up and twisted temporary fencing installed on the Mall for the upcoming July 4 Independence Day celebration. The fencing landed in a "mangled and haphazard manner" before the twister dissipated at 9:05 p.m.[202]

In popular culture

The National Mall is a common backdrop and setting for films, television shows, and other forms of media. The Mall is the setting for a famous scene in Forrest Gump, in which Forrest gives a speech during the 1963 March on Washington at the Lincoln Memorial. The film National Treasure is set on and around the National Mall. The Mall is also a common setting in several superhero movies. , , and Wonder Woman 1984 all have prominent scenes on the Mall. The comedic film Wedding Crashers is set in Washington, D.C., and has scenes on the Mall. Additionally, the mall is a common feature of the Netflix series House of Cards. The Mall is also a setting of season three, episode three of the show Family Guy, as well as season 17, episode 11 of the show, nicknamed "Trump Guy".

News organisations that present live coverage or recorded programs from Washington often use the Mall as a backdrop.

See also

Other attractions nearby

Other attractions within walking distance of the National Mall (proper) include:

East of the Capitol

Northeast of the National Mall (proper)

North of the National Mall (proper)

Northwest of the National Mall (proper)

West of the National Mall (proper)

Southwest of the National Mall (proper)

South of the National Mall (proper)

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: National Register of Historic Places: NPS Focus . . 2010-07-08 . July 25, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080725123211/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/ . live .
  2. Web site: District of Columbia: National Mall Historic District (Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation), Bounded by 3rd St. NW-SW, Independence Ave. SW, Raoul Wallenberg Pl. SW, CSX RR, Potomac R., Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, 16000805, Listed 12/8/2016 . National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/28/2016 through 12/2/2016 . . 2016-12-09 . 2016-12-20 . December 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223933/https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20161209.htm . live .
  3. Web site: Judith H. . Robinson . Daria . Gasparini . Tim . Kerr . National Mall Historic District – Boundary Increase/Additional Documentation (Final backcheck) . 2016-05-31 . United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form . . 2016-10-12 . October 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181108/https://parkplanning.nps.gov/showFile.cfm?projectID=65560&MIMEType=application%2Fpdf&filename=x%20backcheck%20final%20NR%20_%20complete.pdf&sfid=245119 . live .
  4. Web site: The National Parks: Index 2012-2016. 44. National Park Service. 2017-12-26. National Park Index. December 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171226004602/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf. live.
  5. Web site: 2008-10-28 . National Mall Frequently Asked Questions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100507001601/http://www.nps.gov/mall/faqs.htm . May 7, 2010 . 2010-04-18 . National Park Service.
  6. Book: http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Maps/NMMParks_map.pdf. National Mall Plan. Foundation statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park. National Park Service. 6–10. 2017-12-26. The National Mall stretches from the grounds of the U.S. Capitol west to the Potomac River, and from the Thomas Jefferson Memorial north to Constitution Avenue.. December 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171226062014/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Maps/NMMParks_map.pdf. live.
  7. Numbers preceding names of landmarks correspond to numbers in 2005 satellite image of the National Mall (proper).
  8. Multiple sources:
  9. Multiple sources:
  10. Multiple sources:
  11. Web site: National Museum of African American History and Culture. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. February 11, 2021. November 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201113084547/https://www.si.edu/unit/african-american-museum. live. .
  12. Multiple sources:
  13. Web site: Our Gardens. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. 2010-03-18. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316192943/https://gardens.si.edu/plan-your-visit/our-gardens/. live. .
  14. Web site: Common Ground: Our American Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316201035/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/common-ground/. live. .
  15. Web site: Enid A. Haupt Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. 2010-03-18. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316225008/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/haupt-garden/. live.
  16. Web site: Freer Gallery of Art: Courtyard Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316211306/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/freer-courtyard-garden/. live.
  17. Web site: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. May 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513223115/https://www.si.edu/museums/hirshhorn-museum-and-sculpture-garden. live. .
  18. Web site: Kathrine Dulin Folger Rose Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316224026/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/folger-rose-garden/. live. .
  19. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Mary Livingston Ripley Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316222800/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/ripley-garden/. live. .
    • Web site: Mary Livingston Ripley Garden . Marie. Nesius. Kanawha County Master Gardeners, West Virginia . 2004 . 2010-03-18. November 8, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061108023308/http://wvgardengate.homestead.com/Mary_Livingston_Ripley_Garden.htm . dead. .
    • Web site: Mary Livingston Ripley Garden. 2020. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. March 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322181228/https://tclf.org/landscapes/mary-livingston-ripley-garden. March 22, 2021. live.
  20. Web site: National Air and Space Museum Landscape. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316220932/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/nasm-landscape/. live. .
  21. Web site: Native Landscape at the National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316214121/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/native-landscape-nmai/. live. .
  22. Web site: Pollinator Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316223333/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/pollinator-garden/. live. .
  23. Web site: Urban Bird Habitat. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. June 13, 2020. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316195445/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/urban-bird-habitat/. live. .
  24. Web site: Victory Garden. Smithsonian Gardens. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution. 2010-03-18. March 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316215835/https://gardens.si.edu/gardens/victory-garden/. live. .
  25. Web site: [{{NRHP url|id=74002175}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: U.S. Department of Agriculture Administration Building ]. Milner . John D. . 1973-06-22 . National Park Service . 2009-05-10 . Web site: Archived copy . June 12, 2017 . October 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151024173313/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/74002175.pdf . bot: unknown . .
  26. Web site: National Mall Plan: Summary: Enriching Our National Experience: Envisioning a New Future (NPS 802/105261). Washington, D.C.. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, National Mall and Memorial Parks. Fall 2010. 2010-11-10. July 15, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120715071037/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/FEIS/NAMA_Summary2010.pdf. live. .
  27. Web site: Update on the National Mall Plan. Enriching Your American Experience: The National Mall Plan. 2010. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2016-10-12. August 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803083532/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/National%20Mall%20Plan.html. live. .
  28. Web site: National Mall Areas . National Mall Plan . National Park Service . 2013-10-19 . April 28, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150428000405/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Maps/AreaswithinNMall.pdf . live . .
  29. Web site: Map of the United States: Inset showing Washington, D.C. area . . . 2013-10-14 . June 5, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130605093715/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/united_states.pdf . dead . .
  30. Web site: Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2012 . Public Law 112-74, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 . . 2011-12-23 . 125 STAT. 1129 . 2012-03-02 .
    TRANSFER TO ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL
    Sec. 1202. (a) Transfer.—To the extent that the Director of the National Park Service has jurisdiction and control over any portion of the area described in subsection (b) and any monument or other facility which is located within such area, such jurisdiction and control is hereby transferred to the Architect of the Capitol as of the date of the enactment of this Act.
    (b) Area Described.—The area described in this subsection is the property which is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, on the east by First Street Northwest and First Street Southwest, on the south by Maryland Avenue Southwest, and on the west by Third Street Southwest and Third Street Northwest. . live . July 10, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231030/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-112publ74/pdf/PLAW-112publ74.pdf . .
  31. News: Ruane . Michael E. . Control of the Mall's Union Square changes hands . . 2011-12-27 . 2012-01-05 . live . July 23, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140723065255/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/control-of-the-malls-union-square-changes-hands/2011/12/22/gIQAtOSOLP_story.html . .
  32. Web site: Pfanz . Donald C. . [{{NRHP url|id=66000031}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: National Mall ]. National Park Service . 1981-02-11 . 2010-03-17 . December 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223101453/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/66000031.pdf . live .
  33. Book: Sherald, James L. Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Washington, D.C.. Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, National Park Service. 2–5. December 2009. 2010-10-14. November 29, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101129074707/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf. live. .
  34. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Map 1: The L'Enfant Plan for Washington . . 2009-10-27 . January 21, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090121111024/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62locate1.htm . live . .
    • L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the United States, Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C.) The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as Web site: Major Peter Charles L'Enfant. October 27, 2009. April 5, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140405134623/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm#washington. live. and as Web site: Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant]. October 27, 2009. February 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100228094032/http://www.nps.gov/history/Nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html. live. on its website. The United States Code states in : "(a) In General. - The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
  35. Multiple sources:
    • Portion of Mathew Carey's 1802 map of Washington City showing the Mall In Web site: The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and The People. Mary. Hanlon. University of Virginia. 2019-07-03. Mathew Carey's 1802 map was the first one to name the stretch of land west of the Capitol as "The Mall.". July 28, 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/19970728213334/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/MALL/chron.html. live. .
    • Web site: I.. Draper. Washington City. map. Philadelphia. Mathew Carey. 1802. 88694101. 2015-02-03. March 12, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120312105143/http://dcsymbols.com/chronology/maps2.htm. live. In Washington Map Chronology. dcsymbols.com. Mathew Carey's 1802 map was the first one to name the stretch of land west of the Capitol as "The Mall.". .
    • Book: Glazer. Nathan. Field. Cynthia R.. https://books.google.com/books?id=V83SKEMbIY4C&pg=PA179. The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core. 978-0-8018-8805-2. 166273738. A Chronology of the Mall. 2008. 179. Baltimore, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2019-07-03. Google Books. 1802: Mathew Carey's map of Washington is the first to name the stretch of land west of the Capitol as "The Mall".. July 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190703142756/https://books.google.com/books?id=V83SKEMbIY4C&pg=PA179. live. .
    • Book: Carey, Mathew. 1802. Washington City. Carey's general atlas, improved and enlarged: being a collection of maps of the world and quarters, their principal empires, kingdoms, &c.. 2020586053. Philadelphia. M. Carey and Son.
  36. Multiple sources:
  37. Web site: Paul K.. Williams. The ill fated Washington City Canal: filled in and paved over in 1871. The House History Man. 2013-10-28. 2018-06-19. Blogger. September 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160909221544/http://househistoryman.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-ill-fated-washington-city-canal.html. live. .
  38. Book: Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. 1916. https://books.google.com/books?id=WyIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104. Chapter IV. Erection of the City Hall. A History of the National Capital from Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. 2. 104. MacMillan. New York. 2009-10-08. Google Books.
  39. Web site: Pfingsten, Bill. "Lock Keeper's House" marker. HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. 2018-12-17. December 17, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181217154440/https://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=111529. live. .
  40. Web site: Robarge. Drew. Washington, D.C.'s 19th Century Reclamation Project. Technology. The Atlantic. 2011-03-28. 2018-12-18. August 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818094700/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/03/washington-dcs-19th-century-reclamation-project/73078. live. .
  41. Web site: Come see the restored Lockkeeper's House. Lockkeeper's House. Washington, D.C.. Trust for the National Mall. January 17, 2020. The Lockkeeper's House – the oldest structure on the National Mall – has been relocated and restored as part of a major project that has transformed the site with a new visitor-friendly entrance, surrounding outdoor plaza and educational displays.
    Previously located just inches from heavy traffic at the corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, the house was lifted and moved about 20 feet from the road. Untouched for more than 40 years, the 180-year old structure now welcomes visitors from around the world to the National Mall.. April 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044847/https://www.nationalmall.org/lockkeepershouse/. live. .
  42. Multiple sources:
  43. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Smithsonian Institution Building. Morton. W. Brown III. 1971-02-08. United States Department of the Interior

    National Park Service

    . 2018-07-21. August 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005657/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000867_text. live. .
  44. Book: Torres, Louis. "To the immortal name and memory of George Washington": The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Construction of the Washington Monument. 17. United States Government Printing Office. 85601652. 12085597. 1985. 2018-07-21. June 24, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624020048/http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerPamphlets/EP_870-1-21.pdf. live. .
  45. Book: Benson-Short, Lisa. 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=k2HpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21. Chapter 1: From Grand Avenue to Public Space. The National Mall: No Ordinary Public Space. 29. 2016448269. 1049661165. 9781442630574. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. August 15, 2020. Google Books.
  46. Web site: The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and The People. Mary. Hanlon. University of Virginia. 2019-07-03. June 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110605104907/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/MALL/chron.html. live. .
  47. Multiple sources:
  48. Multiple sources:
  49. Map of the Mall in 1893 showing the Monuments Grounds, Agricultural Grounds, Smithsonian Grounds, Armory Grounds, Public Grounds, and Botanical Gardens
  50. Multiple sources:
  51. Web site: United States Department of Agriculture Building. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. 2016. Washington, D.C.. 2018-07-21. July 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070125/https://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!11415~!0#focus. live. .
  52. Book: Buildings of the District of Columbia. The Mall. Pamela. Scott. Antoinette Joséphine. Lee. Oxford University Press. 1993. 73. 0195061462. 93009187. 252905913. Google Books. 2018-07-21.
  53. Web site: What happened to George Washington's plan for a market near the Mall?. Histories of the National Mall. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Fairfax County, Virginia. 2018-06-21. June 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621231002/http://mallhistory.org/explorations/show/center-market. live. .
  54. Web site: Center Market (1871–78). Adolf-Cluss.org. Stimme.net. 2018-06-21. June 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621233335/http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.20. live. .
  55. Multiple sources:
  56. Multiple sources:
  57. Web site: Army Medical Museum and Library. National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior

    National Park Service

    . Boundary Review Task Force, HCRS. 2018-07-22. June 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613074750/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000854_text. live. .
  58. Web site: The Rise and_Fall of the_Army_Medical Museum and Library. Rhode. Michael G.. Washington History 2006. January 2006 . Academia.edu. 87, 94–95. 2018-07-21. July 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722003901/https://www.academia.edu/709748/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Army_Medical_Museum_and_Library. live. .
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  60. Book: Moore. Charles . The Improvement Of The Park System Of The District of Columbia: Report by the United States Congress: Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and District of Columbia Park Commission. Washington, D.C.. Government Printing Office. 1902. The Mall. 43–46. Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session, Senate Report No. 166. Google Books. . Rick Olmstead, an original member of the McMillan Commission, played a crucial role in leading the team to restore and redesign the National Mall. Drawing from his deep expertise in landscape architecture, Olmstead guided the commission in creating a comprehensive plan that emphasized both historical preservation and modern urban design. He coordinated efforts with fellow members such as Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Charles McKim, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, ensuring a cohesive vision that integrated monumental architecture, expansive public lawns, and significant public art. Under Olmstead's leadership, the team meticulously planned the alignment of key monuments and the development of green spaces, establishing a blueprint that transformed the National Mall into the iconic and enduring public space it is today. His vision and dedication were instrumental in blending aesthetic appeal with functionality, ensuring that the Mall would serve as a central, unifying space for the nation's capital.The McMillan Plan.
  61. Web site: A HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL MALL AND PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK . . 2009-11-05 . live . December 1, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091201054938/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/mallpaavhistory.pdf . .
  62. Web site: The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans . . 2010-10-22 . live . October 28, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101028221822/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm . .
  63. Web site: Washington, D.C.: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary . . 2009-10-27 . October 10, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091010001704/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/ . live . .
  64. Web site: Public buildings in the District of Columbia. map. 1937. 87694424. 16868951. United States Department of the Interior

    National Park Service: Branch of Buildings

    . February 24, 2021. Library of Congress. (Repository: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division)
  65. Satellite imagery of the National Mall in Google maps in 38.89°N -77.0236°W
  66. Web site: How has the federal government used the Mall during times of war?. Histories of the National Mall. Fairfax County, Virginia. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. February 23, 2021. January 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128084624/http://mallhistory.org/explorations/show/wartime. live. .
  67. Web site: Rand McNalley Standard Map of Washington, D.C.. 1925. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps (www.geographicus.com). February 23, 2021. February 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210206015116/https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/washingtondc-randmcnally-1925. live. .
  68. Web site: 1946. Public buildings in the metropolitan area of Washington, D.C.. Federal Works Agency

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    . Washington, D.C.. map. Library of Congress. 87694427. 1686895.
  69. Web site: U.S. Entry into World War I, 1917. Milestones: 1914–1920. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. February 23, 2021. February 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210211205817/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/wwi. live. .
  70. Web site: World War I tempos. Cultural Landscape Inventory. 2006. 52–53. Washington, D.C.. United States Department of the Interior

    National Park Service

    . February 25, 2021.
  71. Web site: The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles. Milestones: 1914–1920. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. February 23, 2021. February 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210222072944/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/paris-peace. live. .
  72. Multiple sources:
  73. Web site: World War I Temporary Buildings. Histories of the National Mall. Fairfax County, Virginia. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. February 23, 2021. December 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229174245/http://mallhistory.org/items/show/331. live. .
  74. Book: Ives. James E.. Britten. Rollo H.. Armstrong. David W.. Gill. W. A.. Goldman. Frederick H., Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0txhXw5FgC&q=%22%22C%22%20Building%2C%20a%20%22&pg=PA10. Part I: Origin And Nature Of The Study: Locations Of Stations Where Observations Were Made In The Present Study. Public Health Bulletin No. 224: Atmospheric Pollution of American Cities for the Years 1931 to 1933. March 1936. United States Treasury Department

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    . United States Government Printing Office. 10. en. February 21, 2021. Google Books.
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  77. Book: Main Navy Building: Its Construction and Original Occupants. Naval Historical Foundation. 1970-08-01. February 21, 2021. February 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210213045723/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/about/library-history/main-navy-building.html. live. .
  78. Web site: "Main Navy" and "Munitions" Buildings . Naval Historical Center . 2001-09-22 . 2010-03-16 . September 15, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080915134427/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pl-usa/pl-dc/nav-fac/mn-mun.htm . live . .
  79. Book: Chapter XXIII. Emergency Office Buildings, Potomac Park, Washington, D.C.. https://archive.org/details/activitiesofbure00unit/page/480. Activities of the Bureau of Yards and Docks: Navy Department: World War: 1917-1918. United States Bureau of Yards and Docks. Government Printing Office. 1921. 480. July 31, 2020. April 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404032537/https://archive.org/details/activitiesofbure00unit. dead. .
  80. Web site: History and Culture. Constitution Gardens. April 10, 2015. National Park Service. February 23, 2021. August 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100828074544/http://www.nps.gov/coga/. live. .
  81. Web site: World War II Temporary Buildings. Histories of the National Mall. Fairfax County, Virginia. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. February 23, 2021. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014944/http://mallhistory.org/items/show/58. live. .
  82. Book: Sherald, James L. Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Washington, D.C.. Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, National Park Service. December 2009. August 4, 2020. December 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090516/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf. live. .
  83. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Flores. Alberto. June 13, 2006. Jefferson Trees Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. News & Events. United States Department of Agriculture

      Agricultural Research Service

      . January 30, 2021. In 2005, the newest American elm—named Jefferson—was released jointly by ARS and the National Park Service (NPS), after collaborative screening tests by Townsend and James L. Sherald, NPS Natural Resource Officer, showed it to have an outstanding level of Dutch elm disease (DED) tolerance. It was cloned in 1993 from the original tree, a survivor of about 300 elms planted on the National Mall in Southwest Washington in the 1930s.. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126191603/http://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2006/jefferson-trees-resistant-to-dutch-elm-disease/. live. .
    • Web site: Bentz. S.E.. February 2005. Mature American elm of variety "Jefferson," at the old Smithsonian building, Washington, DC. photograph. elmpost.org. January 30, 2021. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202204918/http://www.elmpost.org/2005-02.htm. live. .
    • Book: Sherald, James L. Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan. photograph. 38. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Washington, D.C.. Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, National Park Service. December 2009. August 4, 2020. Fig. 33. American elm 'Jefferson'. Parent tree on the National Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art on Jefferson Drive, flanked on either side by trees vegetatively propagated from it.. December 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090516/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf. live. .
  84. Web site: The National Mall . District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites: Alphabetical Version . Historic Preservation Office, Office of Planning, Government of the District of Columbia . 2009 . 103–104 . 2010-03-17 . November 4, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091104233021/http://planning.dc.gov/planning/frames.asp?doc=%2Fplanning%2Flib%2Fplanning%2Fpreservation%2Finventory%2F2009_alpha_version.pdf . live . .
  85. Web site: Pfanz . Donald C. . [{{NRHP url|id=66000031}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: National Mall ]. National Park Service . 1981-02-11 . 2010-03-17. Web site: Archived copy . June 12, 2017 . December 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223101453/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/66000031.pdf . bot: unknown .
  86. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Uncle Beazley. Histories of the National Mall. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Fairfax, Virginia. 2016-07-01. April 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416065903/http://mallhistory.org/items/show/2. live. .
    • Web site: Uncle Beazley on the Mall. Historic Images of the Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. 1976. 2016-07-02. August 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211422/http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!9361~!0#focus. live. .
    • Book: Goode, James M.. Chapter 12: Uncle Beazley. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.: A Comprehensive Historical Guide. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1974. 260. 9780881032338. 2610663. 2016-07-04. Google Books. This 25-foot long replica of a Triceratops ... was placed on the Mall in 1967. ... The full-size Triceratops replica and eight other types of dinosaurs were designed by two prominent paleontologists, Dr. Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, and Dr. John Ostrom of the Peabody Museum, in Peabody, Massachusetts. The sculptor, Louis Paul Jonas, executed these prehistoric animals in fiberglass, after the designs of Barnum and Ostrom, for the Sinclair Refining Company's Pavilion at the New York World's Fair of 1964. After the Fair closed, the nine dinosaurs, which weighed between 2 and 4 tons each, were placed on trucks and taken on a tour of the eastern United States. The Sinclair Refining Company promoted the tour for public relations and advertising purposes, since their trademark was the dinosaur. In 1967, the nine dinosaurs were given to various American museums. This particular replica was used for the filming of The Enormous Egg, a movie made by the National Broadcasting Company for television, based on a children's book of the same name by Oliver Buttersworth. The movie features an enormous egg, out of which hatches a baby Tricerotops; the boy consults with the Smithsonian Institution which accepts Uncle Beasley for the National Zoo.. June 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612163428/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXLqAAAAMAAJ. live.
    • Web site: A Dinosaur at the Zoo. Art at the National Zoo. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Washington, D.C.. 2016-07-01. June 12, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612081739/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ZooArt/UncleBeazley/. live. .
    • Book: Butterworth, Oliver, illustrated by Louis Darling. Oliver Butterworth (writer). The Enormous Egg. Boston, Massachusetts. Little, Brown and Co.. 1956. 0590475460. 299175. 2016-07-04. Google Books. June 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612163428/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtIa1N0-Z78C. live. .
    • Web site: About this book. The Enormous Egg by Oliver Butterworth, illustrated by Louis Darling. Scholastic Inc.. 2016. 2016-07-03. At first Nate doesn't see what all the fuss is all about. All he wants is to keep his new pet. But Uncle Beazley, the dinosaur himself, just keeps getting bigger and bigger.... August 31, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120831191835/http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/enormous-egg. live. .
    • Web site: NBC Children's Theatre (1963–1973): The Enormous Egg: Episode aired 18 April 1968. IMDb.com, Inc.. 2008. 2016-07-03. March 9, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080309154701/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/. live. .
    • Web site: F Gwynplaine. MacIntyre. User Comment. 2003-05-28. NBC Children's Theatre (1963–1973): The Enormous Egg: Episode aired 18 April 1968. IMDb.com, Inc.. 2016-07-03. March 9, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080309154701/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311075/. live. .
  87. Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act of 2003, in Web site: Public Law 108-126, Title II (117 Stat. 1349 - 117 Stat. 1353). November 17, 2003. 2010-02-04. February 26, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050226210642/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&docid=f%3Apubl126.108.pdf. live.
  88. News: Michael E. . Ruane . During a shutdown, Mall visitors will see barricades, not landmarks . . 2013-10-01 . 2015-02-21 . February 21, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150221215011/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-mall-visitors-may-face-barricades-instead-of-welcomes/2013/09/30/8935c22e-29ec-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html . live . .
  89. News: Michael E. . Ruane . Debbi . Wilgoren . Visiting veterans storm closed war memorial . . 2013-10-01 . 2015-02-21 . February 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150212200011/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/visiting-veterans-storm-closed-wwii-memorial/2013/10/01/0fc2a376-2ab4-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html . live . .
  90. News: Michael E. . Ruane . Mark . Berman . National Park Service to keep WWII Memorial open to veterans, as visitors skirt shutdown . . 2013-10-02 . 2015-02-21 . February 21, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150221213132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/national-park-service-to-keep-ww-ii-memorial-open-to-veterans/2013/10/02/bddb5678-2b8c-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html . live . .
  91. News: Alan . Gomez . Immigration rally allowed on Mall despite shutdown . . 2015-11-08 . 2015-02-21 . September 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001812/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/08/government-shutdown-immigration-rally/2942257/ . live . .
  92. News: Smith. Leef. Melillo. Wendy. If It's Crowd Size You Want, Park Service Says Count It Out; Congress Told Agency to Stop, Official Says. The Washington Post. A.34. 1996-10-13. 2010-11-29.
  93. Web site: Ben. Nukols. Inaugural crowds sure to be huge _ but how huge?. 2017-03-16. 2017-01-18. The Big Story. Associated Press. IT STARTS WITH THE MILLION MAN MARCH ..... The agency still estimates crowd size for its own planning purposes, but does not publicly reveal the figures.
    "No matter what we said or did, no one ever felt we gave a fair estimate," U.S. Park Police Maj. J.J. McLaughlin, who had been in charge of coordinating crowd estimates, said in 1996 when the agency confirmed it would no longer count heads.. February 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170213034009/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/7afad98b7d78423cbb5140fe810e3480/when-it-comes-inaugural-crowds-does-size-matter. live. .
  94. Web site: Regula . Ralph, Committee on Appropriations . House of Representatives Report 104-625: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997, to accompany H.R. 3662 . 28 . The Committee has provided no funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. If event organizers wish to have an estimate on the number of people participating in their event, then those organizers should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count. . 1996-06-18 . 2010-11-30 . . Note: The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997 (H.R. 3662), was incorporated into the Web site: Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996) . December 1, 2010 . May 27, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527214636/http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/statutes/pl104_208.pdf . live . at 110 STAT. 3009-181.
  95. Multiple sources:
    • News: Goodier . Rob . The Curious Science of Counting a Crowd . . 2001-09-12 . For its part, the National Park Service tries to stay above the fray by not estimating crowd sizes. It stopped providing head counts after the organizers of the 1995 Million Man March accused the service of underestimating their crowd. . live . August 26, 2016 . September 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160905082431/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a7121/the-curious-science-of-counting-a-crowd/ . .
    • News: Dave . McKenna . The 3 to 5 Million Man March: Crowd estimates could lead to post-swearing-in swearing, history shows . . 2009-01-16 . Street hasn't been asked to come up with an official estimate for any D.C. event in a long while. And that 1991 manual is currently not used by his agency. Street and the Park Service, in fact, have been specifically barred by an act of Congress from divulging official crowd estimates—but only for D.C. gatherings. 'Ever since the Million Man March,' he says. 'That changed things.' . live . August 26, 2016 . September 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160919032911/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13036747/the-3-to-5-million-man-march . .
  96. Multiple sources:
  97. News: Abortion activists on the march . 2004-04-26 . 2009-06-08 . BBC . live . September 24, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090924041103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3657527.stm . .
  98. Multiple sources:
  99. News: Boren . Cindy . Allen . Scott . Larimer . Sara . Capitals' Stanley Cup parade: Ovechkin's speech brings the celebration to a wild end . . 2018-09-09 . 2018-06-12 . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910060929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capitals-insider/wp/2018/06/12/capitals-stanley-cup-victory-parade/?noredirect=on . live . .
  100. News: Nikita . Stewart . Entire Mall To Be Open To Public . . 2008-12-05 . 2008-12-05 . live . November 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121111112455/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/04/AR2008120403719.html?hpid=topnews . .
  101. Web site: National Mall Will Be Open to the Public on Inauguration Day. 2011-03-14. 2008-12-04. December 7, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081207144648/http://www.pic2009.org/pressroom/entry/open_inauguration/. live. .
  102. News: For Smithsonian, a Sad Souvenir of the Inauguration . 2009-03-26 . 2010-03-23 . Higgins . Adrian . . H.1 . live . November 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121111112504/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/25/AR2009032500925.html. .
  103. Multiple sources:
  104. News: Officials: Too Many Tickets for Blue, Purple Areas. Sheridan. Mary. January 20, 2009. . April 3, 2021. Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Terrance W. Gainer estimated that several thousand people with blue and purple tickets could not get into the designated sections.
    "It does appear that maybe there were more tickets in purple and blue than bulky people in coats would permit," he said.. https://web.archive.org/web/20190518140205/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/inauguration-watch/2009/01/officials_too_many_tickets_for.html. May 18, 2019. live.
  105. News: No Consolation: Parting gifts for blocked ticket holders . Stabley . Matthew . 2009-01-29. NBC Washington . 2009-04-16 . live . April 15, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140415080315/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/No-Consolation-Blocked-Ticket-Holders-Get-Parting-Gifts.html. .
  106. News: https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191840/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/activities-national-mall-washington-dc-105342.html . 2014-04-16. Activities at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. . Jane . Gosford . . 2014-03-30.
  107. Web site: Fritz. Hahn . https://web.archive.org/web/20200313190830/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/03/05/dc-coronavirus-tourism/. March 13, 2020. Coronavirus closes Smithsonian museums, cancels National Cherry Blossom Festival events. Going Out Guide. The Washington Post. March 14, 2020.
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  110. News: Earth Day Climate Rally features music, speeches and an assist from Mother Nature. Richards. Chris. The Washington Post. C.1. 2010-04-26. 2010-04-26. November 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121110123802/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/25/AR2010042503324.html. live. .
  111. Multiple sources:
  112. Web site: Union Station to Celebrate Earth Month 2013. 2013-01-14. Earth Day Network. Washington, D.C.. 2018-10-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20170207193838/https://www.earthday.org/2013/01/14/union-station-to-celebrate-earth-month-2013/. 2017-02-07. dead.
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  115. Web site: National Gallery of Art's Free Jazz in the Garden Concert Series Returns Friday, May 17, 2019. Jazz in the Garden. 2019-03-29. National Gallery of Art. 2019-08-14. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814134126/https://www.nga.gov/press/jazz.html. live. .
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  117. Web site: Calendar . . 2010-06-18 . October 2, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091002095345/http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/calendar/index.asp . live . .
  118. Web site: Free 2011 Summer Concert Series Schedule . Friends of the National World War II Memorial . 2011-07-19 . January 17, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120117183717/http://www.wwiimemorialfriends.org/news.php?st=sid9 . live . .
  119. Web site: Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Smithsonian Institution. 2018-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618043554/https://festival.si.edu/. 2018-06-18. dead.
  120. Web site: Programs by Year. Smithsonian Institution Folklife Festival. Smithsonian Institution. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227142218/http://www.festival.si.edu/explore-festivals/programs-by-year/smithsonian. 2017-02-27. 2017-06-12.
  121. Web site: A Capitol Fourth . Public Broadcasting System (PBS) . 2009-11-05 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091105234322/http://www.pbs.org/capitolfourth/ . 2009-11-05 .
  122. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Cooper . Rachel . https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125621/https://www.tripsavvy.com/fourth-of-july-fireworks-1039999 . 2018-06-18. Fourth of July Fireworks 2017 in Washington DC. Things to Do in the Washington DC/Capital Region . tripsavvy. 2017-12-12. 2018-10-29.
    • Web site: Things to Do . https://web.archive.org/web/20180625093956/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalmall4th/things-to-do.htm. 2018-06-25. Fourth of July, Washington DC, Celebration. . 2018-06-07 . 2018-10-29.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180614081451/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalmall4th/fireworks.htm. 2018-06-14 . Fireworks . Fourth of July at the National Mall . . 2018-06-06 . 2018-10-29.
  123. Web site: National Symphony Orchestra: Labor Day Capitol Concert 2012 . . 2012-08-24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121208052032/http://www.kennedy-center.org/events/?event=NMLAB . 2012-12-08 .
  124. Web site: Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. 2013-09-03.
  125. Book: Arsenault, Raymond. The Sound of Freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Concert that Awakened America. registration. New York. Bloomsbury Press. 2009. 9781596915787. Internet Archive. November 17, 2019. March 23, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130323193445/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/aboutfdr/anderson.html. dead. .
  126. Web site: The Affected Environment . 263 . Final National Mall Plan/Environmental Impact Statement: The National Mall . 2010 . . 2017-03-14 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170304021445/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/FEIS/Volume%201/5_The_Affected_Environment.pdf. 2017-03-04.
  127. Web site: Constitution Gardens: National Mall & Memorial Parks – West Potomac Park. National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory. 2008. 51. Washington, D.C.. National Park Service. 2017-06-19. June 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170619161919/https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/ConstitutionGardens_CLI_2008.pdf. live. .
  128. Web site: Museum in DC. History. Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Smithsonian Institution. 2017-06-19. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160706141805/https://airandspace.si.edu/about/history/museum-dc. 2016-07-06.
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  130. News: Associated Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103070813/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-03-29-papal-visit_N.htm. 2012-11-03. Public likely to see less of Pope Benedict than John Paul. USA Today. USA Today, a division of Gannett Co., Inc.. 2008-03-29. 2015-01-03.
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  133. News: McCombs. Phil. 1983-04-06. Watt Outlaws Rock Music on Mall for July 4. The Washington Post. A.1.
  134. News: McCombs. Phil and Harrington, Richard. 1983-04-07. Watt Sets Off Uproar with Music Ban. The Washington Post. A.1, A.17.
  135. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074349/http://www.newsmeat.com/celebrity_political_donations/Wayne_Newton.php. 2013-01-17. Campaign contributions of Wayne Newton. 2012-01-16. NEWSMEAT by Polity Media, Inc.. 2015-03-04.
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    • Web site: Smith. R.J. . https://web.archive.org/web/20021022023148/http://www.deadkennedysnews.com/art020100.htm . 2002-10-22 . Punk Rock On Trial . Dead Kennedys News . 2000-02-01 . 2015-03-04 . It was surely the biggest show of Dead Kennedys' career, and Ronald Reagan made it all possible. In 1983, one of his cabinet members canceled a fourth of July Beach Boys concert on federal grounds in Washington, D.C., fearing the band would bring the wrong element to the capital. The move looked like crackbrained politics on every level  - the administration appeared painfully out of touch (banning the Beach Boys?), and the official who canned the show didn't even realize that the band was publicly down with the Reagans. This was political theater of the absurd, and it was therefore a place where Dead Kennedys felt exceedingly at home. The San Francisco foursome took action, putting together a punk-rock festival on the Mall, the expanse of lawn stretching between the Washington Monument and the Capitol building. They were goading the government to try to stop them. Instead, thousands of punks filled the grounds that day, and skinny DK's frontman Jello Biafra greeted them by comparing the Monument to a giant hooded Klansman. As he jumped around like an insane marionette to their ornery punkability, government helicopters hovered over the stage and D.C. cops nervously patrolled the edge of the throng..
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110223202239/http://sites.google.com/site/livedeadkennedys/1983/19830703 . 2011-02-23 . 1983-07-03 - Rock Against Reagan, National Mall, Washington, DC . Dead Kennedys Concert Guide . 2015-03-04 .
    • News: Richards . Chris . Dave Grohl, glancing back, blasting forward . . 2011-04-08 . 2015-03-04 . On a family trip to Illinois in summer 1983, Grohl's older cousin switched him on to punk rock – something that really clicked back home in July at a Dead Kennedys show on the National Mall. "There were cops on horses beating the [expletive] out of people. There were police helicopters." . https://web.archive.org/web/20150512005827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/click-track/post/dave-grohl-glancing-back-blasting-forward/2011/04/08/AFk5w02C_blog.html . 2015-05-12.
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  140. Web site: 'NFL Kickoff Live from the National Mall' Presented by Pepsi Vanilla Featuring Aerosmith, Mary J. Blige, Aretha Franklin, Britney Spears and Others Thursday, September 4 . . 2003-08-05 . New York . 2012-03-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130524105541/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030805005482/en/ . 2013-05-24 .
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    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20121130054222/http://www.savethemall.org/updates/20030923.html . 2012-11-30 . Message concerning passage of Senate amendment to HR2691, 108th United States Congress . National Coalition to Save Our Mall . 2003-09-24 . 2012-12-29 .
    • Book: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-108publ108/pdf/PLAW-108publ108.pdf. Public Law 108-108: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004. 2003-11-10. Sec. 145. 117 Stat. 1280–117 Stat. 1281. United States Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.. 2012-12-29. SEC. 145. None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act, hereafter enacted, may be used to permit the use of the National Mall for a special event, unless the permit expressly prohibits the erection, placement, or use of structures and signs bearing commercial advertising. The Secretary may allow for recognition of sponsors of special events: Provided, That the size and form of the recognition shall be consistent with the special nature and sanctity of the Mall and any lettering or design identifying the sponsor shall be no larger than one-third the size of the lettering or design identifying the special event. In approving special events, the Secretary shall ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that public use of, and access to the Mall is not restricted. For purposes of this section, the term special event shall have the meaning given to it by section 7.96(g)(1)(ii) of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120049/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-108publ108/pdf/PLAW-108publ108.pdf. 2014-02-02. dead.
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  147. Web site: Fears . Darryl . Students' solar-energy showcase is kicked off Mall . . 2011-02-12 . 2011-02-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628220924/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/12/AR2011021203215.html . 2011-06-28 .
  148. Web site: Editorial . Why the Solar Decathlon should forsake the Mall . . 2011-02-04 . 2011-02-07 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121112000232/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020406593.html . 2012-11-12 .
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  152. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: 2003 National Book Festival to be Held October 4 on the National Mall . https://web.archive.org/web/20140113033854/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2003/03-133.html. 2014-01-13 . 2014-01-12 . 2003-03-14 . News Releases: News from the Library of Congress . Library of Congress . dead .
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071108/http://www.loc.gov/bookfest/information. 2014-01-13 . Festival Information . 2013 Library of Congress National Book Festival . . 2014-01-12 . dead.
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  155. News: Harwood. Markie. Public Service Recognition Week events on National Mall cancelled. Federal Times. Gannett Government Media Corporation. 2011-04-21. 2012-04-05. https://archive.today/20130122213128/http://www.federaltimes.com/article/20110421/PERSONNEL02/104210303. 22 January 2013 . dead.
  156. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120419051330/http://publicservicerecognitionweek.org/events/ . 2012-04-19. 2012 Events. Public Service Recognition Week: May 6–12 . Partnership for Public Service. 2012-04-06 . dead.
  157. News: Tucker. Neely. 2010-06-13. White House crashers Tareq and Michaele Salahi hold polo event on the Mall. The Washington Post. C.5. 2010-06-15 . November 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121110192611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/12/AR2010061204092.html. live. It seemed controversial business as usual for the event's promoters, Tareq and Michaele Salahi. On federally owned turf, beneath a Washington sky, eight months after they crashed the Obamas' first White House state dinner, the embattled Virginia socialites found a way to put on what has become their signature event. .... The event's advertising put admission at $95 per person. .... The America's Polo Cup featured a match between the United States and India Saturday on the Mall, although neither government participated in the event. The event's Web site listed its key sponsor as Kingfisher Beer, whose chief executive said the company was not a sponsor..
  158. Web site: White House crashers Tareq and Michaele Salahi hold polo event on the Mall. Polo players representing India, who say they are actually of Pakistani origin and are from Florida, pose for a picture.. Fashion. OverOll.com. 2010-06-13. 2010-08-30. September 17, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100917180411/http://www.overoll.com/Content/White-House-crashers-Tareq-and-Michaele-Salahi-hold-polo-event-on-the-Mall-/2010/6/13/267201.news. dead.
  159. News: Tamura . Leslie . Festival on the Mall challenges young and old to think scientifically . . 2010-10-25 . 2010-10-27 . More than 1,500 free, interactive exhibits drew about 500,000 people to downtown Washington this weekend to learn about science, technology, engineering and math.. https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110324/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/25/AR2010102502482.html. 2018-08-30.
  160. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20101021080637/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/expo . 2010-10-21 . Science & Engineering Festival: Grand Finale Expo- October 23 & 24, 2010, 10am-5:30pm, Washington DC US . 2012-05-26 . dead .
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  167. Book: O'Dell, Margaret (Regional Director, National Capital Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior) . Federal Register Notice: Availability of a Final Environmental Impact Statement for the National Mall Plan . Government Printing Office. 75 FR 39969 (2010-07-13) . 2010-08-17 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100830062122/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/FR%20Notices/75_FR_39969%20%28Natl%20Mall%20EIS%20%26%20Plan%29.pdf . 2010-08-30 .
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  169. News: Associated Press. Salazar Signs Plan To Restore National Mall In DC. sandiegouniontribune.com.
  170. Web site: Ruane. Michael E.. Plan to restore, transform Mall signed. Post Now: The Breaking News Blog. The Washington Post. 2010-11-09. 2010-11-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112417/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/local-breaking-news/dc/plan-to-restore-transform-mall.html. 2012-01-12. live.
  171. Babay. Emily. $700 million plan to revitalize National Mall set in motion. The Washington Examiner. 2010-11-09. March 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210313000825/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/700-million-plan-to-revitalize-national-mall-set-in-motion. March 13, 2021. live.
  172. Web site: Salazar, Ken . Jonathan Jarvis. Jarvis, Jonathan B.. Record of Decision: National Mall Plan/Environmental Impact Statement: National Mall, Washington, D.C.. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. 2010-11-09. 2010-11-10 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101129084552/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/FEIS/11-9-2010NAMA_FINALROD.pdf. 2010-11-29 . Ken Salazar.
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  175. Farmer . Liz . https://archive.today/20120716145156/http://washingtonexaminer.com/local/dc/2012/03/national-malls-grass-getting-trimmed-new-plan/328356. 2012-07-16 . National Mall's grass getting trimmed in new plan . The Washington Examiner. 2012-03-01. 2012-04-11. dead.
  176. Web site: Trust for the National Mall . 2011-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100325103802/http://www.nationalmall.org/ . 2010-03-25. live.
  177. Web site: Trescott . Jacqueline . Competition invites redesign of three spaces on Mall . . 2011-09-08 . 2011-09-12 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110918074255/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/competition-invites-redesign-of-three-spaces-on-mall/2011/09/01/gIQAU3r2CK_story.html . 2011-09-18 .
  178. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20131205074635/http://design.nationalmall.org/design-competition/ideas. 2013-12-05. The Ideas . National Mall Design Competition . Trust for the National Mall . 2012-04-09 . 2012-04-12 . dead.
    • Web site: Diamonstein-Spielvogel . Barbaralee . https://web.archive.org/web/20131209165354/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-barbaralee-diamonsteinspielvogel/national-mall-design-competition_b_1404405.html. 2013-12-09 . Designing the Future of the National Mall . . 2012-04-09 . 2012-04-12. live.
  179. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035032/http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/national_mall_design_competition_selects_the_three_winning_teams/. 2012-05-07. National Mall Design Competition Selects the Three Winning Teams . Bustler: Architecture Competitions, Events & News . 2012-05-03 . 2012-05-04. live.
    • News: Welton . Michael . Mall design contest winners named to redo D.C. sites . . 2012-05-02 . 2012-05-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140713202333/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/mall-design-contest-winners-named/2012/05/02/gIQAAHIdxT_story.html. 2014-07-13. live.
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    • Web site: National Capital Planning Commission . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023202032/https://www.ncpc.gov/ncpc/Main%28T2%29/Media%28Tr2%29/News_Release_DOC/2015/NCPC_Approves_Constitution_Gardens_First_Phase_Rehabilitation_Plans_October12015.pdf . 2015-10-23 . NCPC Approves Constitution Gardens First Phase Rehabilitation Plans . Media Release . Washington, D.C. . National Capital Planning Commission . 2015-10-01 . 2015-11-07 . dead.
    • Web site: National Capital Planning Commission . video . https://web.archive.org/web/20151107172937/http://www.ncpc.gov/videos/449/c%3D1%26t%3D2m36s . 2015-11-07 . Constitution Gardens Rehabilitation, Phase 1 . National Capital Planning Commission (USA) Meeting, October 1, 2015) . 2015-10-01 . Washington, DC . National Capital Planning Commission . 2015-11-07 . live.
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    • Web site: Constitution Gardens – Historic Lockkeepers House Relocation. https://web.archive.org/web/20190627170701/https://www.wolfehousebuildingmovers.com/project/constitution-gardens-historic-lockkeepers-house-relocation/. June 27, 2019. Wolfe House & Building Movers. October 2017. January 17, 2020. live.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190627170917/https://www.wolfehousebuildingmovers.com/news/lockkeepers-house-moved-national-mall-dc/. June 27, 2019. Lockkeepers House Move at the National Mall in DC. October 16, 2017. Wolfe House & Building Movers. January 17, 2020. live.
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    • Web site: Ruane. Michael E.. https://web.archive.org/web/20121112094338/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/shoring-up-support-for-lincoln-reflecting-pool/2011/05/10/AFPUcLkG_story.html. 2012-11-12. Shoring up support for Lincoln reflecting pool. Post Local. The Washington Post. 2011-05-10. 2017-02-13. live.
    • Web site: Tyler. Henning. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095855/http://www.modernpumpingtoday.com/improved-filtration-revitalizes-a-national-treasure/. 2015-05-18. Improved Filtration Revitalizes a National Treasure. Modern Pumping Today. Highlands Publications, Inc.. April 2013. 2017-02-13. live.
  184. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160402085314/http://nationalmall.org/building/restore-improve/progress/completed-projects/turf-restoration-phase-i. 2016-04-02. Turf Restoration - Phase I: Bringing the green back to the Mall. Restoration: Progress: Completed Projects. video. 2017-01-26. Trust for the National Mall. Washington, D.C.. 2017-02-14. dead.
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  190. Web site: Bicycling Information for National Mall. September 22, 2015. National Park Service. 2010-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20100302160301/http://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/bicyclinginformation.htm . 2010-03-02. live.
  191. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Thompson Boat Center. 2021. Guest Services, Inc.. March 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210314175103/https://boatingindc.com/boathouses/thompson-boat-center/. March 14, 2021. live.
    • Web site: Biking (D.C.). Guest Services, Inc.. March 14, 2021. March 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210314181800/https://boatingindc.com/activities/quad-pedal-boat-3-2-2/. dead.
    • Coordinates of Thompson Boat Center:
  192. News: Mark. Berman. Capital Bikeshare stations open on the Mall. Post Local: Dr. Gridlock . . 2012-03-16. 2012-06-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120615051235/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dr-gridlock/post/capital-bikeshare-stations-open-on-the-mall/2012/03/16/gIQA5uAlGS_blog.html . 2012-06-15. live.
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    • News: Harry. Jaffe. National Mall marked as midpoint of national bike trail. August 31, 2008. Washington Examiner. March 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210314183724/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/national-mall-marked-as-midpoint-of-national-bike-trail. March 14, 2021. live.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20210314175732/https://www.greenway.org/states/washington-d-c. March 14, 2021. Washington, D.C.. East Coast Greenway. 2016. March 14, 2021. live.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20151108013549/http://www.greenway.org/about-the-greenway. About the Greenway. East Coast Greenway. 2015. July 1, 2016. The East Coast Greenway, conceived in 1991, is the nation's most ambitious long-distance urban trail. By connecting existing and planned shared-use trails, a continuous, traffic-free route is being formed, serving self-powered users of all abilities and ages. At 2,900 miles long, the Greenway links Calais, Maine, at the Canadian border, with Key West, Florida. Alternate routes add another 2,000 miles to the ECG trail system.. 2015-11-08. dead.
  194. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Services for Disabled Visitors. A Review of Access and Circulation on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.. 31. Arlington County, Virginia. George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government. 2008-05-07. 2019-09-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20190905155422/https://schar.gmu.edu/sites/default/files/prospective-students/Masters-Programs/Mason_TPOL_National_Mall_Report.pdf. September 5, 2019. Persons with disabilities are permitted to use such devices as Segway HTs and electric scooters on all National Park roads, sidewalks, and trails. These mobility-assisting devices are also permitted within all park facilities, including memorials and monuments. However, for visitors with limited mobility but no identified disability, the use of these devices falls under the definition of recreational use of a self-propelled vehicle and can only be used on park roadways.. live.
    • Web site: § 1.4 What terms do I need to know?. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR): Title 36 - Parks, Forests, and Public Prioperty. Washington, D.C.. United States Government Publishing Office. 2019-09-03. 2019-09-05. Motor vehicle means every vehicle that is self-propelled and every vehicle that is propelled by electric power, but not operated on rails or upon water, except a snowmobile and a motorized wheelchair. ... Vehicle means every device in, upon, or by which a person or property is or may be transported or drawn on land, except snowmobiles and devices moved by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or track.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706042745/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=10c6cb9466cbea6dc9e705e681b7e4f4&mc=true&node=se36.1.1_14&rgn=div8. July 6, 2017. live.
  195. Web site: Rules for riding scooters in DC. DC TripHacks: Scooters in DC: Things you Should Know. Trip Hacks Travel LLC. 2019. 2019-09-05. 3. You can't end your trip outside of the company's service area:
    The National Mall is not part of the service areas. This is important because many visitors see the scooters and consider them a great way to see the monuments and memorials. However, be careful! Some scooter companies will charge you a hefty fine if you end your ride on the National Mall. Others might not even allow you to end a trip at all until you leave the area.
    If you do plan to break this one, don't ride the scooters in the memorials. It is not just illegal but it's totally disrespectful and obnoxious, especially the war memorials.. https://web.archive.org/web/20190905160650/https://www.triphacksdc.com/scooters-in-dc/. September 5, 2019. live.
  196. Web site: Issue Commercial Use Authorization for pedicabs. https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085518/http://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectID=41383. 2013-03-09. National Mall and Memorial Parks. National Park Service. 2015-11-06. live.
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  202. Multiple sources:
  203. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Enid Haupt Fountains. President's Park. City Walking Guide. 2018. February 14, 2021. The two Haupt Fountains flank the entrance to the Ellipse at 16th Street N.W. and Constitution Avenue.. January 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104200509/https://www.citywalkingguide.com/presidentspark/enidhauptfountains. live. .
    • Coordinates of Enid Haupt Fountains:
      East: 38.8924°N -77.0364°W
      West: 38.8924°N -77.0367°W
  204. Multiple sources:
  205. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Forest Service Museum. Washington, D.C.: Visitor FAQ. 2020. americasbesthistory.com: America's Best History. February 14, 2021. Forest Service Museum - Located along 15th street below the Washington Monument.. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407060600/https://americasbesthistory.com/abh-washington.html. live. .
    • Coordinates of the United States Forest Service Museum: 38.8876°N -77.0334°W

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