Textual variants in the New Testament explained

Textual variants in the New Testament manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the New Testament has included study of its textual variants.

Some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said").

Origen, writing in the 3rd century, was one of the first who made remarks about differences between manuscripts of texts that were eventually collected as the New Testament. He declared his preferences among variant readings. For example, in Matthew 27:16–17,[1] he favored "Barabbas" against "Jesus Barabbas"[2] In John 1:28,[3] he preferred "Bethabara" over "Bethany" as the location where John was baptizing.[4] "Gergeza" was preferred over "Geraza" or "Gadara".[5] At Hebrews 2:9,[6] Origen noticed two different readings: "apart from God" and "by the grace of God".

John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus,[7] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."[8] Eberhard Nestle estimated this number in 1897 as 150,000–200,000 variants.[9] In 2005, Bart D. Ehrman reported estimates from 200,000 to 400,000 variants based on 5,700 Greek and 10,000 Latin manuscripts, various other ancient translations, and quotations by the Church Fathers.[10] In 2014 Eldon J. Epp raised the estimate as high as 750,000.[11] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.[12]

Since 1981, in a system developed and introduced by Kurt and Barbara Aland in their textbook The Text of the New Testament, Greek New Testament manuscripts have commonly been categorized into five groups.

Below is an abbreviated list of textual variants in the New Testament.

Variants

This running list of textual variants is nonexhaustive, and is continually being updated in accordance with the modern critical publications of the Greek New Testament — United Bible Societies' Fifth Revised Edition (UBS5) published in 2014, Novum Testamentum Graece: Nestle-Aland 28th Revised Edition of the Greek New Testament (NA28) published in 2012, and Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior (ECM) last published in 2017 — and supplemented by nonmodern publications wherever applicable, including those of Hodges & Farstad, Greeven, Lachmann, Legg, Merk, Nestle-Aland editions 25–27, Aland's Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (SQE), Souter, Swanson, Tischendorf, Tregelles, von Soden, and Westcott & Hort.

Gospel of Matthew

See main article: Gospel of Matthew.

Gospel of Mark

See main article: Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark.

Gospel of Luke

See main article: Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke.

Gospel of John

See main article: Textual variants in the Gospel of John.

Acts of the Apostles

See main article: Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles.

Epistle to the Romans

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans.

First Epistle to the Corinthians

See main article: Textual variants in the First Epistle to the Corinthians.

Second Epistle to the Corinthians

See main article: Textual variants in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians.

Epistle to the Galatians

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians.

Epistle to the Ephesians

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Ephesians.

Epistle to the Philippians

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians.

Epistle to the Colossians

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Colossians.

First Epistle to the Thessalonians

See main article: Textual variants in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians.

Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

See main article: Textual variants in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians.

First Epistle to Timothy

See main article: Textual variants in the First Epistle to Timothy.

Second Epistle to Timothy

See main article: Textual variants in the Second Epistle to Timothy.

Epistle to Titus

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus.

Epistle to Philemon

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to Philemon.

Epistle to the Hebrews

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle to the Hebrews.

Epistle of James

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle of James.

First Epistle of Peter

See main article: Textual variants in the First Epistle of Peter.

Second Epistle of Peter

See main article: Textual variants in the Second Epistle of Peter.

First Epistle of John

See main article: Textual variants in the First Epistle of John.

Second Epistle of John

See main article: Textual variants in the Second Epistle of John.

Third Epistle of John

See main article: Textual variants in the Third Epistle of John.

Epistle of Jude

See main article: Textual variants in the Epistle of Jude.

Book of Revelation

See main article: Textual variants in the Book of Revelation.

See also

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. 27:16–17 NASB
  2. Origen, Commentary on Matthew, ser. 121
  3. 1:28
  4. Origen, Commentary on John VI.40 (24)
  5. Origen, Commentary on John VI.40 (24) – see 8:28 NASB
  6. 2:9
  7. Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
  8. Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
  9. E. Nestle, Einfürung in das Griechische Neue Testament, p. 23.
  10. Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 87-89
  11. Eldon J. Epp, "Why Does New Testament Textual Criticism Matter?," Expository Times 125 no. 9 (2014), p. 419.
  12. Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113