| Type: | Aztec |
| Coatlicue | |
| Deity Of: | Mother of the deities Goddess of fertility, patroness of life and death, guide of rebirth |
| Other Names: | Tēteoh īnnan, "the deities, their mother"; Ilamatēuctli, "old mistress"; Tonāntzin, "our mother"; Tocih, "our grandmother"; Cōzcamiyāuh, "corn tassel necklace"; Cihuācōātl, "snake woman"; Cōātlāntonān, "our mother of Coatlan" |
| Consort: | Mixcoatl (Codex Florentine) |
| Siblings: | Chimalma and Xochitlicue (Codex Ríos)[1] |
| Parents: | Tlaltecuhtli and Tlalcihuatl[2] |
| Children: | • With Mixcoatl: Huitzilopochtli, Coyolxauhqui and the Centzon Huitznahuac (Codex Florentine)[3] • With Camaxtle-Mixcoatl or Tonatiuh: the Centzon Mimixcoa (Codex Ramirez)[4] |
| Gender: | Female |
| Region: | Mesoamerica |
| Ethnic Group: | Aztec (Mexica) |
Coatlicue (; cōātl īcue, in Nahuatl languages pronounced as /koː(w)aːˈt͡ɬiːkʷeː/, "skirt of snakes"), wife of Mixcōhuātl, also known as Tēteoh īnnān (in Nahuatl languages pronounced as /teːˈtéoʔˈíːnːaːn̥/, "mother of the deities") is the Aztec goddess who gave birth to the moon, stars, and Huītzilōpōchtli, the god of the sun and war. The goddesses Toci "our grandmother" and Cihuacōātl "snake woman", the patron of women who die in childbirth, were also seen as aspects of Cōātlīcue.
The goddess' Classical Nahuatl name can be rendered both Cōātlīcue and Cōātl īcue, from cōātl "snake" and īcue "her skirt", roughly meaning "[she who has] the skirt of snakes". The name Tēteoh īnnān, from tēteoh, plural of teōtl "god", + īnnān "their mother", refers directly to her maternal role.
Coatlicue is represented as a woman wearing a skirt of writhing snakes and a necklace made of human hearts, hands, and skulls. Her feet and hands are adorned with claws and her breasts are depicted as hanging flaccid from pregnancy. Her face is formed by two facing serpents, which represent blood spurting from her neck after she was decapitated.[5]
According to Aztec legend, Coatlicue was once magically impregnated by a ball of feathers that fell on her while she was sweeping a temple. She subsequently gave birth to the god Huitzilopochtli. Her daughter the goddess Coyolxauhqui then rallied Coatlicue's four hundred other children together and goaded them into attacking and decapitating their mother. The instant she was killed, the god Huitzilopochtli suddenly emerged from her womb fully grown and armed for battle.[6] He killed many of his brothers and sisters, including Coyolxauhqui, who he decapitated, dismembered, and threw into the sky to become the moon. In one variation on this legend, Huitzilopochtli himself is the child conceived in the ball-of-feathers incident and is born just in time to save his mother from harm.
Cecelia Klein argues that the famous Coatlicue statue in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico, and several other complete and fragmentary versions, may represent a personified snake skirt.[7] The reference is to one version of the creation of the present Sun. The myth relates that the present Sun began after the deities gathered at Teotihuacan and sacrificed themselves. The best-known version states that Tezzictecatl and Nanahuatzin immolated themselves, becoming the moon and the sun. However, other versions add a group of women to those who sacrificed themselves, including Coatlicue. Afterward, the Aztecs were said to have worshiped the skirts of these women, which came back to life. Coatlicue thus has creative aspects, which may balance the skulls, hearts, hands, and claws that connect her to the earth deity Tlaltecuhtli. The earth both consumes and regenerates life.