Tesla and unions explained

Tesla, Inc. is an American electric car manufacturer which employs over 140,000 workers across its global operations,[1] almost none of whom are unionized. Tesla CEO Elon Musk has commented negatively on trade unions in relation to Tesla. Despite allegations of high injury rates, long hours, and below-industry pay, efforts to unionize the workforce have been largely unsuccessful., there are active labor disputes with Tesla in the United States, Germany and Sweden.

Tesla is the only major American auto manufacturer not represented by a union in the US .[2] [3] None of the unionization attempts between 2016 - 2023 by United Auto Workers (UAW), United Steelworkers (USW), International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW),[4] and Workers United were successful. Complaints were filed against Tesla in all the campaigns for retaliation firings, but only one complaint was upheld.

In Germany, Tesla and Tesla Automation's non-union status and lower wages compared to industry standards weakens the power of the metalworkers' union IG Metall. Tesla concluded a pay-related works agreement with Tesla Automation's Works Council, while refusing to sign a collective agreement with IG Metall. In January 2023, IG Metall called for an investigation into Tesla over allegations of long working hours and forced non-disclosure agreements.

United States

See also: Labor unions in the United States. In 2010, Tesla acquired the formerly unionized NUMMI plant in Fremont, California, which became the Tesla Fremont Factory.[5] [6] In the fall of 2016, Jose Moran, a Tesla Fremont Factory employee, contacted the UAW, going public with a "Fair Future at Tesla" campaign in February 2017, citing high injury rates, long hours and below industry pay as motivations.[7] In 2016, the UAW also indicated its interest in unionizing Tesla,[8] spending over US$400,000 by 2018 on organizing, campaigning and filing National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) complaints. In October 2017, Tesla fired Richard Ortiz who was organizing (alongside Moran, one of the union organizers), which the NLRB later ruled to be illegal retaliation.[9]

In 2018, CEO Elon Musk tweeted "Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing?... ".[10] Musk was ordered to delete that tweet (which implied workers would lose stocks if they formed a union), and offer Ortiz his job back with back pay.[11] [12] Additionally Tesla would have to put up a notice in all of its US factories addressing the unlawful tweet.[13] The case was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which in 2023 affirmed the NRLB's order.[14] [15]

In March 2022 Musk invited the UAW union to hold a vote at their convenience.[16] UAW president Ray Curry responded that Tesla should recognize it broke the law if it was serious about supporting organizing.[17]

Later, in June 2022, a CNBC report found that Tesla paid public relations firm MikeWorldWide to monitor a Tesla employee Facebook group and to conduct research on Tesla union organizers on social media from 2017 to 2018. MikeWorldWide monitored discussions on social networks alleging unfair labor practices at Tesla and monitored discussions on a sexual harassment lawsuit. Former and current Tesla employees told CNBC that they believed the company continued to monitor its workers on social media as of 2022.[18]

Giga New York

In December 2018, 300 workers at the solar panel factory at Gigafactory New York in Buffalo, New York, announced a unionization drive with the support of USW and IBEW unions. The USW filed a complaint with the NLRB in June 2019, alleging that Tesla illegally surveilled and fired 6 workers in retaliation,[19] but the case was withdrawn in August 2019.[20]

In February 2023, workers at Gigafactory New York in Buffalo involved with labeling data for Tesla Autopilot announced a unionization effort with Workers United.[21] Workers United is affiliated with Service Employees International Union. Workers United successfully led the union drive at a Starbucks store six miles away in Buffalo.[22] [23] [24] A day after the announcement, a complaint was lodged with the NLRB against Tesla for allegedly firing over 18 employees who participated in the Workers United organization.[25] [26] In November, the NLRB dismissed the illegal firing complaint, but found merit in the other complaints around workplace surveillance and discussing with workers their opinion on unions.[27]

Pursuant to allegations raised by Workers United, the NLRB regional director in Buffalo, New York filed a complaint with the national board in April 2024 alleging that Tesla had implemented company policies to prevent workers at its Buffalo plant from unionizing in violation of the National Labor Relations Act.[28]

Germany

Tesla is one of the few auto manufacturers in Germany that have not signed any company collective agreements, nor joined the Metal and Electronics Industry ("") Employer Association as of 2021. Electric vehicle production requires 30 percent fewer workers than traditional combustion-engine vehicles. As a result, a non-unionized Tesla weakens IG Metall's bargaining power in the overall automotive sector in Germany due to fewer union members and a higher labor supply.[29]

Tesla Automation

In January 2017, Tesla acquired Grohmann Engineering (now Tesla Automation). IG Metall and the Works Council Chair Uwe Herzig of Grohmann Engineering stated that wages under Tesla were 25‒30 percent below the Metal Industry collective agreements. Employees expressed concern after former CEO Klaus Grohmann was ousted and business contracts with other firms were cancelled.[30]

In October 2017, management and the Works Council concluded a works agreement that set employee salaries on par with the Metal Industry trade union collective agreements without explicitly signing them. IG Metall still pushed for formal ratification; however, it indicated there have been "good negotiation results", crediting threats of strikes and internal pressure to bolster such agreements.[31]

In early 2023, IG Metall threatened to go on strike if Tesla did not start negotiating with them and the Grohmann Engineering Works Council.

Giga Berlin

According to IG Metall, in October 2021, Tesla was offering employees at the new Giga Berlin facility in Grünheide wages 20 percent below the collective agreement standards provided at other automotive facilities in Germany.[32] [33]

In November 2021, seven non-union employees of Giga Berlin initiated the process of establishing a Works Council. IG Metall expressed a concern about the future Works Council being dominated by management, as only earlier employees would be eligible to run as candidates (due to the 6-month tenure requirement) and the majority of the first 1,800 hires were middle–management personnel. In total, Tesla planned to hire 12,000 employees. If the number of employees were to double in a short time period, the next Works Council election would be two years later instead of the usual four.[34] [35] In March 2022, employees voted in a Works Council. Nearly half of the votes went to the manager-friendly "Gigavoice" list.[36]

In January 2023, IG Metall called for an investigation after stating that workers had called the organization to report that they were being made to work longer hours, with less time between shifts. IG Metall also stated that workers were being forced to sign non-disclosure agreements alongside their regular work contracts and were therefore afraid of retribution if they openly discussed their work conditions.[37] [38] [39]

The second Works Council election at Tesla Giga Berlin for 39 seats was initially scheduled for March 18-20, 2024; however IG Metall petitioned the to file a preliminary injunction against the electoral board’s proposed timeline. The original timeline set a deadline for candidate nominations by February 15. Given that Tesla factory production was suspended earlier for a month until February 11 due to supply chain disruptions by the Houthi militia in the Red Sea, this would have left most Tesla employees with only several workdays to collect 50 candidate signatures.[40] The overruled the lower court, keeping the original Works Council election date.[41]

On March 20, the second Works Council election concluded. 234 candidates from 9 different lists ran. With 39% of the vote the IG Metall list won the plurality of seats, with 16 out of 39. The remaining 23 seats were split between 4 different non-union lists.[42]

Nordic countries

On October 27, 2023, IF Metall, a Swedish trade union, initiated a strike against TM Sweden, a Tesla vehicle service subsidiary, over the company's refusal to sign a collective agreement.[43] As of May 2024, the ongoing strike is the longest ever in Sweden within the past 80 years. Strikes are incredibly rare under the "Swedish model" of social partnership, which was codified in the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement.[44]

Tesla employs 120 employees in Sweden.[45] The strike, initially affecting mechanics at ten workshops servicing Tesla vehicles, later expanded to include other facilities servicing various car brands. While workers continued with regular tasks, they refrained from servicing Tesla vehicles during the strike.[46] At some point, unidentified individuals suspected to be strikebreakers arrived at Tesla service centers, prompting concerns about their impact on the labor dispute.[47] Other Swedish trade unions later joined through sympathy (solidarity) strikes, which are legal in Sweden. The Swedish Transport Workers' Union blocked the loading and unloading of Tesla cars,[48] [49] while dockworkers, electricians, and postal workers halted services to Tesla. Musk has reportedly instructed TM Sweden to sign no collective agreements.[50]

Over the next few months, union support for the Swedish campaign expanded to other Nordic countries, with unions in Denmark,[51] Norway[52] and Finland[53] joining the Tesla strike. The strike also led to the pension fund selling its stake in Tesla's stock in protest.[54] In response to the escalation, Tesla posted a job opening for a Swedish government affairs specialist with “significant experience with Nordic legislative and regulatory advocacy," presumably to help with lobbying efforts.

In February 2024, the Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees expanded the strike to include maintenance and installation of Tesla charging stations.[55] Also in February, the statistics showed that only a third of the 130 Tesla mechanics in Sweden had joined the strike.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: January 26, 2024 . Annual report Form 10-K 2023 Tesla Inc. . . February 8, 2024 . January 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240129182309/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828024002390/tsla-20231231.htm . live .
  2. News: 2023-02-14 . Tesla workers launch campaign to form union in New York . 2023-05-28 . . en . May 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230528211318/https://www.reuters.com/technology/tesla-workers-launch-union-campaign-new-york-2023-02-14/ . live .
  3. Web site: Bomey . Nathan . May 19, 2016 . UAW wants union for Tesla factory . 2023-07-19 . . en-US . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103958/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/05/19/united-auto-worker-uaw-tesla-motors/84585682/ . live .
  4. Web site: Eidelson . Josh . December 13, 2018 . Tesla Workers Start a Drive to Unionize Solar-Panel Factory . 2024-01-16 . . en . January 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240117001827/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/tesla-workers-start-a-drive-to-unionize-solar-panel-factory-1 . live .
  5. Web site: Dayton . Kevin . 2018-05-01 . Opinion: Would Tesla close unionized plant like GM and NUMMI did? . 2021-12-24 . . en-US . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103957/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/01/opinion-would-tesla-close-unionized-plant-like-gm-and-nummi-did/ . live .
  6. Web site: DeBord . Matthew . Tesla bought an old GM-Toyota factory and made it cool — but in its former life it built a lot more cars . 2023-05-29 . . en-US . May 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529214133/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-factory-built-more-cars-when-it-belonged-gm-and-toyota-2017-10 . live .
  7. Web site: Campbell . Alexia Fernández . 2019-09-30 . Elon Musk broke US labor laws on Twitter . 2021-12-24 . . en . January 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116034603/https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/30/20891314/elon-musk-tesla-labor-violation-nlrb . live .
  8. Web site: Bomey. Nathan. May 19, 2016. UAW wants union for Tesla factory. 2021-12-24. USA TODAY. en-US. December 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103958/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/05/19/united-auto-worker-uaw-tesla-motors/84585682/. live.
  9. News: Scheiber . Noam . Noam Scheiber . 2021-03-25 . Tesla employee's firing and Elon Musk tweet on union were illegal, labor board rules. . en-US . . 2021-12-24 . 0362-4331 . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103957/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/business/musk-labor-board.html . live .
  10. 998454539941367808. Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was & everybody already gets healthcare.. 2018-05-20. Elon. Musk. Elon Musk. elonmusk.
  11. Web site: Kolodny . Lora . Lora Kolodny . 2021-03-25 . Tesla ordered to have Elon Musk delete anti-union tweet . 2021-12-14 . . en.
  12. Tesla, Inc. and Michael Sanchez, Jonathan Galescu, Richard Ortiz and International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL–CIO. . McFerran . Lauren . Emanuel . William J. . 2021-03-25 . . 9,10 . General Counsel argues that to remedy fully CEO Musk's unlawful May 20, 2018 tweet, which coercively threatened that employees would lose their stock options if they selected the Union as their representative, the Board should order the Respondent to have Musk delete that tweet and to post a notice addressing that violation at its facilities nationwide. … (f) Direct its agent and supervisor, CEO Elon Musk, to delete his May 20, 2018 statement . Ring . John F. . 2022-01-06 . decision and order . Decisions of the NLRB . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224104001/https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45833d3fce . live .
  13. Web site: Peters . Jay . 2021-03-25 . Tesla has to tell Elon Musk to delete a 2018 tweet, labor board rules . 2021-12-24 . . en . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103957/https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22351157/tesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board . live .
  14. Reply Brief to Court of Appeals . 2021-10-26 . . The Court should set aside the Board's ruling that Musk's tweet was unlawful and must be deleted. . 2022-01-06 . appeal . January 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220106225532/https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45835af54f . live .
  15. News: Scheiber . Noam . Noam Scheiber . 2023-03-31 . Tesla and Musk Lose Ruling on Factory Union Issues . . 2023-04-29 . April 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065725/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/business/tesla-union-musk-twitter.html . live .
  16. News: Elon Musk Invites UAW to Hold Union Vote at Tesla. 'Tesla will do nothing to stop them,' the chief executive says. 2022-03-03. 2022-03-03. Wall Street Journal. William. Boston. Rebecca. Elliott. March 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220303110155/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963. live.
  17. Web site: Wayland . Michael . Kolodny . Lora . Lora Kolodny . 2022-03-29 . Tesla should accept that it violated labor laws if Elon Musk is serious about inviting the UAW to organize workers, union chief Ray Curry says . 2023-05-22 . . en . May 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230522222537/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/29/autos-union-chief-responds-to-elon-musk-inviting-uaw-to-organize-tesla-workers.html . live .
  18. Web site: Kolodny . Lora . Lora Kolodny . 2022-06-03 . Tesla monitored its employees on Facebook with help of PR firm during 2017 union push . 2022-06-04 . . en . June 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220604054621/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/tesla-paid-pr-firm-to-surveil-employees-on-facebook-in-2017-union-push.html . live .
  19. Web site: Rapier . Graham . Jun 21, 2019 . Workers at Tesla's Buffalo solar tile factory say the company sabotaged their efforts to find new jobs after trying to unionize . 2024-01-16 . . en-US . January 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240117001826/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6 . live .
  20. Web site: August 29, 2019 . Tesla National Labor Relations Board . 2024-02-08 . www.nlrb.gov . December 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231206035504/https://www.nlrb.gov/case/03-CA-243522 . live .
  21. Web site: Shakir . Umar . 2023-02-14 . Tesla workers in New York are trying to form the company's first union . 2023-05-29 . . en-US . May 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529210910/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/14/23599237/tesla-gigafactory-2-union-upstate-new-york-submit . live .
  22. News: Eidelson . Josh . 2023-02-14 . Tesla Workers Launch Union Campaign in New York . en . . 2023-02-14 . February 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214205156/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/tesla-autopilot-workers-launch-union-campaign-in-buffalo-new-york-tsla . live .
  23. News: Ewing . Jack . 2023-02-14 . Tesla Workers in Buffalo Begin Union Drive . en-US . . 2023-05-29 . 0362-4331 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408102353/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/business/tesla-buffalo-union-autopilot.html . live .
  24. Web site: Stancil . Kenny . 14 February 2023 . Tesla Workers Are Organizing a Union in Buffalo—With Help From Starbucks Veterans . 2023-05-29 . . en . May 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529210912/https://www.commondreams.org/news/tesla-workers-union-campaign-buffalo . live .
  25. News: Eidelson . Josh . 2023-02-16 . Tesla Just Terminated Dozens in Response to New Union Campaign, Complaint Alleges . en . . 2023-02-16 . February 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134001/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-16/tesla-tsla-fires-unionizing-workers-after-labor-campaign-complaint-alleges . live .
  26. News: Ewing . Jack . Scheiber . Noam . Noam Scheiber . 2023-02-16 . Tesla Fired Buffalo Workers Seeking to Organize, Union Says . en-US . . 2023-05-22 . 0362-4331 . May 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230522224239/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/business/tesla-buffalo-union.html . live .
  27. Web site: Glynn . Matt . 2023-11-28 . NLRB director dismisses claims by union that Tesla illegally fired workers . 2024-01-17 . . en.
  28. News: Kolodny. Lora. May 9, 2024. Tesla accused by NLRB of creating policies to chill workers' unionizing efforts in Buffalo. CNBC. May 15, 2024. May 15, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240515122833/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/09/tesla-accused-by-nlrb-of-chilling-worker-unionizing-efforts-in-buffalo.html. live.
  29. Web site: Levin. Tim. April 3, 2021. Tesla is on a collision course with Germany's biggest union and neither side is likely to back down. 2021-12-24. Business Insider. en-US. December 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224113607/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4. live.
  30. News: Vetter. Philipp. 2017-04-16. Tesla: Ärger mit dem Maschinenbauer Grohmann. de. Tesla: Trouble with the machine manufacturer Grohmann. Die Welt. 2021-12-24. December 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224110920/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article163735272/Nach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html. live.
  31. News: Vetter. Philipp. 2017-10-18. Deutschland: Tesla einigt sich auf deutliche Gehaltssteigerung. de. Germany: Tesla agrees on significant salary increase. Die Welt. 2021-12-24. August 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831121644/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article169760888/Tesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html. live.
  32. News: Waldersee . Victoria . 2021-10-07 . Tesla's gigafactory electrifies California-Germany culture clash . en . . 2021-12-24 . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224113607/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/teslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07/ . live .
  33. Web site: Eddy. Nathan. 2022-01-03. German union steps up efforts to recruit Tesla workers with office near Berlin plant. 2022-01-06. Automotive News Europe. en. January 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220106225337/https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/german-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant. live.
  34. Web site: Barnstorf . Phillip . November 25, 2021 . IG Metall fürchtet Strategie in früh gewähltem Tesla-Betriebsrat . 2021-12-24 . . de . January 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html . dead .
  35. News: Waldersee . Victoria . 2021-11-24 . German union fears new Tesla works council will be top heavy . en . . 2021-12-14 . December 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211214190057/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/german-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24/ . live .
  36. Web site: Erster Betriebsrat bei Tesla steht fest . The first Works Council at Tesla has been set . 2022-06-25 . . de . January 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230123135903/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2022/03/tesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html . dead .
  37. News: 2023-01-16 . Tesla under fire in Germany over union concerns on working hours, contracts . en . . 2023-01-16.
  38. Web site: 2023-01-16 . Tesla under fire in Germany over union concerns on working hours, contracts . 2023-01-16 . Automotive News Europe . en.
  39. Web site: Bhaimiya . Sawdah . January 16, 2023 . A major union in Germany says workers at Tesla's Berlin factory face unreasonable working hours and fear speaking out . 2023-01-16 . . en-US . January 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230116231206/https://news.yahoo.com/major-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html . live .
  40. Web site: 2024-02-06 . IG Metall will Betriebsratswahl bei Tesla in Grünheide vorläufig stoppen . IG Metall intends to temporarily stop Tesla's election of Works Council in Grünheide . 2024-02-06 . . de . February 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206141832/https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/02/tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html . live .
  41. Web site: 2024-03-22 . Tesla-Beschäftigte haben Betriebsrat gewählt - IG Metall liegt vorn . Tesla workers have voted a works council - IG Metall is ahead . 2024-06-14 . . de.
  42. News: Vorsitzende im Amt bestätigt: Neu gewählter Tesla-Betriebsrat in Grünheide nimmt die Arbeit auf . Chairperson in office confirmed: Newly elected Tesla Works Council in Grünheide starts work . 2024-06-14 . . de . 1865-2263.
  43. News: 2023-10-27 . Strejk inledd på Tesla i Sverige . Strike started at Tesla in Sweden . 2023-11-06 . . sv . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145155/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige . live .
  44. Web site: Kuhn . Gabriel . Gabriel Kuhn . 2024-05-08 . The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On . 2024-06-14 . Turning Point . en-US.
  45. News: Stewart . Heather . 2023-12-01 . 'We can't let Tesla get away with this': why Swedish unions are fighting Elon Musk . 2023-12-03 . . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  46. News: Backman . Wilma . 2023-11-03 . Strejken mot Tesla och Klarna utvidgas: 'Ser ingen annan utväg' . The strike against Tesla and Klarna is extended: 'Sees no other way out' . 2023-11-06 . . sv . November 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172449/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag . live .
  47. Web site: October 27, 2023 . Facket larmar om strejkbrytare vid Tesla: 'Folk är livrädda' . The union raises the alarm about strike breakers at Tesla: 'People are terrified' . 2023-11-06 . . sv . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145156/https://www.tv4.se/artikel/19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s/facket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda . live .
  48. News: Eddy . Melissa . 2023-11-05 . Job Action Against Tesla Puts Sweden's Unions in Spotlight . 2023-11-06 . . en-US . 0362-4331 . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145156/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/business/economy/tesla-sweden-unions.html . live .
  49. Web site: 2023-11-10 . Tesla faces strikes in Sweden unless it signs a collective bargaining agreement . 2023-11-12 . . en . November 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112115008/https://apnews.com/article/sweden-tesla-union-strike-eae1d9b10c7bca2d9bd416f7d19db412 . live .
  50. Web site: Öhrn . Linda . 2023-11-21 . Ordern från Elon Musk: Tesla får inte skriva på något avtal . The order from Elon Musk: Tesla must not sign any collective agreement . 2023-11-23 . . sv . November 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162233/https://www.di.se/nyheter/ordern-fran-elon-musk-tesla-far-inte-skriva-pa-nagot-avtal/ . live .
  51. Web site: Conley . Julia . December 5, 2023 . Danish Dockworkers Dial Up Pro-Union Pressure on Tesla With Solidarity Strike . 2023-12-07 . . en . December 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207100156/https://www.commondreams.org/news/danish-dockworkers-tesla . live .
  52. News: 2023-12-06 . Norway union joins Tesla blockade in support for Swedish workers . 2023-12-07 . . en . December 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207100228/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/norway-union-warns-it-may-block-tesla-cars-meant-sweden-2023-12-06/ . live .
  53. Web site: The AKT executive committee decided on sympathy actions for Tesla . 2023-12-07 . . en . February 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206223536/https://www.akt.fi/uutiset/the-akt-executive-committee-decided-on-sympathy-actions-for-tesla/ . live .
  54. Web site: Campbell . Peter . Milne . Richard . December 14, 2023 . Wanted: Nordic expert to help Elon Musk defuse Tesla union row . 2023-12-23 . . December 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231223122211/https://www.ft.com/content/384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b . live .
  55. News: 2024-02-21 . Swedish Tesla strike expands to include charging stations . 2024-03-11 . Le Monde.fr . en . March 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240311041933/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tesla and unions".

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