2009 G20 London summit explained

Summit Name:G20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy
Country:United Kingdom
Venues:ExCeL London, London, United Kingdom
Date:2 April 2009
Participants:G20, Spain, Netherlands, NEPAD, ASEAN, EU, UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, FSF
Follows:2008 G20 Washington summit
Precedes:2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit

The 2009 G20 London Summit was the second meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, which was held in London on 2 April 2009 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre to discuss financial markets and the world economy.[1] It followed the first G20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, which was held in Washington, D.C., on 14–15 November 2008.[2] Heads of government or heads of state from the G20 attended, with some regional and international organisations also represented. Due to the extended membership, it has been referred to as the London Summit.[3]

The policing tactics at the event raised some controversy, particularly over the death of Ian Tomlinson.

In June 2013, it came to light that the British government's spy agency, Government Communications Headquarters, had listened in on computer and phone communications made by foreign summit attendees. Their actions were sanctioned by the British government, and intelligence was passed to British government ministers.[4]

Agenda

As hosts, the British Treasury produced an extended agenda pamphlet proposing the issues to be addressed at the London Summit. The explicit goal was "to start the process of reform so as to manage globalisation as a force for good in the medium term."[5]

  1. Engaging concerted action to counter falling demand and fragile confidence (although different countries have different room for manoeuvre on monetary policy)[5]
  2. Developing joint actions to prevent further contagion and support vulnerable emerging and developing markets[5]
  3. Working together to address the flaws in the financial and supervisory architecture that crisis has exposed
  4. Strengthening cross-border co-ordination of financial regulation and international financial institutions like the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)[5]
  5. Agreeing to boost world trade and reject protectionism as a way of moving towards more stable and secure global commodities markets[5]
  6. Reaffirming our shared commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals[5]

Preparation

Leaders of the member countries began to prepare for the London Summit months before the effective date, notably with two official meetings dedicated to that preparation, one held in Berlin, Germany, on 22 February 2009 for European leaders, and another in Horsham, Sussex, United Kingdom, on 14 March 2009 for finance ministers.

European leaders summit

Leaders of the four European Union member countries of the G20, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy along with the two largest European non-members, Spain and the Netherlands, met in Berlin on 22 February 2009 to prepare for the London Summit and to co-ordinate their actions.[6] The meeting was organised at the initiative of German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

The leaders agreed that markets, financial institutions and the wide range of financial assets they create, and hedge funds should be subject to appropriate control. In addition, they called for effective sanctions against tax havens.[7] They also agreed to impose sanctions against countries that intend to undermine their work. Finally, they advocated the doubling of funds available to the IMF.[8]

Finance ministers summit

Finance ministers and central bankers of the G20 met in Horsham on 14 March 2009 to prepare for the London Summit. To restore global growth as quickly as possible, the participants decided to approve coordinated and decisive actions to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of protectionism and to maintain trade and foreign investments.

The members also committed themselves to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF.

To strengthen the financial system, the participants proposed to regulate appropriately all important financial institutions, to register all hedge funds or their managers and to force them to provide appropriate information as to the risks they take.[9] They proposed to implement regulation to prevent the systemic risks and to curb business cycles, including the limitation of the leverage effect, which amplifies cycles.[9] They announced new measures to prevent and resolve crises, through the strengthening of the IMF and the FSF.[9] They agreed to control credit-rating agencies and their compliance with the Code of Conduct of the International Organization of Securities Commissions; off-balance-sheet vehicles; credit-derivatives market; and non-cooperative territories.[9]

Gordon Brown's pre-summit meetings

In the weeks before the London Summit, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited several countries on three continents to try to secure backing for his goals at the London Summit. During the trip Brown was forced to re-clarify his position on fiscal stimulus after criticism from the Governor of the Bank of England. While speaking at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, he was challenged by a Member of the European Parliament over his spending plans. He also visited the US, Brazil, Argentina and Chile.[10] He strongly attacked protectionism saying "One of the messages that must come from next week's summit is that we will reject protectionist countries, we will monitor those countries and name and shame if necessary countries that are not following free trade practices".[11]

In the weeks leading up to the London Summit, there had been a growing difference of opinions on the question of implementing further fiscal stimulus. The British and the American leaderships were in favour of another round of stimulus packages to try to stimulate the global economy, while the French and German leaderships remained strongly opposed to such measures because of the increased levels of debt which this would cause. On 26 March 2009 the Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek strongly criticised the economic expansion policies of US President Barack Obama.[12]

Attendance

G20 leaders began gathering in London on 1 April 2009. Before leaving for the London Summit, French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that if a meaningful deal was not agreed France would walk out of the summit echoing the "empty chair" gesture of then-French President Charles de Gaulle in 1965.[13] At a joint press conference in London, Brown and Obama said that suggestions of a rift were exaggerated.[14] Sarkozy attended a separate press conference with Merkel in which both repeated calls for the summit to agree on more stringent regulation of financial markets and restated their firm opposition to further financial stimulus packages.[15]

On the evening of 1 April the leaders attended a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Elizabeth II. During a photograph she lightly rebuked the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for shouting too loudly in an effort to attract the attention of United States President Barack Obama.[16] The story was featured heavily in the Italian media, and was used by opponents to lambast Berlusconi.[17] After the palace reception, the leaders dined at 10 Downing Street where the food was cooked by Jamie Oliver.[18]

The summit proper began on the morning of 2 April and took place at the Excel Centre in Custom House, east London.

Core participants

The following participants of the London summit include the core members of the G20, which comprises 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission,[19] as well as other nations and regional organisations invited to take part.

G20 members
Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
MemberRepresented byTitle
ArgentinaCristina Fernández de KirchnerPresident
AustraliaKevin RuddPrime Minister
BrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaPresident
CanadaStephen HarperPrime Minister
ChinaHu JintaoPresident
FranceNicolas SarkozyPresident
GermanyAngela MerkelChancellor
IndiaManmohan SinghPrime Minister
IndonesiaSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoPresident
ItalySilvio BerlusconiPrime Minister
JapanTaro AsoPrime Minister
MexicoFelipe CalderónPresident
RussiaDmitry MedvedevPresident
Saudi ArabiaAbdullah bin AbdulazizKing
South AfricaKgalema MotlanthePresident
South KoreaLee Myung-bakPresident
TurkeyRecep Tayyip ErdoğanPrime Minister
United KingdomGordon BrownPrime Minister
United StatesBarack ObamaPresident
European Union (European Commission)José Manuel BarrosoPresident
European Union (European Council)Mirek TopolánekPresident
Invited states
StateRepresented byTitle
EthiopiaMeles ZenawiPrime Minister
NetherlandsJan Peter BalkenendePrime Minister
SpainJosé Luis Rodríguez ZapateroPrime Minister
ThailandAbhisit VejjajivaPrime Minister
International organisations
OrganisationRepresented byTitle
ASEANSurin Pitsuwan [20] Secretary General
Financial Stability ForumMario DraghiChairman
International Monetary FundDominique Strauss-Kahnmanaging director
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)Meles ZenawiChairman
United NationsBan Ki-moonSecretary General
World Bank GroupRobert ZoellickPresident
World Trade OrganizationPascal LamyDirector-General

Security operation

The security operation, Operation Glencoe headed by Commander Bob Broadhurst, was projected to cost £7.2 million.Six police forces were used during the operation: the Metropolitan Police, the City of London Police, British Transport Police and the forces of Essex Police, Sussex Police and Bedfordshire Police. Furthermore, some units from the Ministry of Defence Police have been used. It is the highest security expenditure in British history.[21]

GCHQ interception of foreign politicians communications

In June 2013 The Guardian revealed that the intelligence agency of the British government, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) spied on foreign politicians visiting the summit by intercepting phonecalls, emails and monitoring computers, in some cases even ongoing after the summit via keyloggers that had been installed during the summit.[4]

Protests

See main article: article and 2009 G20 London summit protests.

The summit became the focus of protests from a number of disparate groups over various long standing and topical issues. These ranged from disquiet over economic policy, anger at the banking system and bankers remuneration and bonuses, the continued war on terror and concerns over climate change. Although the majority of the protests and protestors were peaceful, instances of violence and criminal damage led to the use of kettling to contain protestors.

Death of Ian Tomlinson

See main article: article and Death of Ian Tomlinson.

Ian Tomlinson, a newsagent in the City of London, died within a police cordon of the G20 Meltdown protest near the Bank of England. Initially the City of London Police denied that any incident with the police had occurred. However video, photographic and eyewitness evidence was published in the media, and the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) confirmed that Tomlinson had been pushed back by police officers minutes before he collapsed and died of a heart attack. Further allegations that Tomlinson had been hit with a baton were supported when additional video footage became public. The IPCC then later ordered a second post mortem and an independent criminal inquiry,[22] with the second post mortem finding that although "there is evidence of coronary atherosclerosis" it was "unlikely to have contributed to the cause of death" and that "the cause of death was abdominal haemorrhage".[23]

Outcome

The London summit was a preliminary step in the process through which the G20 evolved to become "the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economicco-operation".[24]

Financial commitments

The G20 leaders reached an agreement which, in principle, provides US$1.1 trillion to various programs designed to improve international finance, credit, trade, and overall economic stability and recovery. There was some dispute about how best to move forward. On one hand, the UK and the US wanted a large financial stimulus. On the other hand, France and Germany wanted stricter financial regulation.[25] Programs include:[26]

Regulation

An agreement was also reached to attempt to bring wider global regulation of hedge funds and credit-rating agencies, a common approach to cleaning up bank toxic assets. The G20 leaders also agreed to establish a financial stability forum working with the IMF to ensure wider global co-operation and to provide an early-warning system for future financial crises.

No green policies

Despite calls for a Green New Deal from Greenpeace[28] and others and general political hype regarding environmental concerns, none of the $1.1 trillion stimulus package was allocated for environmental investment, and no other environmental agreements were made.[29]

Decreased influence of the United States

One of the general agreements at the London Summit is that there needs to be more government regulations over businesses, and there was a perception that the US would no longer be as dominant as it has been previously. Commenting on the summit, Robert Hormats, vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs International, said "The U.S. is becoming less dominant while other nations are gaining influence."[30]

Influence of China

The influence of China was very apparent during the G20 with some commentators saying that the G20 was more like a G2.[31] [32] [33]

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Croft, Adrian. "London's ExCel Centre chosen as venue for G20 summit," Reuters (UK). 6 February 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  2. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page17594 "UK to host G20 financial summit,"
  3. Flitton, Daniel. "Australia may struggle to find a seat at a future economic table," The Age (Australia). 1 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  4. News: GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summit. The Guardian. London. Ewen. MacAskill. Nick. Davies. 16 June 2013.
  5. Great Britain Cabinet Office. (2008). Managing the global economy through turbulent times, p. 7. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  6. http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/714945/2009/02/22/G20-Berlin-une-etape-importance-avant-Londres.dhtml "Berlin, une étape importante avant Londres"
  7. http://www.botschaft-frankreich.de/spip.php?article3896 "Staatspräsident Sarkozy beim G20-Vorbereitungstreffen in Berlin: Wir müssen ehrgeizige und glaubwürdige Maßnahmen vorschlage"
  8. http://www.eu2009.cz/en/news-and-documents/news/g20-in-berlin-10464/ "Meeting of the European members of the G20 group in Berlin,"
  9. http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk/resources/en/PDF/finance-communique-140309 Official communiqué
  10. News: Gordon Brown takes pre-G20 tour to Brazil . https://web.archive.org/web/20090331020711/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5053429/Gordon-Brown-takes-pre-G20-tour-to-Brazil.html . dead . 31 March 2009 . The Daily Telegraph. London . 26 March 2009 . 29 March 2010.
  11. News: Brown to urge G20 to fight protectionists . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224190550/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g2EruQeFAc1xe9Hfi_5GO0K08QzA . dead . 24 December 2009 . Agence France-Presse . 1 April 2009 .
  12. News: Topolanek's criticisms of Obama's policies could sour EU-US relations . The Irish Times . 26 March 2009. 1 April 2009 .
  13. News: G20: Sarkozy's empty-chair threat shows EU fails to realise times have changed . The Guardian . 1 April 2009 . London . Nicholas . Watt . 29 March 2010.
  14. News: UPDATE 1-Obama plays down G20 splits, seeks consensus . 1 April 2009 . Reuters. Caren . Bohan. 1 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090405191123/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUS123858898655. 5 April 2009. live.
  15. News: France and Germany united at G20 . 1 April 2009 . BBC News. 2 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090404111615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7977407.stm. 4 April 2009. live.
  16. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2009/04/06/1238869870779.htmlSMH.com.au
  17. News: John Hooper in Rome . Berlusconi hints at reprisals over critical press coverage during summits. The Guardian . 6 April 2009. 27 June 2010 . London.
  18. News: Singh . Anita . G20 Summit: Jamie Oliver's Downing Street menu . The Daily Telegraph. 1 April 2009 . 27 June 2010 . London. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151818/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5088390/G20-Summit-Jamie-Olivers-Downing-Street-menu.html. 5 June 2010 . dead.
  19. Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Brookings. 27 March 2009; "core" members (G20 official site)
  20. Rana, Pradumna B. "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?" The Korea Times. 6 July 2010; excerpt, "Under the present G-20 practice of inviting representatives of regional groupings, the ASEAN chair and the ASEAN secretary general participated at the London, Pittsburgh, and Toronto summits; "Thai PM warns of over-ambitious G20 summit," Agence France-Presse (AGF). 2 April 2009.
  21. News: G20 summit: security operation launched . https://web.archive.org/web/20090330014253/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5065553/G20-summit-security-operation-launched.html . dead . 30 March 2009 . The Daily Telegraph. 28 March 2009 . 27 June 2010 . London.
  22. Dodd, Vikram. Ian Tomlinson death: IPCC takes over inquiry from G20 protests police force, The Guardian, 8 April 2009.
  23. News: Ian Tomlinson second postmortem: coroner and family statements . 18 April 2009 . The Guardian . 18 April 2009 . London. https://web.archive.org/web/20090420031139/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/apr/17/ian-tomlinson-statements. 20 April 2009 . live.
  24. Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028), 19 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2011; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," ¶50 29 September 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic co-operation. We have asked our representatives to report back at the next meeting with recommendations on how to maximise the effectiveness of our co-operation. Weagreed to have a G-20 Summit in Canada in June 2010, and in Korea in November 2010. We expect to meet annually thereafter, and will meet in France in 2011.
  25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7974190.stm "France is threatening G20 walkout,"
  26. News: G20 leaders seal $1tn global deal . 2 April 2009 . BBC . 3 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090403164804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7979483.stm . 3 April 2009 . live .
  27. News: G20 agrees $250 billion trade financing deal. 2 April 2009. Reuters. 3 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090408194217/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE53127W20090402. 8 April 2009. live.
  28. Web site: G20: What a laugh! . Greaenpeace.org . 1 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100725022018/http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/news/G20-China-Greenpeace . 25 July 2010 . dead . 7 August 2013.
  29. News: George . Monbiot . G20 forgets the environment – Climate breakdown, peak oil and resource depletion all dwarf the financial crisis in financial and humanitarian terms . 2 April 2009 . The Guardian . 8 April 2009 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20090406132434/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/apr/02/1 . 6 April 2009 . live .
  30. News: G-20 Shapes New World Order With Lesser Role for U.S., Markets. 2 April 2009. Bloomberg L.P.. 3 April 2009 .
  31. News: China and the G20: China takes centre stage | The Economist . https://web.archive.org/web/20090413002557/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13398646 . 13 April 2009 . live . 31 July 2009 . 31 March 2009 .
  32. News: The G20 summit in London will be missing one great power. Guess who? . The Guardian . 26 March 2009 . 27 June 2010 . London.
  33. Web site: What the G2 must discuss now that the G20 is over . Financial Times . 8 April 2009 . 27 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080222/http://blogs.ft.com/economistsforum/2009/04/what-the-g2-must-discuss-now-the-g20-is-over/. 2009-04-10.