| Angel Makers of Nagyrév | |
| Native Name: | |
| Nationality: | Hungarian |
| Years Active: | 1914–1929 |
| Criminal Charge: | Murder |
| Conviction Penalty: | 8 death sentences, only 2 of which were carried out; 12 others imprisoned |
| Targets: | abusive or unwanted relatives |
| Fatalities: | 40–300 men |
| Weapons: | Arsenic |
| Apprehended: | 1929 |
The Angel Makers of Nagyrév ("Tiszazug poison-mixers") were a group of women living in the village of Nagyrév, Hungary, who poisoned to death an estimated 40–100 men between 1914 and 1929.[1] [2] They were supplied arsenic and encouraged to use it by a local midwife named Zsuzsanna Fazekas, née Oláh (Fazekas Gyuláné Oláh Zsuzsanna), wife of Gyula Fazekas. Their story is the subject of the documentary film The Angelmakers[3] [4] [5] and the feature film Hukkle.[6]
Fazekas was a middle-aged midwife who arrived in Nagyrév in 1911,[7] with her husband already missing without explanation. Between 1911 and 1921, she was imprisoned ten times for performing illegal abortions but was consistently acquitted by judges supporting abortion.
In Hungarian society at that time, the future husband of a teenage bride was selected by her family and she was forced to accept her parents' choice. Divorce was not allowed even if the husband was an alcoholic or abusive.[8] During World War I, when able-bodied men were sent to fight for Austria-Hungary, rural Nagyrév was an ideal location for holding Allied prisoners of war. With POWs having limited freedom within the village, the women living there often had one or more foreign lovers while their husbands were away.[9] When the men returned, despite their wife's affairs, many decided to return to their previous way of life, creating a volatile situation. At this time, Fazekas began secretly persuading women who wished to escape this situation to poison their husbands using arsenic made by boiling flypaper and skimming off the lethal residue.[10] [11]
After murdering their husbands, some of the women went on to poison their parents, who had become a burden to them, or to get hold of their inheritance. Others poisoned their lovers, some even their sons. The midwife allegedly asked the poisoners, "Why put up with them?"[12] [13]
The first poisoning in Nagyrév took place in 1911; it was not the work of Fazekas. The deaths of other husbands, children, and family members soon followed. The poisonings became a fad, and by the mid-1920s, Nagyrév earned the nickname "the murder district". There were an estimated 45–50 murders over the 18 years that Fazekas lived in the district. She was the closest thing to a doctor the village had, and her cousin was the clerk who filed all the death certificates, allowing the murders to go undetected.[14]
Three conflicting accounts have been cited to explain how the Angel Makers were eventually detected. In one, Szabó, one of the Angel Makers, was caught in the act by two visitors who survived her poisoning attempts. She pointed a finger at a woman with the surname Bukenoveski, who in turn named Fazekas. In another account, a medical student in a neighbouring town found high arsenic levels in a body that washed up on the riverbank, leading to an investigation. However, according to Béla Bodó, a Hungarian-American historian and author of the first scholarly book on the subject, the murders were finally made public in 1929 when an anonymous letter to the editor of a small local newspaper accused women from the Tiszazug region of the country of poisoning family members.
Authorities exhumed dozens of corpses from the local cemetery.[15] 34 women and one man were indicted. Afterwards, 26 of the Angel Makers were tried, among them Fazekas. Eight were sentenced to death, but only two were executed. Another twelve received prison sentences.[16]