The Four Hundred was a list of New York society during the Gilded Age, a group that was led by Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, the "Mrs. Astor", for many years. After her death, her role in society was filled by three women: Mamie Fish, Theresa Fair Oelrichs, and Alva Belmont,[1] known as the "triumvirate" of American society.[2]
On February 16, 1892, The New York Times published the "official" list of those included in the Four Hundred as dictated by social arbiter Ward McAllister, Astor's friend and confidant, in response to lists proffered by others, and after years of clamoring by the press to know who was on it.[3] [4]
In the decades following the American Civil War, the population of New York City grew almost exponentially, and immigrants and wealthy arrivistes from the Midwestern United States began challenging the dominance of the old New York Establishment.[5] Aided by McAllister, Astor attempted to codify proper behavior and etiquette, as well as determine who was acceptable among the arrivistes,[6] as champions of old money and tradition.
Reportedly, Ward McAllister coined the phrase "the Four Hundred" by declaring that there were "only 400 people in fashionable New York Society."[7] According to him, this was the number of people in New York who really mattered; the people who felt at ease in the ballrooms of high society.[8] In 1888, McAllister told the New-York Tribune that "If you go outside that number," he warned, "you strike people who are either not at ease in a ballroom or else make other people not at ease."[9]
While the number four hundred has popularly been linked to the capacity of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor's ballroom at her large brownstone home at 350 Fifth Avenue and East 34th Street (today the site of the Empire State Building),[10] [11] the exact origins remain unknown.[12] There were other lists in New York around the same time which necessitated a maximum capacity of four hundred, including Delmonico's restaurant and local cotillion dances, that may have contributed to the particular sum of four hundred.
In response to competing lists naming the purported members of New York society published in the New York World that insisted New York society was, in fact, made up of only 150 people,[13] McAllister spoke with the Times, refuting the World article and giving the paper the "official list", which was published on February 16, 1892, and quoted McAllister stating:
The so-called Four Hundred has not been cut down or dwindled to 150 names. The nonsense, don't you know, printed to that effect in the World and some other papers, has made a very bad impression that will reflect badly against them, you understand. That list of names, you understand, printed on Sunday, did not come from me, don't you see. It is unauthorized, don't you see. But it is accurate as far as it goes, you understand.It is incomplete and does injustice, you understand, to many eligible millionaires. Think of leaving out such names, don't you know, as Chauncey M. Depew, Gen. Alexander S. Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cooper, Mr. and Mrs. Luther Kountze, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goelet, Mr. and Miss Wilson, Miss Greene, and many others! Don't you understand, it is absurd, senseless.
Let me explain, don't you know. There are three dinner dances, don't you know, during the season, and the invitations, don't you see, are issued to different ladies and gentlemen each time, do you understand? So at each dinner dance, you know, are only 150 people of the highest set, don't you know. So, during the season, you see, 400 different invitations are issued.
Wait a moment and I will give you a correct list, don't you know, of the people who form what is known as the Four Hundred. Do you understand it will be authorized, reliable, and, don't you know, the only correct list.[3]
The list, purported to include the crème de la crème of New York society, consisted largely of "bankers, lawyers, brokers, real estate men, and railroaders, with one editor (Paul Dana of The New York Sun), one publisher, one artist, and two architects." It also included a mix of both "Nobs" and "Swells". "Nobs" came from old money (including the Astors, the Goelets, the Livingstons, and the Van Rensselaers), and "Swells" were representatives of the nouveau riche, whom Astor felt, begrudgingly, were able to partake in polite society (best personified by the Vanderbilt family).[14]
After McAllister released the names of the Four Hundred in The New York Times, there was significant backlash, both against the idea of a definitive list of "acceptable society" and McAllister himself.[15] [16] The papers dubbed him "Mr. Make-a-Lister" and, in combination with his memoirs published in 1890, entitled Society as I Have Found It,[17] further ostracized him from the "old guard", who valued their privacy in an era when the leaders of society were the equivalent of modern movie stars.[18] William d'Alton Mann, who owned Town Topics, a gossip magazine, considered it his duty to expose the sins of society and regularly criticized the Four Hundred.[16]
Several years later, author O. Henry released a collection of short stories, entitled The Four Million, a reaction to this phrase, expressing his opinion that every human being in New York was worthy of notice.[19]
In 2009, the Museum of the City of New York compiled its own list, entitled "The New York City 400", of the 400 "movers and shakers" who made a difference in the 400 years of New York City history since Henry Hudson arrived in 1609. McAllister was "the only person on the original Four Hundred to also make the museum's list."[20]
Besides containing far fewer than 400 people, McAllister's list "abounded in inaccuracies: names were misspelled or incomplete and many spouses omitted or included although they were dead." The rules of the time dictated that "only the eldest unmarried daughter of a family carried the title 'Miss,' with no given name," but he regularly ignored the rule.[21]
| No. | Name as it appears in article | Full name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1, 2 | Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Appleton | ||
| 3 | Fred H. Allen | ||
| 4, 5 | Mr. and Mrs. Astor | ||
| 6, 7 | Mr. and Mrs. J.J. Astor | ||
| 8, 9 | Mr. and Mrs. George H. Bend | ||
| 10 | Miss Amy Bend | ||
| 11 | Miss Beatrice Bend | ||
| 12, 13 | Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Bryce | ||
| 14 | Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck | ||
| 15, 16 | Mr. and Mrs. F. Bronson | ||
| 17 | Heber Bishop | ||
| 18 | Miss Bishop | ||
| 19 | William Harold Brown | ||
| 20, 21 | Mr. and Mrs. Edmund N. Baylies | ||
| 22 | Mr. Temple Bowdoin | ||
| 23, 24 | Mr. and Mrs. J. Townsend Burden | ||
| 25 | Miss Burden | ||
| 26 | Mrs. Barbey | ||
| 27 | Miss Barbey | ||
| 28 | Harold Brown | ||
| 29 | Edward Bulkley | ||
| 30, 31 | Mr. and Mrs. James L. Barclay | ||
| 32 | C. C. Baldwin | ||
| 33 | Miss Baldwin | ||
| 34 | C. C. Baldwin Jr. | ||
| 35, 36 | Gen. and Mrs. Henry L. Burnett | ||
| 37 | Mr. Thomas Cushing | ||
| 38 | Miss Edith Cushing | ||
| 39 | Mr. F. Bayard Cutting | ||
| 40 | Miss Coster | ||
| 41 | Mr. Harry Coster | ||
| 42, 43 | Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carroll | ||
| 44, 45 | Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Cary | ||
| 46, 47 | Mr. and Mrs. Winthrop Chandler | ||
| 48 | Mrs. Brockholst Cutting | ||
| 49, 50 | Mr. and Mrs. Harry Cannon | ||
| 51 | Robert L. Cutting Jr. | ||
| 52 | Col. J. Schuyler Crosby | ||
| 53 | Miss Crosby | ||
| 54, 55 | Mr. and Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting | ||
| 56, 57 | Mr. and Mrs. S. V. R. Cruger | ||
| 58 | Rawlings Cottenet | ||
| 59 | F. Brockholst Cutting | ||
| 60 | W. Cutting Jr. | ||
| 61 | Sir Roderick Cameron | ||
| 62 | Duncan Cameron | ||
| 63, 64 | The Misses Cameron | ||
| 65, 66 | Mr. and Mrs. James Cross | ||
| 67, 68 | Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cooper | ||
| 69, 70, 71 | The Misses Chanler | ||
| 72 | William R. Coster | ||
| 73, 74 | Mr. and Mrs. Elisha Dyer Jr. | ||
| 75, 76 | Mr. and Mrs. Duncan Elliot | ||
| 77, 78 | Mr. and Mrs. George B. De Forest | ||
| 79, 80 | Mr. and Mrs. Chauncey M. Depew | ||
| 81, 82 | Mr. and Mrs. Frederic de Peyster | ||
| 83, 84 | Dr. and Mrs. Francis Delafield | ||
| 85 | Miss Delafield | ||
| 86, 87 | Mr. and Mrs. Paul Dana | ||
| 88 | H. De Courcy Forbes | ||
| 89, 90 | Mr. and Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish | ||
| 91, 92 | Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Francklyn | ||
| 93 | J. C. Furman | ||
| 94, 95 | Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish Jr. | ||
| 96 | Theodore Frelinghuysen | ||
| 97 | Augustus C. Gurnee | ||
| 98, 99 | Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Goelet | ||
| 100 | Mr. Frank G. Griswold | ||
| 101 | Miss Greene | ||
| 102 | Mr. Allister Greene | ||
| 103 | Miss Grant | ||
| 104 | Robert F. Hawkes | ||
| 105, 106 | Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Howard | ||
| 107, 108 | Mr. and Mrs. Carly Havemeyer | ||
| 109 | Meredith Howland | ||
| 110, 111 | Mr. and Mrs. Valentine G. Hall | ||
| 112 | Miss Hall | ||
| 113 | John A. Hadden Jr. | ||
| 114, 115 | Mr. and Mrs. Columbus Iselin | ||
| 116 | Isaac Iselin | ||
| 117 | Mrs. William Jaffray | ||
| 118 | Miss Jaffray | ||
| 119 | Mrs. F. R. Jones | ||
| 120 | Miss Beatrix Jones | ||
| 121 | Shipley Jones | ||
| 122, 123 | Mr. and Mrs. DeLancey Kane | ||
| 124 | Nicholas Kane | ||
| 125 | Miss Knowlton | ||
| 126 | Miss Sybel Kane | ||
| 127, 128 | Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Kernochan | ||
| 129, 130 | Col. and Mrs. Kip | | |
| 131 | Miss Kipp | ||
| 132, 133 | Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Kernochan | ||
| 134 | Miss Lusk | ||
| 135 | Arthur Leary | ||
| 136 | Mrs. Maturin Livingston | ||
| 137, 138 | Mr. and Mrs. James Lanier | ||
| 139, 140 | Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Livingston | ||
| 141 | Edward Livingston | ||
| 142 | Miss Clarissa Livingston | ||
| 143 | Edward De Peyster Livingston | ||
| 144, 145 | Mr. and Mrs. Clement C. Moore | ||
| 146 | Ward McAllister | ||
| 147, 148 | Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Marshall | ||
| 149 | Clement March | ||
| 150, 151 | Mr. and Mrs. O. Mills | ||
| 152, 153 | Mr. and Mrs. B. Martin | ||
| 154 | F. T. Martin | ||
| 155 | Peter Marié | ||
| 156, 157 | Mr. and Mrs. H. W. McVickar | ||
| 158, 159 | Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Morris | ||
| 160 | Miss Morris | ||
| 161, 162 | Mr. and Mrs. R. Mortimer | ||
| 163 | Miss Morgan | ||
| 164, 165 | Mr. and Mrs. T. Newbold | ||
| 166 | Mrs. Frederick Nelson | ||
| 167 | S. H. Olin | ||
| 168, 169 | Mr. and Mrs. C. Oelrichs | ||
| 170 | James Otis | ||
| 171 | Miss Otis | ||
| 172 | Edward Post | ||
| 173 | Richard Peters | ||
| 174, 175 | Mr. and Mrs. B. C. Porter | ||
| 176, 177 | Mr. and Mrs. Frank Pendelton | ||
| 178 | Julian Potter | ||
| 179 | I. V. Packer | ||
| 180, 181 | Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Potter | ||
| 182, 183 | Gen. and Mrs. Pierson | ||
| 184 | Miss Pierson | ||
| 185, 186 | Mr. and Mrs. George B. Post | ||
| 187 | Mrs. William H. Perry | ||
| 188 | Miss Perry | ||
| 189 | Goold H. Redmond | ||
| 190 | Mrs. Rogers | ||
| 191 | Miss Rogers | ||
| 192 | J. Ritchie | ||
| 193 | T. J. Oakley Rhinelander | ||
| 194 | Miss Cora Randolph | ||
| 195 | Mrs. Burke Roche | ||
| 196, 197 | Mr. and Mrs. S. O. Ripley | ||
| 198 | D. T. L. Robinson | ||
| 199 | R. K. Richards | ||
| 200, 201 | Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Robinson Jr. | ||
| 202, 203 | Mr. and Mrs. H. Robins | ||
| 204 | Miss Sands | ||
| 205, 206 | Mr. and Mrs. William D. Sloane | ||
| 207, 208 | Mr. and Mrs. Philip Schuyler | ||
| 209, 210 | Mr. and Mrs. Byam K. Stevens | ||
| 211 | Lispenard Stewart | ||
| 212, 213 | Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Sherman | ||
| 214 | Miss Adele Sloane | ||
| 215, 216 | Mr. and Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes | ||
| 217 | Miss Stokes | ||
| 218, 219 | Mr. and Mrs. Walter L. Suydam | ||
| 220, 221 | Mr. and Mrs. F. K. Sturgis | ||
| 222 | Miss Elizabeth Stevens | ||
| 223 | G. Mead Tooker | ||
| 224 | Miss Tooker | ||
| 225 | E. N. Tailer | ||
| 226, 227 | Mr. and Mrs. H. McKay Twombly | ||
| 228 | Miss Tailer | ||
| 229 | Marquise de Talleyrand | ||
| 230 | Miss Mabel Van Rensselaer | ||
| 231 | Miss Alice Van Rensselaer | ||
| 232, 233 | Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt | ||
| 234 | George W. Vanderbilt | ||
| 235 | Mrs. A. Van Rensselaer | ||
| 236 | James Varnum | ||
| 237 | Mr. Worthington Whitehouse | ||
| 238, 239 | Mr. and Mrs. W. Seward Webb | ||
| 240 | Barton Willing | ||
| 241 | Miss Willing | ||
| 242, 243 | Gov. and Mrs. Wetmore | ||
| 244 | Miss Wetmore | ||
| 245 | Egerton Winthrop | ||
| 246 | Thomas C. Winthrop | ||
| 247 | F. B. Winthrop | ||
| 248, 249 | Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan Winthrop | ||
| 250 | Miss Winthrop | ||
| 251, 252 | Mr. and Mrs. Ben. Wells | ||
| 253, 254 | Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Whitney | ||
| 255 | Miss Georgiana L. Wilmerding | ||
| 256 | Mrs. C. A. Whittier | ||
| 257, 258 | Mr. and Mrs. Wysong | ||
| 259 | M. A. Wilkes | ||
| 260, 261 | Mr. and Mrs. W. Storrs Wells | ||
| 262, 263 | Gen. and Mrs. Alexander S. Webb | ||
| 264 | Miss Carrie Webb | ||
| 265 | Alexander S. Webb |