| The Devil's Daughter | |
| Director: | Frank Powell |
| Producer: | William Fox |
| Based On: | [1] |
| Starring: |
|
| Cinematography: | David Calcagni, chief Caesar Ponci Arthur Boeger[2] |
| Distributor: | Fox Film Corporation |
| Runtime: | 5 reels (approximately 65 minutes) |
| Country: | United States |
| Language: | Silent with English intertitles |
The Devil's Daughter is a lost 1915 American silent drama film directed by Frank Powell and starring Theda Bara. Based on the 1899 play La Gioconda by Italian writer Gabriele D'Annunzio, this updated adaptation portrayed the story of vengeful woman—a "vamp"—who uses her beauty and sensuality to lure a young man to ruin, destroying both his marriage and his career as an artist. The film was produced by Fox Film Corporation and shot at the company's studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey and on location in St. Augustine, Florida.[3] [4]
The Library of Congress includes the film among the National Film Preservation Board's updated 2019 list of "7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films" produced between 1912 and 1929.[5] [6]
The story, set in contemporary Italy, portrays the destruction of a young couple's marriage caused by Gioconda Dianti, a beautiful but highly vindictive young woman. After being deserted by her former lover Luigi, she longs for revenge and vows, "As this man has done to me, so shall I do to all men. From now on my heart is ice, my passion consuming fire. Let men beware."[7] She then acts on that pledge and dedicates herself to seducing and ruining the lives of men she meets. Soon she focuses her spiteful intentions on Lucio Sattella, a talented sculptor she encounters on a beach. Gioconda quickly manages to charm her way into his life by visiting Lucio's studio and agreeing to model for his masterpiece, a statue of a sphinx. Her flirtatious manner and enticing looks quickly captivate the artist, who is already married but falls hopelessly in love with her, so much so that he abandons his wife Silvia and their three-year-old daughter Beata.
Later, torn by the emotional stresses of his lust for Gioconda, his love of art, and guilt for leaving his family, a despondent Lucio attempts suicide. He shoots himself but survives. Silvia then nurses her severely wounded husband back to health; nevertheless, he returns to Gioconda. Enraged with jealousy and now desperate, Silvia confronts the sinister interloper in Lucio's studio, where the "vamp" continues to ridicule Silvia's efforts to win back her husband. A struggle between the two women ensues as Gioconda attempts to destroy Lucio's sculpture. The sphinx statue is knocked over, falls on Silvia, and crushes and maims her hands. Finally, the crippled wife discards any lingering devotion she has to Lucio and leaves him. Tormented by remorse and his rising hatred for the ruthless siren who has ruined his life, the once hopeful artist descends into madness, becoming a "raving maniac". As for Gioconda's fate, she too "suffers a fearful end".[8]
According to the film's 1915 copyright registration (LP6036), "scenarist" Joseph H. Trant based his storyline on the translated Broadway version of D'Annunzio's La Gioconda, which premiered in New York on November 4, 1902.[10] [8] From the outset of Fox Film's planning for its screen adaptation, no one other than Theda Bara was considered to play the title role. In fact, numerous sources in 1915 report that one of the conditions that D'Annunzio insisted on in selling the rights of his 1899 play to Fox was that the studio guaranteed Bara would star in its film.[11] [12] Throughout production, the working title used for the film by Fox was simply "The Vampire", a title that trade publications often cited in their news items and updates about the "photoplay's" development in the weeks prior to its release.[11]
The Devil’s Daughter was filmed during the latter half of April and May 1915, with some interior and backlot scenes shot at Fox's studio facilities in New Jersey, which were located near the corner of Main Street and Linwood Avenue in Fort Lee.[13] After shooting needed scenes there, Director Powell in early May left New Jersey by train, taking his cast and crew on location to St. Augustine, Florida. Production setups around that city proved to be uncomfortable physically for the company and challenging at times for filming.[11] Trade publications in 1915 informed their readers that the actors and support personnel had to endure high temperatures and painful sunburns, as well as cope with poisonous snakes, sharks, and large sand crabs that were "liable to nip your toes off".[11] "On the day of their arrival in the subtropical city", reports Motion Picture News, "the thermometer registered 96 degrees."[11] The trade journal also mentions that Bara's initial attempt to escape the heat by swimming in the ocean was cut short by the sudden appearance of "well-known triangular black fins" cutting through the water.[11] In addition, while she and other cast waited on the beach, Powell and his camera crew began scouting the surrounding area for additional locations to film outdoor scenes, but they were "compelled to sacrifice some of their very best backgrounds" due to the "prevalence of moccasin snakes".[11]
Along with taking landscape and ocean footage near St. Augustine, Powell's crew filmed scenes at the mansion and grounds of the Villa Flora, the home of a Dr. Garnett.[14] They also used the Hotel Ponce De Leon and the Hotel Alcazar as settings for additional scenes.[14] [15] When not rehearsing, filming, or scouting other locations, the cast and crew spent time in their accommodations at the Hotel Marion, where its proprietors—Mr. and Mrs. Henry Muller—placed their "85-foot motor yacht, Hilda, at the disposal of Frank Powell".[14] A news item in the popular entertainment paper Variety documents that the director and his company had returned to New Jersey from Florida by May 28. Powell then began final editing and completed other post-production tasks before Fox released the film in mid-June.[16]
Promotion of the film in 1915 included not only widespread advertisements and commentaries in newspapers and trade publications but also personal appearances by some cast members. In its issue of June 25—nine days after the film's release—Variety announces that Bara's costar, Paul Doucet, would be presenting a lecture in her hometown, Cincinnati, Ohio. The theme of his talk, states the paper, would be "on how d'Annunzio's 'Gioconda,' now called 'The Devil's Daughter,' was made" and would be presented when the film opened "at the Grand [Opera House] in a few days".[17] Yet, public interest in the film and specific interest in Bara, "the vampire woman", extended well beyond lectures and special appearances by its cast; it also prompted some state censor boards to ban the motion picture entirely from their communities or to cut substantial parts from it they deemed unacceptable. Two states in particular, Ohio and Kansas, drew significant media coverage during the summer and early fall of 1915 for their efforts to prevent or limit the public's exposure to the film. In a news item dated June 30 and titled "'Devil's Daughter' Censored", Variety updates its subscribers on the situation in Cincinnati:Following the midnight screening at his theater, the Grand's manager and the secretary of Cincinnati's retail association traveled to Columbus on June 28 "to protest" the censors' cuts to the film and to ask authorities at the state capital "to reconsider" their order. The businessmen's appeal resulted in some success. The state board of censors, in response to their visit and to mounting criticism of the board's actions by Ohio citizens, agreed to allow theaters to present the film with fewer deletions, reducing their cut order from 1,800 feet to 300 feet.[18] The same scenario over censorship of the film occurred in Cleveland, including a private viewing of it. The select audience there, however, even included that city's police officers, all of whom gave their "hearty approval of the film" after seeing it and were "astonished" that Ohio's "censors had chopped it."[19] [20]
While artistic and retail interests battled censors in Ohio, the full film was screened without incident in some other states but did confront censorship elsewhere. The Chicago-based film journal Motography reported in September 1915 that the Fox production had been widely shown in Oklahoma "without shocking public morals."[21] Kansas, though, banned the film from being shown anywhere in the state. Its three-member board of review, including Carrie Simpson from the town of Paola, had also "barred and forbidden" several other films after its action against The Devil's Daughter.[21] [22] According to Motography, the increasing restrictions placed on the content of various motion pictures by Kansas had been "bitterly condemned by film producers and exhibitors" but the state's total "ban on 'The Devil's Daughter' aroused the flame of resentment to white heat."[21]
Despite the controversies surrounding the film in some locations, the motion picture in 1915 received generally positive reviews in newspapers and trade publications. Bara herself is the focus in most of those reviews, for in the months prior to the release of The Devil's Daughter she had greatly increased her celebrity in three other Fox releases, most notably by her performance in A Fool There Was, which was also directed by Frank Powell. Like that film, The Devil's Daughter again showcased Bara as a femme fatale, a "vamp" who lures men with her exotic beauty and sexuality and then drains them—not of their actual blood like the vampire character developed by Irish novelist Bram Stoker—only of their will and complete ability to resist her control. In assessing Bara's return to that role, the critic for Motion Picture News, George Proctor, recognizes in his review her screen appeal and its association with the film's artistry. He also commends the performances of several other cast members:
Many newspapers across the country in 1915 also complimented the film and the power of Bara's sultry portrayal of Gioconda. The Arizona Republican on July 26 describes the production as a "beautiful picture", adding "It is a five reel film of surpassing strength, more enthralling than 'A Fool There Was'".[23] The newspaper also sums up Bara's role, characterizing it as "a veritable daughter of the devil, breaking up homes, alienating husbands and wives and wrecking the lives of promising young men."[23] In Connecticut the Hartford Courant judged the film to be "one of the most sensational pictures ever made", while in Georgia The Atlanta Constitution viewed it as a "wonderful story" with an "exceptionally strong" cast.[24] [25] Various comments in newspapers about the film's impressive "European" settings also testify to Powell's success in using St. Augustine as a shooting location. In addition to admiring Bara's performance and her "French mannerisms", The Minneapolis Morning Tribune commended the production's overall screen presentation, noting that its "luxuriant tropical surroundings and Italian gardens make a surpassingly beautiful picture".[26] The reviewer for The Pittsburgh Gazette Times agreed and asserted, "The artistic environment of Rome predominates every exterior scene."[27]
Certainly, in connection to the restrictions and bans being imposed on the film by some state authorities, there were a host of related negative comments about the melodrama, such as those made by one detractor in Ohio who deemed it "outrageous" and possessing no moral other than "illustrating the vile effects that a vampire has upon men's homes".[28] In contrast to the earlier positive comments about the film in The Atlanta Constitution, another reviewer in the newspaper's edition of July 11, "Pansy Painfall", criticizes the production's "overdone theatrics" and takes issue with Bara's screen appeal:
Also, not all film-industry publications supported the photoplay. The Moving Picture World labeled it a "poor imitation" of A Fool There Was and hampered by a "wearisome" plot with overly dramatic scenes that at one point "brought a general laugh from the large audience at a private showing" in New York.[29]
A small number of film stills from the production and some photographs of the cast on location in St. Augustine can be found in 1915 newspapers and trade journals, but no footage of The Devil's Daughter or fragments of negatives or prints from any of its five reels are known to be preserved among the extensive holdings of the Library of Congress, the George Eastman Museum, the film collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the holdings of the UCLA Film and Television Archive, or in European film repositories.[30] This motion picture is therefore "presumed lost".[1]
In Little Ferry, New Jersey in July 1937, a catastrophic fire destroyed more than 40,000 reels of negatives and prints at a storage facility for 20th Century Fox. Many of the films featuring Theda Bara were among those extensive losses.