Thai Braille and Lao Braille (Lao: ອັກສອນເບຣລລ໌) are the braille alphabets of the Thai language and Lao language. Thai Braille was adapted by Genevieve Caulfield, who knew both English and Japanese Braille. Unlike the print Thai alphabet, which is an abugida, Thai and Lao Braille have full letters rather than diacritics for vowels. However, traces of the abugida remain: Only the consonants are based on the international English and French standard, while the vowels are reassigned and the five vowels transcribed a e i o u are taken from Japanese Braille.
Thai and Lao Braille run as follows:[1] [2] [3]
Consonants follow English and international conventions except where, as in b and f, there is interference from the Japanese-derived vowels. Low-tone-class kh, ng, ch, s, th, f are derived from English Braille k, g, st, s, th, f by adding dot 6. B and low ph are derived from high ph through reflection; p is a superposition of b and ph; the three consonants had been transcribed b, bp, p in Caulfield's day.
| -- row --> | ก k | ข kh | ฃ *kh | ค kh | ฅ *kh | ฆ kh | ง ng < | -- /thai --> | ກ k | ຂ kh | ຄ kh | ງ ng < | -- /lao --> | - align=center !Braille | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | จ c | ฉ ch | ช ch | ซ s | ฌ ch | ญ y < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | ຈ ch | ຊ s | ຢ y < | -- /lao --> | - align=center | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | ฎ d | ฏ t | ฐ th | ฑ th | ฒ th | ณ n < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | - align=center | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | ด d | ต t | ถ th | ท th | ธ th | น n < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | ດ d | ຕ t | ຖ th | ທ th | ນ n < | -- /lao --> | - align=center | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | บ b | ป p | ผ ph | ฝ f | พ ph | ฟ f | ภ ph | ม m < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | ບ b | ປ p | ຜ ph | ຝ f | ພ ph | ຟ f | ມ m < | -- /lao --> | - align=center | ||||||||||||||||||
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | ย y | ร r | ล l | ว w | ศ s | ษ s | ส s | ห h < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | ຍ ⁿy | ຣ r | ລ l | ວ w | ສ s | ຫ h < | -- /lao --> | - align=center | |||||||||||||||||||
| < | -- row --> | - align=center | อ ' | ฬ l | ฮ h < | -- /thai --> | - align=center | ອ ' | ຮ h < | -- /lao --> | - align=center | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In Thai, h is prefixed to low-class nasal stops and non-plosives ng y n m r l w to move them to the high-tone class. Lao has the same system for similar characters ng ny n m l w.
The short vowels transcribed a e i o u are taken from Japanese Braille, and the long vowels ā ē ī ō ū are derived from these. ǫ is French and international o, and eu/ue is French œ. The other vowels have little recognizable connection to other braille alphabets.
All vowels are written after the consonant in braille, regardless of their order in print. Although the vowels have different forms in print, depending on their environment, they have a single form in braille with few exceptions (short a and in Lao short o).
| ◌ะ a ◌ະ | ◌า ā ◌າ | ิ i ◌ິ | ี ī ◌ີ | ึ eu ◌ຶ | ื e͞u ◌ື | ุ u * | ู ū ◌ູ |
| ั a ◌ັ | แ◌ a͞e ແ◌ | เ◌ ē ເ◌ | โ◌ ō ໂ◌ | ◌อ ǭ ◌ໍ | เ◌าะ ǫ ເ◌າະ | เ◌อ o͞e ເ◌ີ | |
| ำ am ◌ໍາ | ไ◌ ai ໄ◌ | ใ◌ ai ໃ◌ | เ◌า ao ເ◌ົາ | ัว ūa ◌ົວ | เีย īa ເ◌ຍ | เือ e͞ua ເ◌ືອ | |
| ฤ rue | ฦ lue |
|
| ◌ຽ oi | |||
*Lao has reassigned to ◌ົ o and moved ◌ຸ u to .
When is used in print to indicate a short vowel, is appended to the vowel in braille. ฤๅ and ฦๅ are written as ฤ or ฦ plus า in braille. The one irregularity in Thai, also found in Lao, is for short ǫ, written in braille though not in print as the short variant of –อ long ǭ. Lao has additional, similar regularization of print conventions: for short ເ◌ິ oe, and similarly the braille short sign for a different print diacritic in short ເ◌ຶອ eua and ເ◌ັຍ ia.
| ์ | ๆ | ็ ฺ | ฯ | ฯลฯ | ◌̊ | |
| ໆ | ||||||
| silent characters | denotes short vowel | etc. | anusvara | |||
The short sign (็) is also used for the rarer virama (ฺ).
Numbers are the same as in other braille alphabets, though dot six is prefixed to the to specify that they're Thai or Lao digits. Thus, a sequence of numbers begins with .
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai Numerals | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ | ๐ | |
| Lao Numerals | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ | ໐ | |
| Braille |
Single (though not paired) clause-final punctuation may introduced with, but is otherwise as in English Braille.
There is some variability in the use of the to mark stop/period, comma, and the exclamation point. Thai Braille seems to use for the comma, while Lao Braille uses, unless the latter is a copy error in Unesco (2013).
| “ ... ” | (...) | ........ | ----- | |
| ... | ... |
| Braille | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai | Thai: วิ | Thai: กิ | Thai: พี | Thai: เดีย | |
| Lao | Lao: ວິ | Lao: ກິ | Lao: ພີ | Lao: ເດຍ |