| Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911 | |
| Tornadoes: | 13+ |
| Fujitascale: | F4 |
| Highest Winds: | 50–[1] |
| Casualties: | 57 dead, 205 injured[2] |
| Damages: | $1.755 million (tornadoes) |
On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a cold snap, known as the Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11, affected the Central United States. Many cities broke record highs, going into the 70s and 80s early that afternoon. By nightfall, cities were dealing with temperatures in the teens and single-digits on the Fahrenheit scale. This is the only day in many midwest cities' weather bureau jurisdictions where the record highs and lows were broken for the same day. Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday.[3] A blizzard even occurred within one hour after an F4 tornado hit Rock County, Wisconsin.
The front produced severe weather and tornadoes across the upper Mississippi Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and the windy conditions upon front passage caused a dust storm in Oklahoma.[4] Alongside the dramatic temperature swings, the cold front brought a destructive tornado outbreak to parts of the Midwest. At least 13 tornadoes touched down across five states as the system moved through, resulting in 13 fatalities. Hundreds of structures were destroyed by the storms and many areas had to conduct search and rescue missions amidst blizzard conditions. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this outbreak was one of the worst on record in November for the north-central States.
The main cause of such a dramatic cold snap was an extremely strong storm system separating warm, humid air from frigid, arctic air. Dramatic cold snaps tend to occur mostly in the month of November, though they can also come in February or March.[4] These arrivals of Continental Polar or Arctic air masses are generally called northers, and the one in question was marked by a mass of steel blue clouds in the vicinity of the surface front, hence the name. Although temperature drops of this extent have happened on other occasions, as recently as February 2009, the fact that the 1911 cold front passage was during the autumn and came after such warm weather contributed to the properties mentioned in this article.[5]
The cold front was so strong, that while several states saw record monthly highs on November 10 and 11, they saw record cold monthly lows on November 12 and 13. This was especially true in Missouri, where one station had a high of 93F before the storm, and after the storm, another station had a low of -3F. The cold front began on November 9. Rapid City, South Dakota went from 55F at 6am to 3F at 8am.[6] Between November 10 and 11th, Denver experienced its eleventh largest two day temperature swing, from 66F-2F, which is a 68F-change change.[7]
On November 11, temperatures in Kansas City had reached a record high of 76lk=onNaNlk=on by late morning before the front moved through. As the cold front approached, the winds increased turning from southeast to northwest. By midnight, the temperature had dropped to 11F, a 65F-change difference in 14 hours.[4] The next day would have a record low of 6F and a high of only 21F.[8] In Springfield, the temperature difference was even more extreme. Springfield was at 80°F at about 3:45 p.m. CST (21:45 UTC), before the cold front moved through. Fifteen minutes later, the temperature was at 40F with winds out of the northwest at 40mi/h. By 7:00 p.m. CST (01:00 UTC 12 November) the temperature had dropped a further 20F, and by midnight (06:00 UTC), a record low of 13F was established. It was the first time since records had been kept for Springfield when the record high and record low were broken in the same day. The freak temperature difference was also a record breaker: 67F-change in 10 hours. Peak wind gusts reached 74mph.[9] The low on the morning of November 12 was 9F.[10] St. Louis dropped from 74F49F in just ten minutes.[11] Record highs and lows were established on the same day in Oklahoma City as well with a high of 83°F and low of 17°F; temperature difference: 66F-change. Both records still hold.[9] The temperate dropped further to a record low of 14F on November 12, before gradually warming, as Oklahoma City hit 68F on November 13 and 74F on November 14.[12] It also produced a dust storm.[13] Tulsa, Oklahoma had an even more dramatic plunge from 85F in the afternoon of November 11 to 15F by the morning of November 12, although the temperature at midnight is not known.[14] Independence, Kansas saw the temperature drop 50F-change from 83F33F in one hour.[14] In Denton, Texas, the temperature drop wasn't as immediate, with it dropping from 85F at 5pm to 68F by 6pm, but the low the morning of November 12 was still 22F.[15] While this wasn't Amarillo's biggest temperature drop, the drop from 70F13F is still an impressive 57F-change drop.[16] Nearby Dallas also saw an impressive plunge from 85F39F by midnight and by the next morning the mercury was 21F.[17] In Chicago, Illinois, people died separately of heatstroke and cold, respectively, within 24 hours, the first such incidence on record in the city.[18] They dropped from 74F13F during the event.[19] Across central Illinois, up to 1inches of snow fell, and in Peoria, Illinois, after a high of 77F on November 11, the temperature crashed to 17F by midnight, and the high on November 12 was 18F.[20] While only the southern and eastern parts of Iowa felt the Norther, the impacts there were nonetheless powerful, as Albia, Iowa fell from 72F5F in twelve hours.[21]
The front did not reach Columbus until 3am on November 12, but when it did, temperatures plummeted from 70F, just a degree from a record high, to 49F in an hour, and down to 16F - a record low - that night. By November 13, temperatures dipped further to 14F.[22] Lexington, KY also saw the temperature drop on the 12th, when it went from nearly 70F down to a record low from 14F. It dipped to another record low of 13F on November 13, and a record cold high of 28F was also established. However, the record low for November 13 was broken in 2019.[23] Bowling Green saw the drop across the entire day on November 12, from 75F22F.[24] In New York City, the swing was not quite as extreme, but still fell from 69F in the afternoon to 33F at midnight, and slipped to a record low (at that time) the next morning of 26F.[25] Temperature plunges ranged from 42to on the East Coast.[26] Besides the East Coast, San Antonio was also spared, with a temperature drop of only 35F-change.[27]
On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a regionally and seasonally significant tornado outbreak affected the Great Lakes region of the United States. The outbreak generated at least 13 tornadoes, including a violent, long-tracked F4 that impacted Wisconsin, killing at least nine people and injuring 50 more. Other intense tornadoes occurred in Illinois and Indiana, resulting in four additional fatalities. Several other tornadoes were reported from multiple states. In all, the outbreak killed 16 people and injured at least 101. Total losses exceeded $1.755 million (1911 USD). Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis considered the outbreak to be the worst in the month of November on record at the time in the Great Lakes region.
Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday.[3] The passage of a cold front, marked by strong winds, produced severe weather, including tornadoes, across the upper Mississippi River Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and a dust storm in Oklahoma.[4]
| Location | County / Parish | State | Time (UTC) | Path length | width | Summary | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bgcolor=# | F2 | W of Davenport | Scott | IA | 18:55–? | 9miles | 20yd | The first known tornado of the outbreak touched down 1miles west of Davenport and tracked northeast. Along its path, five farms sustained damage and a barn was destroyed. One person was injured by the tornado. | |
| bgcolor=# | F4 | Avon to Lima | Rock | WI | 20:00–? | 35miles | 400yd | 12 deaths – The most powerful tornado of the outbreak caused extensive damage to Rock County, Wisconsin. Beginning at 2:00 p.m. CST, the tornado tracked north-northeastward past Orfordville, passed through Hanover, skirted the northwest edge of Janesville, struck Milton, and dissipated in Lima. The worst damage occurred near Milton. Several farms were also leveled near Milton. Overall losses from the tornado reached $1,000,000. Blizzard conditions ensued within an hour of the tornado's passage. Estimates of the death toll vary, with one publication listing nine deaths. 50 people were injured along the path.[29] | |
| bgcolor=# | F2 | Arenzville to Virginia | Cass | IL | 22:00–? | 18miles | 100yd | Tornado touched down near Arenzville and tracked northeast into the town of Virginia. There, about 100 structures were damaged or destroyed. The worst damage occurred on the west side of town where 30 homes and businesses, including a church and high school, were destroyed. Overall, 12 people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $150,000. | |
| bgcolor=# | F3 | S of Easton | Mason | IL | 22:45–? | 11miles | 2 deaths – A strong tornado touched down south of Easton and destroyed several homes. Two people were killed in separate incidents near the town. Nine other people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $20,000. | ||
| bgcolor=# | F2 | E of Aurora | DuPage | IL | 23:30–? | 4miles | A tornado touched down east of Aurora and damaged several buildings. One home lost its roof and another was struck by debris from a barn. The tornado was last noted moving into the "big woods" northeast of Aurora. Losses from the storm reached $10,000. | ||
| bgcolor=# | F3 | Leroy to S of Michigan City | Lake, Porter | IN | 01:00–? | 30miles | 150yd | A strong, long-lived tornado first touched down near Leroy and tracked northeast to Michigan City. The most significant damage took place near Lake Eliza where a school was destroyed. Debris from the building was tossed up to 2miles away. Another school in Jackson Township was also destroyed. Along the tornado's path, buildings were destroyed on 15 farms. One person was picked up and tossed to his neighbor's house by the storm. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this tornado was likely a tornado family and not a single, continuous event. Five injuries occurred along the path. | |
| bgcolor=# | FU | Terre Haute | Vigo | IN | 02:10–? | ≥0.5miles | Apparent tornado struck Terre Haute and injured three people. Touching down in the heart of the town, the tornado soon struck a grocery store, blowing out lights and windows. Several barns along the tornado's path were completely destroyed or flattened. One home in the city was flattened and swept clean off its foundation, leaving just an underground cellar behind. The second floor of the John Rankin School was destroyed. The caboose of a train in the town was thrown off the tracks, injuring the occupants.[30] | ||
| bgcolor=# | F2 | Waterloo | DeKalb | IN | 03:00–? | 5miles | 70yd | A significant tornado struck the town of Waterloo, damaging or destroying at least 100 structures. An opera house in Waterloo collapsed due to the tornado. Just outside town, several farms were also severely damaged. Losses from the storm reached $75,000. | |
| bgcolor=# | F2 | SE of Battle Creek | Calhoun | MI | 03:00–? | Tornado touched down well to the southeast of Battle Creek. Several barns were leveled and homes were damaged. | |||
| bgcolor=# | F2 | Laingsburg to Owosso | Shiawassee | MI | 04:05–? | 12miles | 100yd | 2 deaths – Extensive damage took place in Owosso.[31] [32] Five factories and twenty homes were destroyed. Two people were killed when the upper floor of their home collapsed on them. 21 people were injured throughout the town. Just outside Laingsburg, 15 barns were destroyed by the tornado. Overall losses from the storm reached $500,000. | |
| bgcolor=# | FU | Unknown | Kankakee | IL | A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Kankakee County. | ||||
| bgcolor=# | FU | Unknown | Cumberland | IL | A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Cumberland County. | ||||
| bgcolor=# | FU | Genesee to Lisbon | Waukesha | WI | Homes, barns, chicken coops, sheds, and various outbuildings were unroofed or blown off their foundations. |