The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra Explained

The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra is a book written and illustrated by H. S. M. Coxeter, P. Du Val, H. T. Flather and J. F. Petrie. It enumerates certain stellations of the regular convex or Platonic icosahedron, according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller.

First published by the University of Toronto in 1938, a Second Edition reprint by Springer-Verlag followed in 1982. Tarquin's 1999 Third Edition included new reference material and photographs by K. and D. Crennell.

Authors' contributions

Miller's rules

Although Miller did not contribute to the book directly, he was a close colleague of Coxeter and Petrie. His contribution is immortalised in his set of rules for defining which stellation forms should be considered "properly significant and distinct":[1]

(i) The faces must lie in twenty planes, viz., the bounding planes of the regular icosahedron.

(ii) All parts composing the faces must be the same in each plane, although they may be quite disconnected.

(iii) The parts included in any one plane must have trigonal symmetry, without or with reflection. This secures icosahedral symmetry for the whole solid.

(iv) The parts included in any plane must all be "accessible" in the completed solid (i.e. they must be on the "outside". In certain cases we should require models of enormous size in order to see all the outside. With a model of ordinary size, some parts of the "outside" could only be explored by a crawling insect).

(v) We exclude from consideration cases where the parts can be divided into two sets, each giving a solid with as much symmetry as the whole figure. But we allow the combination of an enantiomorphous pair having no common part (which actually occurs in just one case).

Rules (i) to (iii) are symmetry requirements for the face planes. Rule (iv) excludes buried holes, to ensure that no two stellations look outwardly identical. Rule (v) prevents any disconnected compound of simpler stellations.

Coxeter

Coxeter was the main driving force behind the work. He carried out the original analysis based on Miller's rules, adopting a number of techniques such as combinatorics and abstract graph theory whose use in a geometrical context was then novel.

He observed that the stellation diagram comprised many line segments. He then developed procedures for manipulating combinations of the adjacent plane regions, to formally enumerate the combinations allowed under Miller's rules.

His graph, reproduced here, shows the connectivity of the various faces identified in the stellation diagram (see below). The Greek symbols represent sets of possible alternatives:

λ may be 3 or 4

μ may be 7 or 8

ν may be 11 or 12

Du Val

Du Val devised a symbolic notation for identifying sets of congruent cells, based on the observation that they lie in "shells" around the original icosahedron. Based on this he tested all possible combinations against Miller's rules, confirming the result of Coxeter's more analytical approach.

Flather

Flather's contribution was indirect: he made card models of all 59. When he first met Coxeter he had already made many stellations, including some "non-Miller" examples. He went on to complete the series of fifty-nine, which are preserved in the mathematics library of Cambridge University, England. The library also holds some non-Miller models, but it is not known whether these were made by Flather or by Miller's later students.[2]

Petrie

John Flinders Petrie was a lifelong friend of Coxeter and had a remarkable ability to visualise four-dimensional geometry. He and Coxeter had worked together on many mathematical problems. His direct contribution to the fifty nine icosahedra was the exquisite set of three-dimensional drawings which provide much of the fascination of the published work.

The Crennells

For the Third Edition, Kate and David Crennell reset the text and redrew the diagrams. They also added a reference section containing tables, diagrams, and photographs of some of the Cambridge models (which at that time were all thought to be Flather's). Corrections to this edition have been published online.[3]

List of the fifty nine icosahedra

Before Coxeter, only Brückner and Wheeler had recorded any significant sets of stellations, although a few such as the great icosahedron had been known for longer. Since publication of The 59, Wenninger published instructions on making models of some; the numbering scheme used in his book has become widely referenced, although he only recorded a few stellations.

Notes on the list

Index numbers are the Crennells' unless otherwise stated:

Crennell

Cells

Faces

Wenninger

Wheeler

Brückner

Remarks

Table of the fifty-nine icosahedra

Some images illustrate the mirror-image icosahedron with the f1 rather than the f1 cell.

Crennell Cells Wheeler BrücknerRemarksFace diagram3D
1 A 0 04
Icosahedron
1
2 B 1 26
Triakis icosahedron
2 First stellation of the icosahedron,
small triambic icosahedron,
or Triakisicosahedron
3 C 2 23
Compound of five octahedra
3 Regular compound of five octahedra
4 D 3 4 4
5 E 5 6 7
6 F 8 9 10 27
Second stellation
19 Second stellation of icosahedron
7 G 11 12 41
Great icosahedron
11 Great icosahedron
8 H 13 42
Final stellation
12 Final stellation of the icosahedron or Echidnahedron
9 e1 3' 5 37
Twelfth stellation
Twelfth stellation of icosahedron
10 f1 5' 6' 9 10
11 g1 10' 12 29
Fourth stellation
21 Fourth stellation of icosahedron
12 e1f1 3' 6' 9 10
13 e1f1g1 3' 6' 9 12 20
14 f1g1 5' 6' 9 12
15 e2 4' 6 7
16 f27' 8 22
17 g2 8' 9'11
18 e2f2 4' 6 8
19 e2f2g2 4' 6 9' 11
20 f2g2 7' 9' 11 30
Fifth stellation
Fifth stellation of icosahedron
21 De1 4 5 32
Seventh stellation
10 Seventh stellation of icosahedron
22 Ef1 7 9 10 25
Compound of ten tetrahedra
8 Regular compound of ten tetrahedra
23 Fg1 8 9 12 31
Sixth stellation
17 Sixth stellation of icosahedron
24 De1f1 4 6' 9 10
25 De1f1g1 4 6' 9 12
26 Ef1g1 7 9 12 28
Third stellation
9 Excavated dodecahedron
27 De2 3 6 7 5
28 Ef2 5 6 8 18
29 Fg2 10 11 33
Eighth stellation
14 Eighth stellation of icosahedron
30 De2f2 3 6 8 34
Ninth stellation
13 Medial triambic icosahedron or
Great triambic icosahedron
31 De2f2g2 3 6 9' 11
32 Ef2g2 5 6 9' 11
33 f1 5' 6 9 10 35
Tenth stellation
Tenth stellation of icosahedron
34 e1f1 3 5 6 9 10 36
Eleventh stellation
Eleventh stellation of icosahedron
35 De1f1 4 5 6 9 10
36 f1g1 5' 6 9 10 12
37 e1f1g1 3 5 6 9 10 12 39
Fourteenth stellation
Fourteenth stellation of icosahedron
38 De1f1g1 4 5 6 9 10 12
39 f1g2 5' 6 8 9 10 11
40 e1f1g2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11
41 De1f1g2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
42 f1f2g2 5' 6 7 9 10 11
43 e1f1f2g2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11
44 De1f1f2g2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
45 e2f1 4 5 6 7 9 10 40
Fifteenth stellation
Fifteenth stellation of icosahedron
46 De2f1 3 5 6 7 9 10
47 Ef15 6 7 9 1024
Compound of five tetrahedra
7
(6: left handed)
Regular Compound of five tetrahedra (right handed)
48e2f1g14 5 6 7 9 10 12
49De2f1g13 5 6 7 9 10 12
50Ef1g15 6 7 9 10 12
51e2f1f24 5 6 8 9 1038
Thirteenth stellation
Thirteenth stellation of icosahedron
52De2f1f23 5 6 8 9 10
53Ef1f25 6 8 9 1015
(16: left handed)
54e2f1f2g14 5 6 8 9 10 12
55De2f1f2g13 5 6 8 9 10 12
56Ef1f2g15 6 8 9 10 12
57e2f1f2g24 5 6 9 10 11
58De2f1f2g23 5 6 9 10 11
59Ef1f2g25 6 9 10 11

See also

References

WorldCat English: Polygons and Polyhedra: Theory and History. Photographs of models: Tafel VIII (Plate VIII), etc. High res. scans.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Coxeter, du Val, et al (Third Edition 1999) Pages 15-16.
  2. Inchbald, G.; Some lost stellations of the icosahedron, steelpillow.com, 11 July 2006. https://www.steelpillow.com/polyhedra/icosa/lost/lost.html (retrieved 14 September 2017)
  3. K. and D. Crennell; The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra, Fortran Friends, http://fortran.orpheusweb.co.uk/Poly/59icos.htm (retrieved 14 September 2017).