"On Language & the Irish Nation" was the title of a radio address made by Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach of Ireland, on Raidió Éireann on St. Patrick's Day (17 March) 1943. It is often called The Ireland that we dreamed of,[1] a phrase which is used within it, or the "comely maidens" speech. The speech marked the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), a group promoting Irish culture and the Irish language. In the most frequently quoted passage of the speech, de Valera set out his vision of an ideal Ireland:
De Valera had made an annual radio speech on St Patrick's Day since coming to power after the 1932 election.[2] At the time the 1943 speech was made, the Second World War was raging and the threat of German invasion (Operation Green) or British re-occupation (Plan W) was very real.
The 1943 speech in later years has been critiqued and often derided as archetypal of de Valera's traditionalist view of an isolationist, agricultural land where women held a traditional role. The phrase most commonly cited in this regard is the misquotation "comely maidens dancing at the crossroads". The speech in fact made no mention of crossroads dances, a rural tradition then dying out. The first incidence of the "dancing at the crossroads" line being misattributed to De Valera is in 1986 in the Irish Independent - "it's all a long way from poor Dev's vision of comely maidens dancing at the crossroads" [3] - this was the same year that Charles Lamb's painting called "Dancing At The Crossroads" was sold at auction to much media coverage, which may have contributed to the misunderstanding. [4] There were multiple incidences of the misquote later this same year, usually in the context of how modern Ireland had changed from De Valera's vision. Jiving At The Crossroads, a book about modern Ireland by then Hot Press journalist John Waters was published in 1991, reinforcing the line as an avatar of traditional, Catholic Ireland.
Although the phrase was "comely maidens" in the prepared text sent in advance to the newspapers, printed in the following day's Irish Press, and reprinted in Maurice Moynihan's 1980 anthology, it was "happy maidens" in the 78 rpm disc recorded by HMV and sent to the United States for later broadcast. It is unclear which wording was used during the live Radio Éireann broadcast, or whether the HMV recording was made then or later.[5] [6] A double LP record of de Valera's speeches from the RTÉ archives, released in 1982 on the centenary of his birth, brought the "happy maidens" variant wording back to public notice.
In 2007, J. J. Lee and Diarmaid Ferriter argued for a reappraisal of the speech in the light of the Celtic Tiger consumption bubble and the Moriarty Tribunal revelations of corruption by 1980s Taoiseach Charles Haughey. Similarly, David McCullagh in 2018 suggests that its advocacy of "frugal comfort" was motivated by egalitarianism: "to ensure a minimum for everyone, the better off would have to accept a lower standard of living".[7] [8] Lee suggested de Valera's "Victorian language" gave his vision an antiquated tone that hid the continuing relevance of much of its vision.[9] Ferriter called it "the most famous broadcast by any Irish politician of the twentieth century".[9]
. Helena Wulff. Dancing at the Crossroads: Memory and Mobility in Ireland. 21 January 2014. 2008-10-01. Berghahn Books. 9780857454348. 12. 26 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140626194450/http://books.google.com/books?id=F6E7JCmrZvYC&pg=PA12. live.