Texas General Land Office Explained

Agency Name:Texas General Land Office
Seal:Texas General Land Office seal.png
Jurisdiction:Texas public lands
Headquarters:Stephen F. Austin State Office Building
1700 N. Congress Ave
Austin, Texas 78701
Coordinates:30.2794°N -97.7394°W
Chief1 Name:Dawn Buckingham
Chief1 Position:Land Commissioner

The Texas General Land Office (GLO) is a state agency of the U.S. state of Texas, responsible for managing lands and mineral rights properties that are owned by the state. The GLO also manages and contributes to the state's Permanent School Fund. The agency is headquartered in the Stephen F. Austin State Office Building in Downtown Austin.[1]

Role and remit

The General Land Office's main role is to manage Texas's publicly owned lands, by negotiating and enforcing leases for the use of the land, and sometimes by making sales of public lands. Royalties and proceeds from land sales are added to the state's Permanent School Fund, which helps to fund public education within the state.[2] The agency is also responsible for keeping records of land grants and titles and for issuing maps and surveys of public lands.[3] The agency also manages federal disaster recovery grant funding.[4]

Since 2011 the GLO has managed The Alamo in San Antonio. The management of The Alamo was transferred to the General Land Office after allegations of mismanagement were directed at the prior manager, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.[5]

History

The Congress of the Republic of Texas established the General Land Office on 22 December 1836 (making the GLO the oldest existing Texas public agency).[6] The agency's constitutional purpose was to "superintend, execute, and perform all acts touching or respecting the public lands of Texas."[7] Since its establishment the agency has been located in Austin, although a relocation to Houston was briefly attempted during the Texas Archive War. One former home of the GLO, the Old Land Office Building, is a registered historic place and now serves as the Texas State Capitol Visitor's Center.

When the State of Texas was annexed into the United States in 1845, it kept control of all of its public lands from its time as a sovereign state.[8] As a result, Texas is the only public land state in the US to control all of its own public lands;[7] all federal lands in Texas were acquired by purchase (e.g. military bases), donation (e.g. national parks) or eminent domain.

Texas's public lands were significantly enlarged by the US Submerged Lands Act of 1953 and the resolution of the ensuing Tidelands Controversy. Because Texas's historical territorial waters originated with the Republic, the US Supreme Court ruled in the 1960 case United States v. Louisiana that Texas was in the unique position of owning territory out to three leagues (9 geographical miles which is nearly exactly 9 nautical miles, 10.35 statute miles, 16.66 km) from its coastline (significantly more than the three geographical miles controlled by other coastal states). All of these lands (and the oil and gas deposits beneath them) are managed by the General Land Office.

Texas Land Commissioner

Post:Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office
Incumbent:Dawn Buckingham
Incumbentsince:January 10, 2023
Style:The Honorable
Termlength:Four years, no term limits
Formation:Texas Constitution

The head of the General Land Office is the Texas Land Commissioner, a statewide public official. Since a 1972 constitutional amendment, Texas state-wide officers–including the Commissioner–have been elected every four years, prior to which they were elected every two years. The current land commissioner is Dawn Buckingham, who was elected on 8 November 2022.

Party! scope="col"
Land Commissioner
Democratic20
Republican6
! scope="col"
ImageNameTerm of servicePolitical party
1John P. BordenAugust 23, 1837 – December 12, 1840[9]
2 (interim) H. W. RaglinDecember 12, 1840 – January 4, 1841
3Thomas W. WardJanuary 4, 1841 – March 20, 1848[10]
The Republic of Texas is admitted into the United States as the State of Texas (December 29, 1845)
4George W. SmythMarch 20, 1848 – August 4, 1851
Defeated Ward in 1848 election
Democratic
5Stephen CrosbyAugust 4, 1851 – March 1, 1858[11] Democratic
6Francis M. WhiteMarch 1, 1858 – March 1, 1862Democratic
5Stephen CrosbyMarch 1, 1862 – September 1, 1865Democratic
6Francis M. WhiteSeptember 1, 1865 – August 7, 1866Democratic
5Stephen CrosbyAugust 7, 1866 – August 27, 1867
Removed from office by Reconstruction military government
Democratic
7Joseph SpenceAugust 27, 1867 – January 19, 1870Republican[12]
8Jacob KuechlerJanuary 19, 1870 – January 20, 1874Republican
9Johann J. GroosJanuary 20, 1874 – June 15, 1878
Died in office
Democratic
10W. C. WalshJune 15, 1878 – January 10, 1887
Appointed by Governor Richard B. Hubbard to remainder of Groos' term[13]
Democratic
11Richard M. HallJanuary 10, 1887 – January 16, 1891Democratic[14]
12W. L. McGaugheyJanuary 16, 1891 – January 16, 1895Democratic[15]
13Andrew J. BakerJanuary 15, 1895 – January 16, 1899Democratic[16]
14George W. FingerJanuary 16, 1899 – May 4, 1899
Died in office[17]
Democratic
15Charles RoganMay 15, 1899 – January 10, 1903
Appointed by Governor Joseph Sayers to replace Finger; subsequently elected[18]
Democratic
16John J. TerrellJanuary 10, 1903 – January 11, 1909Democratic
17James T. RobisonJanuary 11, 1909 – September 8, 1929[19]
Died in office
Democratic
18J. H. WalkerSeptember 12, 1929 – January 1, 1937
Appointed by Governor Dan Moody to replace Robison; elected in 1930; re-elected in 1932 and 1934; did not stand in 1936
Democratic
19William H. McDonaldJanuary 1, 1937 – January 1, 1939Democratic
20Bascom GilesJanuary 1, 1939 – January 5, 1955
Re-elected in 1954 but failed to take oath of office due to Veterans' Land Board scandal, for which he went on to serve 3 years in prison
Democratic
21James Earl RudderJanuary 5, 1955 – February 1, 1958
Appointed by Governor Alan Shivers to replace Giles; elected in 1956; resigned in 1958
Democratic
22Bill AllcornFebruary 1, 1958 – January 1, 1961
Appointed by Governor Price Daniel to replace Rudder; elected in 1958
Democratic
23Jerry SadlerJanuary 1, 1961 – January 1, 1971Democratic
24Bob ArmstrongJanuary 12, 1971 – January 4, 1983Democratic
25Garry MauroJanuary 1, 1983 – January 5, 1999Democratic
26David DewhurstJanuary 19, 1999 – January 21, 2003Republican
27Jerry E. PattersonJanuary 21, 2003 – January 2, 2015Republican
28George P. BushJanuary 2, 2015 – January 10, 2023Republican
29Dawn BuckinghamJanuary 10, 2023 – presentRepublican

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Locations and Hours. Texas General Land Office. 14 May 2015.
  2. News: Satija . Neena . October 28, 2014 . All Eyes on Land Office if George P. Bush Wins . . 14 May 2015.
  3. Web site: History of the Texas General Land Office. Texas General Land Office. 14 May 2015.
  4. Web site: Texas GLO - Community Development & Revitalization. 2022-01-21. The Texas General Land Office, George P. Bush - Commissioner.
  5. News: Control of Alamo Begins to Shift Away From DRT. Beth. Brown. 26 July 2011. Texas Tribune. 14 May 2015.
  6. Web site: Welcome to the Texas General Land Office!. Texas General Land Office. 14 May 2015.
  7. Web site: GENERAL LAND OFFICE. John G.. Johnson. 15 June 2010. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 14 May 2015.
  8. Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, . Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, .
  9. Web site: Todd . William N. . Knape . Gerald . 1952 . Borden, John Pettit . 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  10. Web site: 1952 . Ward, Thomas William (1807–1872). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  11. Book: Three Centuries on the Land: The Archives of the Texas General Land Office . Texas General Land Office . 2012 . 18 . PDF.
  12. Web site: 1952 . Spence, Joseph (1826–1894). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  13. Web site: 1952 . Walsh, William C. (1836–1924). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  14. Web site: 1952 . Hall, Richard Moore (1851–1917). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  15. Web site: 1952 . McGaughey, William L. (1837–1912). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  16. Web site: 1952 . Baker, Andrew Jackson (1842–1912). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  17. Web site: 1952 . Finger, George W. (1857–1899). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  18. Web site: 1952 . Rogan, Charles (1858–1932). 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.
  19. Web site: Harper . Cecil Jr . 1952 . Robison, James Thomas . 2024-02-09 . Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) . en.