The Harmon Explained

The Harmon
Alternate Names:The Harmon Hotel & Residences[1]
Status:Demolished
Building Type:Hotel and condominium tower
Owner:MGM Mirage
Dubai World
Location:Las Vegas, Nevada 89109
United States
Address:Corner of Harmon Avenue and Las Vegas Boulevard
Start Date:2007
Completion Date:2009 (exterior)
Opened Date:Never
Demolition Date:2014–15
Floor Count:28
Number Of Units:400 rooms and 207 condominiums
Main Contractor:Perini Building Company
Architecture Firm:Foster and Partners

The Harmon was an unfinished high-rise building at the CityCenter development, located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It was named after its location at the intersection of Harmon Avenue and Las Vegas Boulevard. The Harmon was developed by MGM Mirage and Dubai World, with Perini Building Company as general contractor. It was designed by Foster and Partners as a non-gaming hotel, and was to be operated by The Light Group. It was scheduled to open with the rest of CityCenter in late 2009. The tower originally was to rise 49 stories, and would include 400 hotel rooms and 207 condominiums.

The Harmon had significant construction defects that went unnoticed by inspectors until July 2008, with the discovery of faulty rebar installation that was handled by a subcontractor. The tower had reached the 22nd floor by that point, with structural errors affecting 15 floors. In January 2009, MGM announced cancellation of the condominium component due to the costly structural defects, as well as the poor state of the local condo market. The tower was topped out at 28 stories, and its exterior was finished to blend in with CityCenter's other properties upon their debut. The Harmon itself was rescheduled to open a year later, at the end of 2010.

MGM, however, removed Perini from the project in March 2010, calling the hotel a "total loss". Perini filed a lawsuit seeking $492 million in unpaid construction bills, relating primarily to the Harmon. MGM filed a counterclaim, and the company's demolition plans were delayed as Perini considered the structure to be evidence of defective design, which would exonerate the general contractor. The lawsuit carried on for years before both sides settled in December 2014, avoiding trial.

The structure was largely an empty shell; during its existence, the exterior was used to advertise other CityCenter attractions. Testing of the structure, conducted during litigation, showed that it was vulnerable to collapsing in the event of an earthquake. Demolition eventually began in June 2014, and concluded in August 2015. The land was sold in 2021, and a four-story shopping mall, known as 63, opened on the site in 2023.

History

Background

The Harmon was planned as a non-gaming hotel and condominium high-rise, with 400 rooms and 207 condo units. It was designed by Foster and Partners, and was built on the Las Vegas Strip at the intersection of Harmon Avenue.[2] The Harmon, planned as part of the CityCenter project by MGM Mirage and Dubai World,[2] was announced in October 2006.[3] Condo sales opened in January 2008, and the Harmon was scheduled to open in late 2009,[4] with the rest of CityCenter.[5]

The Harmon would be managed by The Light Group, which operated restaurants and nightclubs at several MGM properties in Las Vegas. The Harmon would be the company's first hotel venture,[6] and would target a young and wealthy clientele.[2] [7] Andrew Sasson, the chief of the Light Group, described it as a private "sanctuary" for celebrities seeking to avoid paparazzi. The hotel would be closed off except to guests and registered visitors, and the main entrance would be at the rear of the property, away from the Strip. The Harmon would offer services typically offered to high rollers, including personal shoppers and airport pickup and drop-off.[4] Other features would include a Mr Chow restaurant and a salon by Frédéric Fekkai.[2]

The Harmon occupied 2.5acres. The hotel tower was built on a three-story "podium" structure, with a footprint larger than the tower. Perini Building Company served as the general contractor for CityCenter, including the Harmon. Pacific Coast Steel was a subcontractor on the Harmon, providing steel rebar for the project, while Halcrow Yolles served as structural engineer.

In Clark County, Nevada, where the Harmon was built, developers are responsible for hiring third-party building inspectors to monitor construction projects. At the time, the county also had approximately one dozen special inspectors responsible for occasionally checking on third-party inspectors.[8] Converse Consultants was hired as the third-party inspector for the Harmon.

Structural problems and initial effects

In July 2008, a Halcrow Yolles employee discovered structural flaws in the hotel's steel rebar, which was found to have been placed in different locations than previously planned, affecting 15 of the 22 existing floors.[9] [10] The errors occurred on floors 6 through 20.[11] Most of the faulty rebar had already been buried in concrete. By September 2008, Perini was in the process of performing corrective work to the structure, which slowed progress on the project.

In January 2009, MGM announced that it had canceled the condominium aspect of the project due to the structural defects, which would require further costly repair work to accommodate additional floors. The tower, originally meant to rise 49 stories, was instead topped out at 28. The local condo market had also cooled down amid the Great Recession, another factor in removing units at the Harmon. MGM saved approximately $200 million by eliminating the condos, nearly half of which had been sold; buyers received refunds on their deposits.[12] [13] [14]

The Harmon's opening was delayed to late 2010.[15] Work on the hotel had restarted by June 2009, following county approval of redesign plans.[16] The exterior was completed to blend in with CityCenter's other properties upon their opening in December 2009.[17] [18]

Ron Lynn, chief of the Clark County Building Division,[15] blamed the structural errors on an apparent breakdown in the inspection process. According to Lynn, "In some cases the number of rebar was wrong and in some places it was in the wrong place. They were inconsistent in their errors. We don't understand how that inconsistency could have been missed or why it was done."[19] Converse Consultants had repeatedly filed inspection reports indicating no issues with the rebar.[19] [20] There was no record of county inspectors visiting the construction site, to which Lynn said, "It doesn't appear they were doing oversight at the level we would have liked."[8] The county subsequently required its monitors to physically observe construction work at the CityCenter site. The county also increased its number of CityCenter monitors from two to four.[11]

In early 2009, Perini disputed a county claim that its construction work led to the structural errors, blaming the issue on design problems. The company stated that it "stands by its opinion that design conflicts contributed to the Harmon Hotel structural issues and that portions of the structural drawings, as designed and permitted, contained elements of reinforcing steel that could not be installed as drawn". Perini also stated that Pacific Coast Steel and Converse attempted to resolve the design problems by "modifying the placement of the reinforcing steel, as it was installed".[21] Clark County filed complaints against Perini and Pacific Coast Steel;[22] the latter reached a settlement in April 2009 and agreed to pay $14,105 in administrative fees to the Nevada Contractors Board, without admitting fault in the case.[23]

The county also appointed hearing officer Charles Thomas to investigate the structural errors. Converse blamed a communication breakdown for the errors, but could not pinpoint when it occurred, noting the various parties involved in the project, including MGM, Perini, Pacific Coast Steel, and Halcrow Yolles.[24] Thomas concluded that there was sufficient evidence showing that Converse's two inspectors on the project had falsified 62 daily reports, from March to July 2008, assuring that proper rebar installation was observed.[23] [25] [2]

Converse was suspended from working on any new projects for six months. One of its inspectors on the project had left the company as of July 2009, while the other was demoted.[23] [26] One of them had little experience in building inspections.[27] The Harmon case highlighted the fact that Clark County does not verify inspector résumés, posing the potential for falsified qualifications.[28]

Litigation

In March 2010, MGM called the Harmon a "total loss" and removed Perini, bringing an end to construction and postponing completion indefinitely. MGM had spent $275 million on the project, which remained as a largely empty shell for the rest of its existence. Later that month, Perini filed a lawsuit and mechanic's lien against MGM and Dubai World, seeking to collect $492 million in unpaid CityCenter construction bills, relating primarily to the Harmon.[29] [30] MGM filed a counterclaim, to which Perini responded, "They either don't want to or don't have the ability to pay." In July 2010, Clark County District Court judge Elizabeth Gonzalez ordered that Perini be allowed back on-site to conduct an inspection for its lawsuit.[31] By the end of 2010, MGM wanted to demolish the Harmon.[32] The building's exterior, by that point, was being used as a billboard for other CityCenter attractions.[33] [34]

Walter P Moore, the county's structural engineering consultant, found in April 2011 that the Harmon "suffered from certain vulnerabilities". Weidlinger Associates, an engineering firm hired by MGM at the county's request, further analyzed the Harmon and concluded in July 2011 that the building was not salvageable, stating that its defects "are so pervasive and varied in character that it is not possible to quickly implement a temporary or permanent repair to remediate the defects, or even determine whether such repairs can be performed". The firm determined that a strong earthquake would likely cause a partial or complete collapse of the building,[35] [36] and it was estimated that any possible repairs would take up to three years to complete. According to Perini, the Harmon was stable and salvageable despite being "defectively designed". The company also said it was willing and able to repair the Harmon, disputing claims of a potential building collapse.[37] [38] [39]

Because the Harmon was deemed a safety hazard, the county gave MGM and Dubai World five weeks to devise a strategy for either repairing or demolishing the structure.[40] MGM submitted a preliminary plan to demolish the Harmon by implosion. Clark County District Court prohibited any alterations or demolition from taking place until the lawsuit reached a resolution.[41] Perini opposed demolition, stating that such action would destroy evidence of defective design in the lawsuit.[41] [42] The company also criticized the county for supporting demolition of the Harmon, stating that this would allow MGM to "evade its responsibilities relating to the design defects".[38]

Some of MGM's lawyers had previously been involved in another lawsuit against Perini, and Judge Gonzalez disqualified them from the Harmon case as a result. MGM appealed the decision, delaying the Harmon lawsuit for nearly a year. In October 2011, the Nevada Supreme Court ruled in MGM's favor.[43]

A hearing began in March 2012, to determine whether Perini was owed money for its time spent on the project or if MGM should be compensated for the construction defects.[44] Due to the size and complexity of the Harmon case, the hearing was scheduled to resume in July 2012, giving lawyers more time to prepare.[45] Perini wanted to leave the Harmon intact for jurors to see during the trial, scheduled to begin in 2013.[46] However, during the latter hearing, Gonzalez gave approval for the structure to be demolished, stating that contractors had ample time to collect trial evidence. Perini had argued that the building's implosion would be widely covered in media, thereby influencing jurors.[47] The company appealed Gonzalez's ruling.[48] It also accused MGM of using public relations firms to create negative stories about the contractor and taint the upcoming jury.[49] [50]

MGM later conducted additional tests at the Harmon to build a better case,[51] thereby invalidating Gonzalez's earlier approval for demolition, which had been based on the belief that adequate testing had been completed.[52] [53] [54] Perini's engineering consultant later said that MGM's most recent testing of the structure had caused more damage than anticipated, making it beyond repair.[55]

The trial was originally set to include payment issues relating to the rest of CityCenter. At the end of 2012, Gonzalez broke this up into separate trials, with the payment case set to begin in June 2013. The Harmon defect case was scheduled to start seven months later.[53] [56] In early 2013, Gonzalez regrouped the two cases as a single trial, now set to begin in January 2014.[57] However, the start date was delayed several times.[58] [59] [60] MGM added new lawyers to its team and, in February 2013, named Halcrow Yolles as a new defendant, stating that the latter missed and failed to report the faulty rebar installation.[61] The trial was expected to last a year, and the courtroom required alterations to accommodate the large number of lawyers and amount of evidence in the case.[62]

Gonzalez approved demolition again in August 2013, after reviewing the latest test data from MGM.[63] [64] A formal proof of loss for the building was filed shortly thereafter. Gonzalez rescinded her demolition approval several months later, after FM Global, which wrote the Harmon's construction insurance policy, requested more time to review the $393 million claim.[65] [66] [67]

After 15 months of negotiations, a settlement between MGM and Perini was announced on December 16, 2014, the same day that the trial had been set to begin.[68] [69] [70] MGM agreed to pay $153 million to Perini, and the latter paid $11 million.[71]

Demolition and redevelopment

Gonzalez issued her final approval for demolition in May 2014, and the process began the following month. Plans to demolish the Harmon by implosion were scrapped due to its proximity to other structures, including CityCenter's shopping mall, Crystals. Instead, the tower was dismantled floor-by-floor,[72] [73] at a cost of $11.5 million.[74] [75]

Demolition of the tower concluded in August 2015,[76] and MGM considered using the newly vacant property to expand Crystals, although this idea did not materialize.[77] [78] The land was eventually sold for $80 million in 2021, to developers Brett Torino and Flag Luxury Group.[79] [80] A four-story shopping mall, known as 63, opened on the site in 2023.[81]

Architectural reception

The Harmon's design received negative reception among architecture critics. Christopher Hawthorne of the Los Angeles Times felt that it stood alone among CityCenter's buildings "in its willingness to look un-pretty", its blue-and-white façade suggesting "a cross between a disco ball and a 1970s mirrored-glass office tower by Kevin Roche or John Portman".[82] According to James S. Russell, writing for Bloomberg News, "The design of the oblong Harmon Hotel, 28 floors in nervous patches of blue reflective glass, has been phoned-in" by Foster.[83] Paul Goldberger of The New Yorker wrote that Foster "seems not to have known how to deal with the Las Vegas environment, and was content to cover a formally uninteresting, modem-shaped building with several shades of reflective glass, a gesture that aims for flamboyance but comes off seeming a little halfhearted".[84] Regarding the hotel's reduced height, Joe Brown of the Las Vegas Sun wrote that "the incredible shrinking Harmon seems unfortunately fated to look like a stubby, squashed stepchild next to its soaring CityCenter siblings".[85]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Emporis building ID 269792 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307145413/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/269792 . dead . March 7, 2016 . Emporis.
  2. News: Illia . Tony . Harmon Hotel stuck in limbo . February 13, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 3, 2010.
  3. News: Stutz . Howard . Got $8 million? That will get you CityCenter penthouse . Las Vegas Review-Journal . October 26, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061125032524/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/Oct-26-Thu-2006/business/10440426.html . November 25, 2006.
  4. News: Benston . Liz . Sales open at CityCenter's Harmon . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 16, 2008.
  5. News: Friess . Steve . CityCenter: Vegas 4.0 . LA Weekly . December 2, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091213043817/http://www.laweekly.com/2009-12-03/news/citycenter-vegas-4-0/1 . December 13, 2009 . 1–5.
  6. News: Stutz . Howard . Dwellings Selling Well at CityCenter . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . January 15, 2008.
  7. News: Kaye . Nick . CityCenter and the Residences at the Little Nell . December 28, 2022 . The New York Times . February 16, 2007.
  8. News: Watchers were not watched . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 15, 2009.
  9. News: CityCenter hotel project slowed by corrective work . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . September 17, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090118065923/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/17/citycenter-hotel-project-slowed-by-corrective-work/ . January 18, 2009.
  10. News: Construction on CityCenter Hotel Hits Snag . Las Vegas Business Press . September 29, 2008 . January 20, 2023 . subscription.
  11. News: Harmon flaws haven't brought big fallout . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . May 27, 2009.
  12. News: Bernstein . Fred A. . A Silver Lining for a Hotel Developer . January 19, 2023 . The New York Times . March 14, 2009.
  13. News: Friess . Steve . Tower Rising in Las Vegas but Now, Not So High . January 19, 2023 . The New York Times . February 11, 2009.
  14. News: Wargo . Buck . Harmon condo cancellation helps some, hurts others . January 20, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 16, 2009.
  15. News: Benston . Liz . Schoenmann . Joe . MGM Mirage cancels CityCenter condo project . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 7, 2009.
  16. News: Berzon . Alexandra . CityCenter inspectors told: Easy on the paper . January 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . June 11, 2009.
  17. News: Stutz . Howard . CityCenter's Harmon Hotel delayed . January 20, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . January 8, 2009.
  18. News: Benston . Liz . Company exec says scaling down is most logical move . January 20, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 8, 2009.
  19. News: How did CityCenter tower flaws persist? . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . January 8, 2009.
  20. News: Whitely . Joan . Harmon inspectors get violation notice . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . September 19, 2008.
  21. News: Perini redirects blame for errors at Harmon . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . February 9, 2009.
  22. News: Knightly . Arnold M. . Perini begins final nine months of work on CityCenter . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 2, 2009.
  23. News: Berzon . Alexandra . Company that missed CityCenter flaws might face suspension . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . July 24, 2009.
  24. News: Knightly . Arnold M. . Harmon inspectors blame breakdowns in communications for problems . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . June 30, 2009.
  25. News: Miller . Brian K. . Consultant Faulted in Harmon Hotel Fiasco . February 12, 2023 . GlobeSt . July 27, 2009.
  26. News: Question of the Day . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Advisor . May 26, 2015.
  27. News: Berzon . Alexandra . Harmon inspector lacked experience . February 13, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . July 1, 2009.
  28. News: Berzon . Alexandra . Resumes get scant inspection . February 11, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . February 22, 2009.
  29. News: Stutz . Howard . Contractor plans liens against CityCenter owners . February 12, 2023 . Casino City Times . March 15, 2010.
  30. News: Illia . Tony . Perini files $492 million lawsuit against MGM Mirage over CityCenter work . February 12, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 26, 2010.
  31. News: Court orders Harmon inspection . Las Vegas Business Press . July 12, 2010 . January 20, 2023 . subscription.
  32. News: Stutz . Howard . MGM Resorts targets Harmon Hotel for demolition . Las Vegas Review-Journal . November 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120204005250/https://www.lvrj.com/business/mgm-resorts-targets-harmon-hotel-for-demolition-107681193.html . February 4, 2012.
  33. News: CityCenter hopes new signage brings more traffic . January 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . March 1, 2011.
  34. News: Nagourney . Adam . Unfinished Luxury Tower Is Stark Reminder of Las Vegas's Economic Reversal . January 20, 2023 . The New York Times . January 22, 2013.
  35. News: Stutz . Howard . Engineering company finds Harmon tower construction defects 'pervasive' . February 13, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 11, 2011.
  36. News: Stutz . Howard . County asks for data on Harmon implosion plan . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 23, 2011.
  37. News: Stutz . Howard . Perini says it's 'willing and able' to complete Harmon tower . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 15, 2011.
  38. News: Stutz . Howard . Clark County faulted on Harmon Tower . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 30, 2011.
  39. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Engineer spells out permanent repair plan for Harmon Hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 17, 2012.
  40. News: Stutz . Howard . CityCenter developers get Aug. 15 deadline on Harmon tower . February 13, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 12, 2011.
  41. News: Stutz . Howard . MGM Resorts says it will demolish Harmon Tower . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 15, 2011.
  42. News: Harmon implosion . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 17, 2011.
  43. News: Stutz . Howard . Court removes delay in Harmon tower lawsuit . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . October 21, 2011.
  44. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Hearing to decide fate of unfinished Harmon gets under way . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 12, 2012.
  45. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Hearing about demolishing Harmon Hotel to resume in July . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 15, 2012.
  46. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Perini boss: Let jurors see Harmon Hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 19, 2012.
  47. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Judge gives OK to demolish Harmon Hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 19, 2012.
  48. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Judge's ruling could delay implosion of Harmon Hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . July 27, 2012.
  49. News: Green . Steve . Builder says CityCenter spinning story of flawed Harmon tower to influence potential jurors . February 14, 2023 . VegasInc . September 14, 2012.
  50. News: Green . Steve . Court asked to stop probe of CityCenter PR activities for the Harmon . February 14, 2023 . VegasInc . October 11, 2012.
  51. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Harmon Hotel to again ring with construction sounds as part of upcoming trial . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 26, 2013.
  52. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Future of trial over CityCenter's construction uncertain . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . October 10, 2012.
  53. News: O'Reiley . Tim . More structural testing planned for Harmon hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . October 17, 2012.
  54. News: Judge pulls order allowing Harmon Hotel demolition . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . December 4, 2012.
  55. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Contractor's consultant says testing damaged Harmon Hotel beyond repair . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . June 4, 2013.
  56. News: Green . Steve . Harmon Hotel case to be tied up in court well into 2014 . February 14, 2023 . VegasInc . December 4, 2012.
  57. News: O'Reiley . Tim . CityCenter construction trial may stretch up to two years . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 1, 2013.
  58. News: O'Reiley . Tim . City Center trial date pushed back again . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . June 7, 2013.
  59. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Settlement talks in CityCenter case bear fruit – maybe . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . January 24, 2014.
  60. News: O'Reiley . Tim . September new trial date for Harmon Hotel construction-defect case . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . February 7, 2014.
  61. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Architectural, engineering firm drawn into Harmon Hotel case . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . February 11, 2013.
  62. News: Geer Thevenot . Carri . Yearlong Harmon Hotel defects trial to start . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . October 26, 2014.
  63. News: Stutz . Howard . Judge OKs demolition of half-built CityCenter hotel tower . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 25, 2013.
  64. News: Tony Illia . Hotel's Razing and Defects Trial Could Be Best Shows in Las Vegas . ENR . September 11, 2013 . September 12, 2013.
  65. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Insurance questions stall plans to demolish Harmon Hotel . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . November 22, 2013.
  66. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Harmon Hotel gains reprieve from demolition . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . December 6, 2013.
  67. News: Dreier . Hannah . Judge puts hold on razing flawed Vegas hotel . February 15, 2023 . Reno Gazette Journal . January 31, 2014.
  68. News: Geer Thevenot . Carri . MGM Resorts, Perini resolve lawsuit over defective Harmon at CityCenter . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . December 16, 2014.
  69. News: Ritter . Ken . Pierceall . Kimberly . Settlement reached in lawsuit over flawed Strip hotel tower . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . December 16, 2014.
  70. News: Stutz . Howard . SEC filing: Perini to receive approximately $189.5 million on lien claims . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . December 17, 2014.
  71. News: Stutz . Howard . Deconstructing the Harmon Hotel mess . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . December 30, 2014.
  72. News: O'Reiley . Tim . Once CityCenter's front door, Harmon hotel awaits wrecking crew . February 14, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . November 23, 2013.
  73. News: Glionna . John M. . On Vegas Strip, the Harmon tower set to fall -- with a whimper . February 15, 2023 . Los Angeles Times . April 13, 2014.
  74. News: Stutz . Howard . Coming down: MGM begins dismantling Harmon Hotel . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . June 20, 2014.
  75. News: Rindels . Michelle . Dismantling of Vegas' flawed Harmon tower begins . February 15, 2023 . Reno Gazette Journal . Associated Press . June 20, 2014.
  76. News: Roeben . Scott . Harmon Hotel Demolition is Complete: Chronology of an Epic Las Vegas Fiasco . February 15, 2023 . Casino.org . November 14, 2015.
  77. News: Stutz . Howard . MGM dreams of luxury shopping in wake of Harmon 'nightmare' . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 6, 2015.
  78. News: Stutz . Howard . Crystals mall at CityCenter reportedly sold for $1.13 billion . January 25, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . March 2, 2016.
  79. News: CityCenter selling 2-acre parcel in the heart of Las Vegas Strip . February 15, 2023 . KTNV . April 27, 2021.
  80. News: Segall . Eli . Las Vegas developer closes $80M deal for Strip parcel . February 15, 2023 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . June 21, 2021.
  81. News: Segall . Eli . 'A-plus location': New Strip project pushes closer to completion . September 2, 2022 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . September 1, 2022.
  82. News: Hawthorne . Christopher . In Las Vegas, one final echo of the boom years . January 28, 2023 . Los Angeles Times . December 11, 2009.
  83. News: Russell . James S. . Vegas CityCenter Opens At Last . February 3, 2023 . Bloomberg . December 14, 2009.
  84. Goldberger . Paul . What Happens in Vegas . February 9, 2023 . The New Yorker . September 27, 2010.
  85. News: Brown . Joe . Adaptation or 'disaster'? . January 19, 2023 . Las Vegas Sun . February 8, 2009.