The Economist Explained

The Economist
Type:	Weekly newspaper^[1] ^[2] (Friday)
Founder:	James Wilson
Owners:	The Economist Group
Issn:	0013-0613
Political:	Radical centrism^[3] ^[4] Economic liberalism^[5] ^[6] Social liberalism
Headquarters:	1-11 John Adam Street Westminster, London, England
Editor:	Zanny Minton Beddoes
Circulation:	490,944
Circulation Date:	2023
Circulation Ref:	^[7]
Depeditor:	Tom Standage

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture, and is mostly written and edited in Britain. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by the Economist Group, with its core editorial offices in the United States, as well as across major cities in continental Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.^[1] The newspaper has a prominent focus on data journalism and interpretive analysis over original reporting, to both criticism and acclaim.

Founded in 1843, The Economist was first circulated by Scottish economist James Wilson to muster support for abolishing the British Corn Laws (1815–1846), a system of import tariffs. Over time, the newspaper's coverage expanded further into political economy and eventually began running articles on current events, finance, commerce, and British politics. Throughout the mid-to-late 20th century, it greatly expanded its layout and format, adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons, reader letters, cover stories, art critique, book reviews, and technology features. The paper is recognisable by its fire engine red masthead (nameplate) and illustrated, topical covers. Individual articles are written anonymously, with no byline, in order for the paper to speak as one collective voice. It is supplemented by its sister lifestyle magazine, 1843, and a variety of podcasts, films, and books.

The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical, social, and most notably economic liberalism. It has supported radical centrism, favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics. The newspaper typically champions economic liberalism, particularly free markets, free trade, free immigration, deregulation, and globalisation. Despite a pronounced editorial stance, it is seen as having little reporting bias, and as exercising rigorous fact-checking and strict copy editing.^{[8] [9]} Its extensive use of word play, high subscription prices, and depth of coverage has linked the paper with a high-income and educated readership, drawing both positive and negative connotations.^{[10] [11]} In line with this, it claims to have an influential readership of prominent business leaders and policy-makers.^[12]

History

The Economist was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws, a system of import tariffs.^{[13] [14]} A prospectus for the newspaper from 5 August 1843 enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the publication to focus on:^[15]

1. Original leading articles, in which free-trade principles will be most rigidly applied to all the important questions of the day.
2. Articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties.
3. An article on the elementary principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue and taxes.
4. Parliamentary reports, with particular focus on commerce, agriculture and free trade.
5. Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade.
6. General news from the Court of St James's, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland.
7. Commercial topics such as changes in fiscal regulations, the state and prospects of the markets, imports and exports, foreign news, the state of the manufacturing districts, notices of important new mechanical improvements, shipping news, the money market, and the progress of railways and public companies.
8. Agricultural topics, including the application of geology and chemistry; notices of new and improved implements, state of crops, markets, prices, foreign markets and prices converted into English money; from time to time, in some detail, the plans pursued in Belgium, Switzerland, and other well-cultivated countries.
9. Colonial and foreign topics, including trade, produce, political and fiscal changes, and other matters, including exposés on the evils of restriction and protection, and the advantages of free intercourse and trade.
10. Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
11. Books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation.
12. A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week.
13. Correspondence and inquiries from the newspaper's readers.

Wilson described it as taking part in "a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress", a phrase which still appears on its imprint (US: masthead) as the publication's mission.^[16] It has long been respected as "one of the most competent and subtle Western periodicals on public affairs".^[17] It was cited by Karl Marx in his formulation of socialist theory because Marx felt the publication epitomised the interests of the bourgeoisie.^[18] He wrote that "the London Economist, the European organ of the aristocracy of finance, described most strikingly the attitude of this class."^[19] In 1915, revolutionary Vladimir Lenin referred to The Economist as a "journal that speaks for British millionaires".^[20] Additionally, Lenin stated that The Economist held a "bourgeois-pacifist" position and supported peace out of fear of revolution.^[21]

In the currency disputes of the mid nineteenth century, the journal sided with the Banking School against the Currency School. It criticised the Bank Charter Act of 1844 which restricted the amount of bank notes that the Bank of England could issue on the basis of Currency School policy encouraged by Lord Overstone, that eventually developed into monetarism. It blamed the 1857 financial crisis in Britain on 'a certain class of doctrinaires who 'refer every commercial crisis and its disastrous consequences to "excessive issues of bank notes".^{[22] [23]} It identified the causes of the financial crisis as variations in interest rates and a build-up of excess financial capital leading to unwise investments.

In 1920, the paper's circulation rose to 6,170. In 1934, it underwent its first major redesign. The current fire engine red nameplate was created by Reynolds Stone in 1959. In 1971, The Economist changed its large broadsheet format into a smaller magazine-style perfect-bound formatting.^[24] In 1981 the publication introduced a North American edition after publishing the British edition since 1843; its circulation had increased more than tenfold by 2010. In January 2012, The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of one on the United States in 1942.^[25]

In 1991, James Fallows argued in The Washington Post that The Economist used editorial lines that contradicted the news stories they purported to highlight. In 1999, Andrew Sullivan complained in The New Republic that it uses "marketing genius"^[26] to make up for deficiencies in original reporting, resulting in "a kind of Reader's Digest"^[27] for America's corporate elite.^[28] The Guardian wrote that "its writers rarely see a political or economic problem that cannot be solved by the trusted three-card trick of privatisation, deregulation and liberalisation".^[29]

In 2005, the Chicago Tribune named it the best English-language paper noting its strength in international reporting where it does not feel moved to "cover a faraway land only at a time of unmitigated disaster" and that it kept a wall between its reporting and its more conservative editorial policies.^[30] In 2008, Jon Meacham, former editor of Newsweek and a self-described "fan", criticised The Economist focus on analysis over original reporting.^[31] In 2012, The Economist was accused of hacking into the computer of Justice Mohammed Nizamul Huq of the Bangladesh Supreme Court, leading to his resignation as the chairman of the International Crimes Tribunal.^{[32] [33]} In August 2015, Pearson sold its 50% stake in the newspaper to the Italian Agnelli family's investment company, Exor, for £469 million (US$531 million) and the paper re-acquired the remaining shares for £182 million ($206 million).^{[34] [35]}

Organisation

Shareholders

Pearson plc held a 50% shareholding via The Financial Times Limited until August 2015. At that time, Pearson sold their share in the Economist. The Agnelli family's Exor paid £287m to raise their stake from 4.7% to 43.4% while the Economist paid £182m for the balance of 5.04m shares which will be distributed to current shareholders. Aside from the Agnelli family, smaller shareholders in the company include Cadbury, Rothschild (21%), Schroder, Layton and other family interests as well as a number of staff and former staff shareholders.^[36] A board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Economist Group. Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was chairman of the company from 1972 to 1989.

Although The Economist has a global emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster.^[37] However, due to half of all subscribers originating in the United States, The Economist has core editorial offices and substantial operations in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington D.C.^[38]

Editor

The editor-in-chief, commonly known simply as "the Editor", of The Economist is charged with formulating the paper's editorial policies and overseeing corporate operations. Since its 1843 founding, the editors have been the following:

1. James Wilson: 1843–1857
2. Richard Holt Hutton: 1857–1861
3. Walter Bagehot: 1861–1877
4. Daniel Conner Lathbury: 1877–1881 (jointly)
5. Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave: 1877–1883 (jointly)
6. Edward Johnstone: 1883–1907^[39]
7. Francis Wrigley Hirst: 1907–1916
8. Hartley Withers: 1916–1921
9. Sir Walter Layton: 1922–1938
10. Geoffrey Crowther: 1938–1956
11. Donald Tyerman: 1956–1965
12. Sir Alastair Burnet: 1965–1974
13. Andrew Knight: 1974–1986
14. Rupert Pennant-Rea: 1986–1993
15. Bill Emmott: 1993–2006
16. John Micklethwait: 2006–2014^[40]
17. Zanny Minton Beddoes: 2015–present^[41]

Tone and voice

Although it has many individual columns, by tradition and current practice the newspaper ensures a uniform voice—aided by the anonymity of writers—throughout its pages,^[42] as if most articles were written by a single author, which may be perceived to display dry, understated wit, and precise use of language.^{[43] [44]} The Economists treatment of economics presumes a working familiarity with fundamental concepts of classical economics. For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage. Articles involving economics do not presume any formal training on the part of the reader and aim to be accessible to the educated layperson. It usually does not translate short French and German quotes or phrases but describes the business or nature of even well-known entities, writing, for example, "Goldman Sachs, an investment bank".^[45] The Economist is known for its extensive use of word play, including puns, allusions, and metaphors, as well as alliteration and assonance, especially in its headlines and captions. This can make it difficult to understand for those who are not native English speakers.^[46]

The Economist has traditionally and historically persisted in referring to itself as a "newspaper",^{[47] [48]} rather than a "news magazine", due to its mostly cosmetic switch from broadsheet to perfect-binding format and its general focus on current affairs as opposed to specialist subjects.^[49] It is legally classified as a newspaper in Britain and the United States.^{[50] [51] [52]} Most databases and anthologies catalogue the weekly as a newspaper printed in magazine- or journal-format.^[53] The Economist differentiates and contrasts itself as a newspaper against their sister lifestyle magazine, 1843, which does the same in turn. Editor Zanny Minton Beddoes clarified the distinction in 2016, saying that "we call it a newspaper because it was founded in 1843, 173 years ago, [when] all [perfect-bound publications] were called newspapers."^[54]

Editorial anonymity

The Economists articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline.^[55] Not even the name of the editor is printed in the issue. It is a long-standing tradition that an editor's only signed article during their tenure is written on the occasion of their departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when journalists of The Economist compile special reports (previously known as surveys); for the Year in Review special edition; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of The Economist editors and correspondents can be located on the media directory pages of the website.^[56] Online blog pieces are signed with the initials of the writer and authors of print stories are allowed to note their authorship from their personal web sites.^[57] One anonymous writer of The Economist observed: "This approach is not without its faults (we have four staff members with the initials 'J.P.', for example) but is the best compromise between total anonymity and full bylines, in our view."^[58] According to one academic study, the anonymous ethos of the weekly has contributed to strengthening three areas for The Economist: collective and consistent voice, talent and newsroom management, and brand strength.^[59]

The editors say this is necessary because "collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists",^[60] and reflects "a collaborative effort".^[61] In most articles, authors refer to themselves as "your correspondent" or "this reviewer". The writers of the titled opinion columns tend to refer to themselves by the title (hence, a sentence in the "Lexington" column might read "Lexington was informed..."). American author and long-time reader Michael Lewis criticised the paper's editorial anonymity in 1991, labelling it a means to hide the youth and inexperience of those writing articles.^[62] Although individual articles are written anonymously, there is no secrecy over who the writers are, as they are listed on The Economist website, which also provides summaries of their careers and academic qualifications.^[63] Later in 2009, Lewis included multiple Economist articles in his anthology about the 2008 financial crisis, .^[64]

John Ralston Saul describes The Economist as a newspaper that "hides the names of the journalists who write its articles in order to create the illusion that they dispense disinterested truth rather than opinion. This sales technique, reminiscent of pre-Reformation Catholicism, is not surprising in a publication named after the social science most given to wild guesses and imaginary facts presented in the guise of inevitability and exactitude. That it is the Bible of the corporate executive indicates to what extent received wisdom is the daily bread of a managerial civilization."^[65]

Features

The Economists primary focus is world events, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Approximately every two weeks, the publication includes an in-depth special report (previously called surveys) on a given topic.^[66] The five main categories are Countries and Regions, Business, Finance and Economics, Science, and Technology. The newspaper goes to press on Thursdays, between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. GMT, and is available at newsagents in many countries the next day. It is printed at seven sites around the world.

Since July 2007, there has also been a complete audio edition of the paper available 9 pm London time on Thursdays.^[67] The audio version of The Economist is produced by the production company Talking Issues. The company records the full text of the newspaper in MP3 format, including the extra pages in the UK edition. The weekly 130 MB download is free for subscribers and available for a fee for non-subscribers. The publication's writers adopt a tight style that seeks to include the maximum amount of information in a limited space.^[68] David G. Bradley, publisher of The Atlantic, described the formula as "a consistent world view expressed, consistently, in tight and engaging prose".^[69]

Letters

The Economist frequently receives letters from its readership in response to the previous week's edition. While it is known to feature letters from senior businesspeople, politicians, ambassadors, and spokespeople, the paper includes letters from typical readers as well. Well-written or witty responses from anyone are considered, and controversial issues frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of corporate social responsibility, published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam, the World Food Programme, United Nations Global Compact, the Chairman of BT Group, an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors.^[70]

In an effort to foster diversity of thought, The Economist routinely publishes letters that openly criticize the paper's articles and stance. After The Economist ran a critique of Amnesty International in its issue dated 24 March 2007, its letters page ran a reply from Amnesty, as well as several other letters in support of the organisation, including one from the head of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.^[71] Rebuttals from officials within regimes such as the Singapore government are routinely printed, to comply with local right-of-reply laws without compromising editorial independence.^[72]

Letters published in the paper are typically between 150 and 200 words long and had the now-discontinued salutation 'Sir' from 1843 to 2015. In the latter year, upon the appointment of Zanny Minton Beddoes, the first female editor, the salutation was dismissed; letters have since had no salutation. Prior to a change in procedure, all responses to online articles were published in "The Inbox".

Columns

The publication runs several opinion columns whose names reflect their topic:

• Bagehot (Britain): named for Walter Bagehot, 19th-century British constitutional expert and early editor of The Economist. Since April 2017 it has been written by Adrian Wooldridge, who succeeded David Rennie.^{[73] [74]}
• Banyan (Asia): named for the banyan tree, this column was established in April 2009 and focuses on various issues across the Asian continent and is written by Dominic Ziegler.
• Bartleby (Work and management): named after the titular character of a Herman Melville short story, this column was established in May 2018. It was written by Philip Coggan until August 2021.
• Buttonwood (Finance): named for the buttonwood tree where early Wall Street traders gathered. Until September 2006 this was available only as an on-line column, but it is now included in the print edition. Since 2018, it is written by John O'Sullivan, succeeding Philip Coggan.^[75]
• Chaguan (China): named for Chaguan, the traditional Chinese Tea houses in Chengdu, this column was established on 13 September 2018.^[76]
• Charlemagne (Europe): named for Charlemagne, Emperor of the Frankish Empire. It is written by Stanley Pignal, the Economist's Brussells bureau chief.^[77] It has previously been written by Jeremy Cliffe^[78] and earlier it was written by David Rennie (2007–2010) and by Anton La Guardia^[79] (2010–2014).
• Johnson (language): named for Samuel Johnson, this column returned to the publication in 2016 and covers language. It is written by Robert Lane Greene.
• Lexington (United States): named for Lexington, Massachusetts, the site of the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. From June 2010 until May 2012, it was written by Peter David, until his death in a car accident.^[80] As of late 2023, the column was written by James Bennet.^[81]
• Schumpeter (Business): named for the economist Joseph Schumpeter, this column was established in September 2009 and is written by Patrick Foulis.
• Free Exchange (Economics): a general economics column, frequently based on academic research, replaced the column Economics Focus in January 2012
• Obituary (recent death): since 2003 it has been written by Ann Wroe.^[82]

TQ

Every three months, The Economist publishes a technology report called Technology Quarterly, or simply, TQ, a special section focusing on recent trends and developments in science and technology.^{[83] [84]} The feature is also known to intertwine "economic matters with a technology".^[85] The TQ often carries a theme, such as quantum computing or cloud storage, and assembles an assortment of articles around the common subject.^{[86] [87]}

1843

See main article: 1843 (magazine). In September 2007, The Economist launched a sister lifestyle magazine under the title Intelligent Life as a quarterly publication. At its inauguration it was billed as for "the arts, style, food, wine, cars, travel and anything else under the sun, as long as it's interesting".^[88] The magazine focuses on analysing the "insights and predictions for the luxury landscape" across the world.^[89] Approximately ten years later, in March 2016, the newspaper's parent company, Economist Group, rebranded the lifestyle magazine as 1843, in honour of the paper's founding year. It has since remained at six issues per year and carries the motto "Stories of An Extraordinary World". Unlike The Economist, the author's names appear next to their articles in 1843.^[90]

1843 features contributions from Economist journalists as well as writers around the world and photography commissioned for each issue. It is seen as a market competitor to The Wall Street Journal's WSJ. and the Financial Times' FT Magazine.^[91] Since its March 2016 relaunch, it has been edited by Rosie Blau, a former correspondent for The Economist.^[92]

The World Ahead

The paper also produces two annual reviews and predictive reports titled The World In [Year] and The World If [Year] as part of their The World Ahead franchise.^[93] In both features, the newspaper publishes a review of the social, cultural, economic and political events that have shaped the year and will continue to influence the immediate future. The issue was described by the American think tank Brookings Institution as "The Economist's annual [150-page] exercise in forecasting".^[94] An Urdu-language version of The World In [Year] in collaboration with The Economist is being distributed by Jang Group in Pakistan.^[95]

Country of the Year

In 2013, The Economist began awarding a 'Country of the Year' in its annual Christmas special editions. Selected by the newspaper, this award recognises the country that was 'most improved' over the preceding year.

!Year!Choice!Notes

2013	Uruguay	For legalising recreational marijuana and same-sex marriage^[96] ^[97]
2014	Tunisia	For a peaceful transition of power amidst the Arab Winter^[98]
2015	Myanmar	For political and economic liberalisation (the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms)^[99]
2016	Colombia	For reaching a peace agreement in the Colombian peace process^[100] ^[101]
2017	France	For supporting "open society" with the election and first calendar year of the Presidency of Emmanuel Macron^[102]
2018	Armenia	For opposing "corruption and incompetence" through the 2018 Armenian Revolution^[103]
2019	Uzbekistan	For economic and political reforms^[104]
2020	Malawi	For increased democratisation as part of the 2020 Malawian presidential election^[105]
2021	Italy	For economic reforms and effective COVID-19 vaccination program^[106]
2022	Ukraine	For resisting the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine^[107]
2023	Greece	For economic reforms and political stability^[108]

Books

In addition to publishing its main newspaper, lifestyle magazine, and special features, The Economist also produces books with topics overlapping with that of its newspaper. The weekly also publishes a series of technical manuals (or guides) as an offshoot of its explanatory journalism. Some of these books serve as collections of articles and columns the paper produces.^[109] Often columnists from the newspaper write technical manuals on their topic of expertise; for example, Philip Coggan, a finance correspondent, authored The Economist Guide to Hedge Funds (2011).^[110]

The paper publishes book reviews in every issue, with a large collective review in their year-end (holiday) issue – published as "The Economist's Books of the Year".^[111] Additionally, the paper has its own in-house stylebook rather than following an industry-wide writing style template.^[112] All Economist writing, and publications follow The Economist Style Guide, in various editions.^{[113] [114]}

Writing competitions

The Economist sponsors a wide array of writing competitions and prizes throughout the year for readers. In 1999, The Economist organised a global futurist writing competition, The World in 2050. Co-sponsored by Royal Dutch/Shell, the competition included a first prize of US$20,000 and publication in The Economists annual flagship publication, The World In.^[115] Over 3,000 entries from around the world were submitted via a website set up for the purpose and at various Royal Dutch Shell offices worldwide. The judging panel included Bill Emmott, Esther Dyson, Sir Mark Moody-Stuart, and Matt Ridley.^[116]

In the summer of 2019, they launched the Open Future writing competition with an inaugural youth essay-writing prompt about climate change.^[117] During this competition the paper accepted a submission from an artificially-intelligent computer writing program.^[118]

Podcasts

Since 2006, The Economist has produced several podcast series.^[119] The podcasts currently in production include:^[120]

• The Intelligence (general news)
• Editor's Picks (audio recordings of published articles)
• Drum Tower (China)
• Babbage (technology)
• Money Talks (finance and business)
• Checks and Balance (American politics)
• The Weekend Intelligence (long-form reports on a single topic)

Additionally, The Economist has produced several limited-run podcast series, such as The Prince (on Xi Jinping), Next Year in Moscow (on Russian emigrants and dissidents following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine), and Boss Class (on business management).

In September 2023, The Economist announced the launch of Economist Podcasts+, a paid subscription service for its podcast offerings.^[121]

Data journalism

The presence of data journalism in The Economist can be traced to its founding year in 1843. Initially, the weekly published basic international trade figures and tables.^{[122] [123]} The paper first included a graphical model in 1847—a letter featuring an illustration of various coin sizes—and its first non-epistolary chart—a tree map visualising the size of coal fields in America and England—was included in November 1854. This early adoption of data-based articles was estimated to be "a 100 years before the field's modern emergence" by Data Journalism.com. Its transition from broadsheet to magazine-style formatting led to the adoption of coloured graphs, first in fire-engine-red during the 1980s and then in a thematic blue in 2001. The Economist's editors and readers developed a taste for more data-driven stories throughout the 2000s. Starting in the late-2000s, the paper began to publish more and more articles that centred solely on charts, some of which were published online every weekday. These "daily charts" are typically followed by a short, 500-word explanation. In September 2009, The Economist launched a Twitter account for their Data Team.^[124]

In 2015, the data-journalism department—a dedicated team of data journalists, visualisers and interactive developers—was created to head up the paper's data journalism efforts.^[125] The team's output soon included election forecasting models, covering the French presidential elections of 2017 and 2022 and the US presidential and congressional elections in 2020, among others. In late-2023, the data team advertised for a political data scientist to bolster its political forecasting efforts. In order to ensure transparency in the team's data collection and analysis The Economist maintains a corporate GitHub account to publicly disclose their models and software wherever possible.^[126] In October 2018, they introduced a "Graphic Detail" featuring large charts and maps in both their print and digital editions which ran until November 2023.^[127]

Indexes

Historically, the publication has also maintained a section of economic statistics, such as employment figures, economic growth, and interest rates. These statistical publications have been found to be seen as authoritative and decisive in British society.^[128] The Economist also publishes a variety of rankings seeking to position business schools and undergraduate universities among each other, respectively. In 2015, they published their first ranking of U.S. universities, focusing on comparable economic advantages. Their data for the rankings is sourced from the U.S. Department of Education and is calculated as a function of median earnings through regression analysis.^[129] Among others, the most well-known data indexes the weekly publishes are:

• The Big Mac Index: a measure of the purchasing power of currencies, first published in 1986, using the price of the hamburger in different countries.^{[130] [131]} This is published twice a year since 2006, annually prior to that.^[132]
• Democracy Index

a measure of the state of democracy in the world, produced by the paper's Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)

• The Glass Ceiling Index: a measure of female equality in the workplace.
• The Most Dangerous Cities Index: a measure of major cities by rates of homicide.
• Commodity-Price Index: a measure of commodities, such as gold and brent oil, as well as agricultural items

Opinions

See main article: The Economist editorial stance.

The editorial stance of The Economist primarily revolves around classical, social, and most notably, economic liberalism. Since its founding, it has supported radical centrism, favouring policies and governments that maintain centrist politics. The newspaper typically champions neoliberalism, particularly free markets, free trade, free immigration, deregulation, and globalisation.^[133] When the newspaper was founded, the term economism denoted what would today be termed "economic liberalism". The activist and journalist George Monbiot has described it as neoliberal while occasionally accepting the propositions of Keynesian economics where deemed more "reasonable".^[134] The weekly favours a carbon tax to fight global warming.^[135] According to one former editor, Bill Emmott, "the Economists philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative".^[136] Alongside other publications such as The Guardian, The Observer and The Independent, it supports the United Kingdom becoming a republic.^[137]

Individual contributors take diverse views. The Economist favours the support, through central banks, of banks and other important corporations. This principle can, in a much more limited form, be traced back to Walter Bagehot, the third editor of The Economist, who argued that the Bank of England should support major banks that got into difficulties. Karl Marx deemed The Economist the "European organ" of "the aristocracy of finance".^[138] The newspaper has also supported liberal causes on social issues such as recognition of gay marriages,^[139] legalisation of drugs,^[140] criticises the U.S. tax model,^[141] and seems to support some government regulation on health issues, such as smoking in public,^[142] as well as bans on smacking children.^[143] The Economist consistently favours guest worker programmes, parental choice of school, and amnesties,^[144] and once published an "obituary" of God.^[145] The Economist also has a long record of supporting gun control.^[146]

In British general elections, The Economist has endorsed the Labour Party (in 2005 and 2024),^{[147] [148]} the Conservative Party (in 2010 and 2015),^{[149] [150]} and the Liberal Democrats (in 2017 and 2019),^{[151] [152]} and supported both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States. The Economist put its stance this way:

In 2008, The Economist commented that Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the president of Argentina at the time, was "Dashing hopes of change, Argentina's new president is leading her country into economic peril and social conflict".^[153] The Economist also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment,^[154] as well as for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse.^[155] Although The Economist initially gave vigorous support for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, it later called the operation "bungled from the start" and criticised the "almost criminal negligence" of the Bush Administration's handling of the Iraq War, while maintaining in 2007 that pulling out in the short term would be irresponsible.^[156] In an editorial marking its 175th anniversary, The Economist criticised adherents to liberalism for becoming too inclined to protect the political status quo rather than pursue reform.^[157] The paper called on liberals to return to advocating for bold political, economic and social reforms: protecting free markets, land and tax reform in the tradition of Georgism, open immigration, a rethink of the social contract with more emphasis on education, and a revival of liberal internationalism.

Circulation

Each of The Economist issues' official date range is from Saturday to the following Friday. The Economist posts each week's new content online at approximately 21:00 Thursday evening UK time, ahead of the official publication date.^[158] From July to December 2019, their average global print circulation was over 909,476, while combined with their digital presence, runs to over 1.6 million. However, on a weekly average basis, the paper can reach up to 5.1 million readers, across their print and digital runs. Across their social media platforms, it reaches an audience of 35 million, as of 2016.^[159]

In 1877, the publication's circulation was 3,700, and in 1920 it had risen to 6,000. Circulation increased rapidly after 1945, reaching 100,000 by 1970. Circulation is audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC). From around 30,000 in 1960 it has risen to near 1 million by 2000 and by 2016 to about 1.3 million.^[160] Approximately half of all sales (54%) originate in the United States with sales in the United Kingdom making 14% of the total and continental Europe 19%.^[161] Of its American readers, two out of three earn more than $100,000 a year. The Economist has sales, both by subscription and at newsagents, in over 200 countries. The Economist once boasted about its limited circulation. In the early 1990s it used the slogan "The Economist – not read by millions of people". Geoffrey Crowther, a former editor, wrote: "Never in the history of journalism has so much been read for so long by so few."^[162]

Censorship

Sections of The Economist criticising authoritarian regimes are frequently removed from the paper by the authorities in those countries. Like many other publications, The Economist is subjected to censorship in Iran. On 15 June 2006, Iran banned the sale of The Economist when it published a map labelling the Persian Gulf simply as Gulf—a choice that derives its political significance from the Persian Gulf naming dispute.^[163]

In a separate incident, the government of Zimbabwe went further and imprisoned The Economists correspondent there, Andrew Meldrum. The government charged him with violating a statute on "publishing untruth" for writing that a woman was decapitated by supporters of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front party. The decapitation claim was retracted,^[164] and allegedly fabricated by the woman's husband. The correspondent was later acquitted, only to receive a deportation order. On 19 August 2013, The Economist disclosed that the Missouri Department of Corrections had censored its issue of 29 June 2013. According to the letter sent by the department, prisoners were not allowed to receive the issue because "1. it constitutes a threat to the security or discipline of the institution; 2. may facilitate or encourage criminal activity; or 3. may interfere with the rehabilitation of an offender".^[165]

See also

• List of business newspapers
• List of newspapers in the United Kingdom

Further reading

• Arrese, Angel (1995), La identidad de The Economist. Pamplona: Eunsa. .
• Edwards, Ruth Dudley (1993), The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993, London: Hamish Hamilton,
• Book: Tungate, Mark . Media Monoliths . Kogan Page Publishers . 2004 . 978-0-7494-4108-1 . 194–206 . The Economist.

Notes and References

1. News: 2 September 2013 . The Economist Is a Newspaper, Even Though It Doesn't Look Like One . Kara. Bloomgarden-Smoke. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809041749/https://observer.com/2013/09/the-economist-is-a-newspaper-even-though-it-doesnt-look-like-one/ . 9 August 2020. Observer.
2. Iber . Patrick . 17 December 2019 . The World the Economist Made . The New Republic . live . 8 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200423122440/https://newrepublic.com/article/155962/liberalism-at-large-book-review-the-economist-magazine . 23 April 2020 . 0028-6583.
3. News: 2 September 2013 . Is The Economist left- or right-wing? . The Economist . live . 24 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170803173727/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-itself-0 . 3 August 2017.
4. News: 13 October 2012 . True Progressivism . The Economist . live . 16 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161015063202/http://www.economist.com/node/21564556 . 15 October 2016.
5. Web site: Zevin . Alexander . 20 December 2019 . Liberalism at Large — how The Economist gets it right and spectacularly wrong . subscription . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/eb87e2f4-ffc9-11e9-a530-16c6c29e70ca . 10 December 2022 . 11 March 2020 . Financial Times.
6. Mishra . Pankaj . Liberalism According to The Economist . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200717193119/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/11/liberalism-according-to-the-economist . 17 July 2020 . 9 April 2020.
7. Web site: 20 February 2024 . The Economist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702090231/https://www.abc.org.uk/product/432 . 2 July 2022 . 29 May 2024 . .
8. Pressman . Matt . 20 April 2009 . Why Time and Newsweek Will Never Be The Economist . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923174211/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/04/when-will-magazines-stop-trying-to-copy-the-economist . 23 September 2020 . 11 March 2020.
9. Web site: Leadership . The Berlin School Of Creative . 1 February 2017 . 10 Journalism Brands Where You Find Real Facts Rather Than Alternative Facts . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200212103721/https://www.forbes.com/sites/berlinschoolofcreativeleadership/2017/02/01/10-journalism-brands-where-you-will-find-real-facts-rather-than-alternative-facts/ . 12 February 2020 . 10 March 2020 . Forbes.
10. News: Peters . Jeremy W. . 8 August 2010 . The Economist Tends Its Sophisticate Garden . . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200614173806/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/business/media/09economist.html . 14 June 2020 . 0362-4331.
11. Web site: Burnell . Ian . 31 January 2019 . Why The Economist swapped its famous elitist marketing for emotional messaging . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809015245/https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2019/01/31/why-the-economist-swapped-its-famous-elitist-marketing-emotional-messaging . 9 August 2020 . 11 March 2020 . The Drum.
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14. Web site: From the Corn Laws to Your Mailbox . The MIT Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20100612061955/http://mitpress.typepad.com/mitpresslog/2007/01/from_corn_laws_.html . 12 June 2010 . 30 January 2007 . 11 June 2010.
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19. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, VI (1852)
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21. Book: Lenin, Vladimir . Bourgeois Philanthropists and Revolutionary Social-Democracy . Lenin Collected Works . Progress Publishers . 1974 . 21 . Moscow . 192–193. 5 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191124100238/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/may/01c.htm . 24 November 2019 . live . Internet Marxists Archive. First published in Sotsial-Demokrat, No. 41, 1 May 1915.
22. The Economist. 28 November 1857. p. 1313.
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30. Entertainment: 50 Best Magazines, Chicago Tribune, 15 June 2006.
31. News: Jon Meacham Wants Newsweek to Be More Like Hayes' Esquire . The New York Observer . dead . 27 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080522125448/http://www.observer.com/node/39374 . 22 May 2008.
32. 8 December 2012 . Discrepancy in Dhaka . live . The Economist . https://web.archive.org/web/20170801193836/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/12/bangladesh . 1 August 2017 . 13 July 2017.
33. Web site: 2012-12-09 . Economist magazine faces contempt in Bangladesh . 2024-07-09 . AP News . en.
34. News: 12 August 2015 . Pearson Unloads $731 Million Stake in the Economist . HuffPost . live . 15 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411215810/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-economist-pearson_n_55cb31f0e4b0923c12beac28?ir=Business&section=business&kvcommref=mostpopular . 11 April 2023.
35. News: West . Karl . 15 August 2015 . The Economist becomes a family affair . The Guardian . London . live . 15 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150815153059/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/aug/15/economist-becomes-a-family-affair-agnellis . 15 August 2015 . Pearson, the education and publishing giant that has held a non-controlling 50% stake since 1928, is selling the holding for £469m. The deal will make Italy's Agnelli family, founders of the Fiat car empire, the largest shareholder ... ..
36. News: 11 August 2015 . Agnellis, Rothschilds close in on Economist . POLITICO . live . 1 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180906/https://www.politico.eu/article/agnellis-rothschilds-close-in-on-economist-magazine-sale-pearson/ . 1 December 2018.
37. News: Jones . Stephen Hugh . 26 February 2006 . So what's the secret of 'The Economist'? . The Independent . London . dead . 27 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170405044734/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/so-whats-the-secret-of-the-economist-347699.html . 5 April 2017.
38. Web site: Locations of The Economist in the United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200410174321/https://www.economistgroup.com/contact/ . 10 April 2020 . 10 March 2020 . www.economistgroup.com.
39. Web site: economist150周年（1993） – 经济学人资料库 – ECO中文网 – Powered by Discuz! Archiver . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150922170122/http://www.ecocn.org/archiver/?tid-2398.html . 22 September 2015 . 29 June 2015.
40. News: Sweney . Mark . 9 December 2014 . John Micklethwait leaving the Economist to join Bloomberg News . The Guardian . live . 13 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013352/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/dec/09/john-micklethwait-leaving-economist-joining-bloomberg . 5 March 2017.
41. Web site: Zanny Minton Beddoes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034204/https://www.weforum.org/people/zanny-minton-beddoes/ . 9 August 2020 . 9 April 2020 . . en.
42. News: 27 September 2011 . Style Guide . The Economist . dead . 8 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130207195439/http://www.economist.com/styleguide/introduction . 7 February 2013.
43. News: The Economist – Tone . The Economist . live . 27 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070107073442/http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=673927 . 7 January 2007.
44. News: Johnson . The Economist . dead . 27 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061219221031/http://www.economist.com/research/johnson/ . 19 December 2006.
45. News: 21 February 2008 . A bank by any other name . The Economist . live . 27 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190827230301/https://www.economist.com/britain/2008/02/21/a-bank-by-any-other-name . 27 August 2019 . 0013-0613.
46. Richard J. Alexander, "Article Headlines in The Economist: An Analysis of Puns, Allusions and Metaphors", Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 11:2:159-177 (1986)
47. News: Somaiya . Ravi . 4 August 2015 . Up for Sale, The Economist Is Unlikely to Alter Its Voice . en-US . The New York Times . live . 11 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411065437/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/business/media/a-sale-of-the-economist-is-unlikely-to-change-its-voice.html . 11 April 2020 . 0362-4331.
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49. Web site: Seriously popular: The Economist now claims to reach 5.3m readers a week in print and online . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211072547/https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/seriously-popular-economist-now-claims-reach-53m-readers-week-print-and-online/ . 11 December 2019 . 22 June 2015 . pressgazette.co.uk.
50. Web site: Ownership . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200426023445/https://www.economistgroup.com/results_and_governance/ownership.html . 26 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . www.economistgroup.com.
51. Web site: Economist Newspaper Group Inc . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411061024/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0345320D:US . 11 April 2020 . 10 March 2020 . Bloomberg.
52. Web site: Ms A Pannelay v The Economist Newspaper Ltd: 3200782/2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411061024/https://www.gov.uk/employment-tribunal-decisions/ms-a-pannelay-v-the-economist-newspaper-ltd-3200782-2018 . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . GOV.UK . en.
53. News: 1843 . The Economist . en . 0013-0613 . 1081684.
54. Web site: TV . Kidspiration . 20 September 2016 . Meeting a Powerful Journalist . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/SCN_TLOw6hU . 30 October 2021 . 10 March 2020 . YouTube.
55. Arrese . Ángel . February 2021 . "The evolution of Anonymity in The Economist" . Media History . 28 . 111–124 . 10.1080/13688804.2021.1888703 . 233977282.
56. News: Media directory . The Economist . live . 25 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120524223216/http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory . 24 May 2012.
57. Web site: 20 November 2008 . Why The Economist has no bylines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081220115743/http://andreaskluth.org/2008/11/20/why-the-economist-has-no-bylines/ . 20 December 2008 . 25 May 2012 . Andreaskluth.org.
58. News: 4 September 2013 . Why are The Economist's writers anonymous? . The Economist . live . 25 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927025426/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-itself-1/ . 27 September 2016.
59. Arrese . Ángel . March 2020 . ""It's Anonymous. It's The Economist". The Journalistic and Business Value of Anonymity" . Journalism Practice . 15 . 4 . 471–488 . 10.1080/17512786.2020.1735489 . 216320039.
60. News: 18 November 2010 . The Economist – About us . The Economist . live . 11 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120611044028/http://www.economist.com/help/about-us . 11 June 2012.
61. Web site: 29 April 2008 . Economist Editor Micklethwait brings his global perspective to the Twin Cities . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080705161308/http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/04/29/1659/economist_editor_micklethwait_brings_his_global_perspective_to_the_twin_cities . 5 July 2008 . 16 September 2008 . MinnPost.com.
62. News: 16 October 1991 . The Economics of the Colonial Cringe: Pseudonomics and the Sneer on the Face of The Economist . The Washington Post . live . 27 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100526075502/http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/1991/10/-quot-the-economics-of-the-colonial-cringe-quot-about-the-economist-magazine-washington-post-1991/7415 . 26 May 2010.
63. News: Media directory . The Economist . live . 31 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424055628/http://mediadirectory.economist.com/ . 24 April 2016.
64. Book: Lewis, Michael M. . Panic: The Story of Modern Financial Insanity . 2009 . W. W. Norton & Company . 978-0-393-06514-5 . en.
65. Book: The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense . .
66. News: Special reports . The Economist . live . 9 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081220163843/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749771 . 20 December 2008.
67. News: Allen . Katie . 11 July 2007 . Economist launches audio magazine . The Guardian . London . live . 21 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170111081641/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jul/11/pressandpublishing.business1 . 11 January 2017.
68. News: The Economist style guide . The Economist . live . 27 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061229165027/http://www.economist.com/research/styleguide/ . 29 December 2006.
69. Web site: A Seven Year Ambition . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081010200210/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlDC/magazines/more_on_atlantic_medias_new_superstar_20765.asp . 10 October 2008 . mediabistro.com.
70. Web site: Compilation: Full text of responses to Economist survey on Corporate Social Responsibility (January–February 2005) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100709161955/http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/542754 . 9 July 2010 . 3 February 2007 . Business & Human Rights.
71. News: 4 April 2007 . Letters: On Amnesty International and human rights, Iraq, tax breaks 4 April 2007 . The Economist . live . 9 November 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071206063732/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8954694 . 6 December 2007.
72. Book: Francis T. Seow . The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited . Lynne Rienner Publishers . 1998 . 978-1-55587-779-8 . 171–175.
73. News: 30 June 2012 . Britain's cheering gloom . The Economist . live . 31 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120911113338/http://www.economist.com/node/21557752 . 11 September 2012.
74. News: 30 June 2010 . Charlemagne moves town . The Economist . live . 26 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140320103918/http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2010/06/charlemagne_moves_town . 20 March 2014.
75. Web site: John O'Sullivan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200419125705/http://mediadirectory.economist.com/people/john-osullivan/ . 19 April 2020 . 31 March 2020 . Economist.
76. News: 13 September 2018 . The Economist's new China column: Chaguan . The Economist website . live . 12 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418051334/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/09/13/the-economists-new-china-column-chaguan . 18 April 2019.
77. Web site: Stanley Pignal. Economist.
78. http://mediadirectory.economist.com/people/Jeremy-Cliffe/ People: Jeremy Cliffe
79. News: 9 June 2011 . Media Directory . The Economist . live . 13 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120612181045/http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory/anton-la-guardia . 12 June 2012.
80. News: 11 May 2012 . Lexington: Peter David . The Economist website . live . 12 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120512011630/http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2012/05/lexington . 12 May 2012.
81. News: 14 December 2023 . 1843 Magazine: When the New York Times lost its way . The Economist website . 14 December 2023.
82. Web site: Fraser . Isabelle . 6 June 2014 . An Interview with Ann Wroe, Obituaries Writer for The Economist . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223130322/http://thehairpin.com/2014/06/an-interview-with-ann-wroe-obituaries-writer-for-the-economist . 23 December 2014 . 21 December 2014 . The Hairpin.
83. News: 1 June 2013 . Technology Quarterly . The Economist . live . 9 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090217230918/http://www.economist.com/science/tq/ . 17 February 2009.
84. Book: Thanopoulos, John . Global Business and Corporate Governance: Environment, Structure, and Challenges . 15 April 2014 . Business Expert Press . 978-1-60649-865-1 . en.
85. Web site: The Economist. Technology Quarterly . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010339/http://biblioteca.uoc.edu/en/resources/resource/economist-technology-quarterly . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . biblioteca.uoc.edu.
86. Web site: 13 March 2017 . The Economist Technology Quarterly: Quantum Technologies and Their Applications . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010326/https://1qbit.com/news/the-economist-technology-quarterly-quantum/ . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . 1QBit . en-CA.
87. Book: Cawsey . T. F. . Toolkit for Organizational Change . Deszca . Gene . 2007 . SAGE . 978-1-4129-4106-8 . en.
88. Web site: FAQs . https://web.archive.org/web/20160324094451/https://www.1843magazine.com/content/faqs . 24 March 2016 . 11 July 2017 . 1843 . The Economist Newspaper Limited.
89. Web site: An Evening at The Economist & 1843 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010329/https://www.thewalpole.co.uk/news/an-evening-at-the-economist-1843/ . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . Walpole . en-US.
90. Web site: Conti . Samantha . 8 March 2016 . 1843, The Economist Unveils a Relaunched, Rebranded Lifestyle Title . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010331/https://wwd.com/business-news/media/1843-the-economist-new-rebranded-magazine-title-10386121/ . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . WWD.
91. Web site: Blunden . Nick . November 2015 . Welcome to 1843 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407021832/https://thoughtthatcounts.economist.com/sites/default/files/Introducing1843.pdf . 7 April 2020 . The Economist Group.
92. News: Atkins . Olivia . 13 March 2019 . The Economist relaunches its lifestyle magazine, 1843 . The Drum . Carnyx Group Limited . live . 4 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183433/https://www.thedrum.com/news/2019/03/13/the-economist-relaunches-its-lifestyle-magazine-1843 . 4 June 2019.
93. Web site: 'The Economist' Releases 'The World In 2020' Issue, Magazine's Circ Expected To Hit 1 Million . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010332/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/343669/the-economist-releases-the-world-in-2020-issue.html . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . www.mediapost.com . en.
94. Web site: Gill . Indermit . 10 April 2020 . The World in 2020, as forecast by The Economist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010635/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/04/10/the-world-in-2020-as-forecast-by-the-economist/ . 11 April 2020 . 11 April 2020 . Brookings . en-US.
95. Web site: Jang Group . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607141109/http://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/jang-group/ . 7 June 2020 . 7 June 2020 . pakistan.mom-rsf.org.
96. Web site: 2013-12-19 . The Economist Recognizes How Awesome Weed-Legalizing Uruguay Is . 2024-01-14 . HuffPost . en.
97. News: Earth's got talent . 2024-01-14 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
98. News: Hope springs . 2024-01-14 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
99. News: Most favoured nation . 2024-01-14 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
100. Web site: The Economist Names Colombia 'Country of the Year' . 2024-01-14 . Finance Colombia . en-US.
101. News: Our country of the year . 2024-01-14 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
102. Web site: 2017-12-21 . France named The Economist's country of the year . 2024-01-14 . France 24 . en.
103. News: 2018-12-19 . Armenia Named The Economist's 'Country Of The Year' . 2024-01-14 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . en.
104. Web site: 2019-12-20 . Uzbekistan Must Now Live Up to "Country of the Year" Honor Human Rights Watch . 2024-01-14 . en.
105. Web site: Malawi Named 'Country of the Year' by The Economist . 2024-01-14 . APTA . en-US.
106. Web site: Vasques . Eleonora . 2021-12-17 . Italy named The Economist's country of the year . 2024-01-14 . www.euractiv.com . en-GB.
107. Web site: 2022-12-20 . The Economist names Ukraine 'country of the year' . 2024-01-14 . Yahoo News . en-US.
108. Web site: 2024-01-03 . Greece hailed again as global economic 'country of the year' . 2024-01-14 . euronews . en.
109. Book: Woe, Ann . The Economist Book of Obituaries . November 2008 . Wiley . 978-1-57660-326-0 . en . 22 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809013200/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/138238085/the-economist-book-of-obituaries . 9 August 2020 . live.
110. Book: Coggan, Philip . The Economist Guide to Hedge Funds . 30 June 2011 . Profile . 978-1-84765-037-5 . en.
111. Web site: The Economist's books of the year . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809040310/https://history.stanford.edu/news/economist%E2%80%99s-books-year . 9 August 2020 . 22 April 2020 . history.stanford.edu.
112. Web site: Stevenson . Cambell . 8 January 2006 . Observer review: The Economist Syle Guide . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809105906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jan/08/referenceandlanguages.features . 9 August 2020 . 22 April 2020 . The Guardian . en.
113. Web site: Chibber . Kabir . 14 December 2014 . We compared The Economist's very British style guide to Bloomberg's, and it was quite amusing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053440/https://qz.com/312092/we-compared-the-economist-very-british-style-guide-to-bloombergs-and-it-was-quite-amusing/ . 9 August 2020 . 22 April 2020 . Quartz . en.
114. Web site: Joshi . Yateendra . 19 March 2014 . The Economist Style Guide, 10th edition . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104013/https://www.editage.com/insights/the-economist-style-guide-10th-edition . 9 August 2020 . 22 April 2020 . Editage Insights . en.
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