Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster Explained

Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster
Names List:SpaceX Roadster[1]
Starman
Image Alt:Large circular disc of a fully-illuminated planet Earth floating in the blackness of space. In front of Earth is a red convertible sports-car seen from the side. A humanoid figure wearing a white-and-black spacesuit is seated in the driving seat with the right-arm holding the steering wheel, and the left-arm resting on the top of the car door.
Mission Type:Test flight
Operator:SpaceX
Cospar Id:2018-017A
Satcat:43205
Mission Duration:Active: 1 Day
In Orbit:
Spacecraft Type:2010 Tesla Roadster[2] used as a mass simulator, attached to the upper stage of a Falcon Heavy rocket
Manufacturer:Tesla and SpaceX
Launch Mass:
  • ~;
  • ~ including rocket upper stage[3]
Launch Rocket:Falcon Heavy FH-001
Launch Site:Kennedy LC-39A
Launch Contractor:SpaceX
Deactivated:February 7, 2018
Orbit Reference:Heliocentric
Orbit Eccentricity:0.25571[4]
Orbit Inclination:1.077°
Orbit Period:1.525 year
Orbit Epoch:1 May 2018
Apsis:helion

Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster is an electric sports car that served as the dummy payload for the February 2018 Falcon Heavy test flight and became an artificial satellite of the Sun. A mannequin in a spacesuit, dubbed "Starman", occupies the driver's seat. The car and rocket are products of Tesla and SpaceX, respectively, both companies headed by Elon Musk.[5] The 2010 Roadster is personally owned by and previously used by Musk for commuting to work. It is the first production car launched into space.

The car, mounted on the rocket's second stage, was launched on an escape trajectory and entered an elliptical heliocentric orbit crossing the orbit of Mars.[6] The orbit reaches a maximum distance from the Sun at aphelion of 1.66 astronomical units (au).[4] Video of the Roadster during the launch was transmitted back to the mission control center and live-streamed.

Advertising analysts noted Musk's sense of brand management and use of new media for his decision to launch a Tesla into space. Musk explained he wanted to inspire the public about the "possibility of something new happening in space" as part of his larger vision for spreading humanity to other planets.

Background

In March 2017, SpaceX's founder, Elon Musk, said that because the launch of the new Falcon Heavy vehicle was risky, it would carry the "silliest thing we can imagine".[7]

In June 2017, one of his Twitter followers suggested that the silly thing be a Tesla Model S, to which Musk replied: "Suggestions welcome!"[8] [9] [10] [11]

In December 2017, Musk announced that the payload would be his personal "midnight cherry Tesla Roadster".[12] [13] [14]

One of the test flight objectives was to demonstrate that the new rocket could carry a payload as far as the orbit of Mars. NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver stated that SpaceX had "offered free launches to NASA, Air Force etc. but got no takers", and that "the Tesla gimmick was the backup".

The Roadster is the first standard roadworthy vehicle sent into space,[15] following several special-purpose lunar and Mars rovers.

Roadster as payload

The car was permanently mounted on the rocket in an inclined position above the payload adapter. Tubular structures were added to mount front and side cameras. Photos of the car prior to payload encapsulation were released.[16]

Positioned in the driver's seat is "Starman", a full-scale human mannequin clad in a SpaceX pressure spacesuit.[17] It was placed with the right hand on the steering wheel and the left elbow resting on the open window sill. The mannequin was named after the David Bowie song "Starman",[18] and the car's sound system was set before launch to continuously loop the Bowie song "Space Oddity".[19]

A copy of Douglas Adams' novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is in the glove box, along with references to the book in the form of a towel and a sign on the dashboard that reads "DON'T PANIC!".

A Hot Wheels miniature Roadster with a miniature Starman is mounted on the dashboard. A plaque bearing the names of the employees who worked on the project is placed underneath the car, and a message on the vehicle's circuit board reads "Made on Earth by humans".[20] The car carries a copy of Isaac Asimov's Foundation trilogy on a 5D optical disc, a proof of concept for high-density long-lasting data storage, donated to Musk by the Arch Mission Foundation.[21] [22]

Trajectory

See main article: Falcon Heavy test flight.

The US Office of Commercial Space Transportation issued the test flight's launch license on February 2, 2018.[23] The rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center[23] at 15:45 EST (20:45 UTC) on February 6.[24] The upper stage supporting the car was initially placed in an Earth parking orbit. It spent six hours coasting through the Van Allen radiation belts, thereby demonstrating a new capability requested by the U.S. Air Force for direct insertion of heavy intelligence satellites into geostationary orbit. Then, the upper stage performed a second boost to reach the desired escape trajectory.[25] [26] [27]

The launch was live streamed, and video feeds from space showed the Roadster at various angles, with Earth in the background, thanks to cameras placed inside and outside the car, on booms attached to the vehicle's custom adaptor atop the upper stage.[28] [29] Musk had estimated the car's battery would last over 12 hours, but the live stream ran for just over four hours, thus ending before the final boost out of Earth orbit.[30] [31] [32] The images were released by SpaceX into the public domain on their Flickr account.[33] [34]

Following the launch, the rocket stage carrying the car was given the Satellite Catalog Number 43205, named "TESLA ROADSTER/FALCON 9H", along with the COSPAR designation 2018-017A.[35] The JPL Horizons system publishes solutions for the trajectory as target body "-143205".[1]

The Roadster is in a heliocentric orbit that crosses the orbit of Mars and reaches a distance of from the Sun.[6] With an inclination of roughly 1 degree to the ecliptic plane, compared to Mars' 1.85° inclination, this trajectory by design cannot intercept Mars, so the car will neither fly by Mars nor enter an orbit around Mars.[36] This was the second object launched by SpaceX to leave Earth orbit, after the DSCOVR mission to the Earth–Sun Lagrangian point. Nine months after launch, the Tesla had travelled beyond the orbit of Mars,[37] reaching aphelion at 12:48 UTC on November 9, 2018, at a distance of from the Sun. The maximum speed of the car relative to the Sun will be approximately at perihelion.[38]

Even if the rocket had targeted an actual Mars transfer orbit, the car could not have been placed into orbit around Mars, because the upper stage that carries it is not equipped with the necessary propellant, maneuvering, and communications capabilities. This flight simply demonstrated that Falcon Heavy is capable of launching significant payloads towards Mars in potential future missions.[36]

Cultural impact

The car in space quickly became a topic for Internet memes.[39] [40] Western Australia Police distributed a picture of a radar gun aimed at the Roadster whilst above Australia.[41] [42] Škoda produced a parody video of a Škoda Superb being driven to Mars, a village in central France.[43] [44] An attempt was made by Donut Media to launch a Hot Wheels Tesla Model X to the stratosphere using a weather balloon.[45] [46] ToSky, a Russian start-up, sent a scale model of a Soviet-era Lada carrying a mannequin of Roscosmos head Dmitry Rogozin to an altitude of 20 km (12 miles) to gather test data for the design of stratostats.[47]

Some news reports observed a similarity between the real pictures of a car orbiting the Earth and the title sequence of the animated cult classic film Heavy Metal (1981), where a space traveler lands on Earth in a two-seater Chevrolet Corvette convertible.[48] [49]

The SpaceX launch live stream reached over 2.3 million concurrent viewers on YouTube, which made it the second most watched live event on the platform, behind another space-related event: Felix Baumgartner's jump from the stratosphere in 2012.[50]

Reactions

The choice of the Roadster as a dummy payload was variously interpreted as marketing for Tesla, or a work of art, with some worrying about the risk to contamination of otherwise sterile solar system bodies. Some also commented on how the Roadster was not a space debris risk.

Marketing

Musk was lauded as a visionary marketer and brand manager by controlling both the timing and the content of his corporate public relations. After the launch, Scientific American said using a car was not entirely pointless, in the sense that something of that size and weight was necessary for a meaningful test. "Thematically, it was a perfect fit" to use the Tesla car, and there was no reason not to take the opportunity to remind the auto industry that Musk was challenging the status quo in that arena, as well as in space.

Advertising Age agreed with Business Insider that the Roadster space launch was the "greatest ever car commercial without a dime spent on advertising", demonstrating that Musk is "miles ahead of the rest" in reaching young consumers, where "mere mortals scrabble about spending millions to fight each other over seconds of air time", Musk "just executes his vision." Alex Hern, technology reporter for The Guardian, said the choice to launch a car was a "hybrid of genuine breakthrough and nerd-baiting publicity stunt" without "any real point beyond generating good press pics", which should not detract from the much more important technological milestone represented by the launch of the rocket itself.

Lori Garver, a former NASA deputy director, initially said the choice of payload for the Falcon Heavy maiden flight is a gimmick and a loss of opportunity to further advance science—but later clarified that "I was told by a SpaceX VP (vice president) at the launch that they offered free launches to NASA, Air Force etc. but got no takers."[51]

Musk responded to the critics stating he wanted to inspire the public about the "possibility of something new happening in space," as part of his larger vision for spreading humanity to other planets.[52]

Work of art

The Verge likened the Roadster to a "ready-made" work of art, such as Marcel Duchamp's 1917 piece Fountain, created by placing an everyday object in an unusual position, context and orientation.[53]

Alice Gorman, a lecturer in archaeology and space studies at Flinders University in Australia, said that the Roadster's primary purpose is symbolic communication, that "the red sports car symbolises masculinity – power, wealth and speed[54] – but also how fragile masculinity is." Drawing on anthropological theories of symbols, she argues that "The car is also an armour against dying, a talisman that quells a profound fear of mortality." Gorman wrote that "the spacesuit is also about death. [...] The Starman was never alive, but now he's haunting space."[55]

Space debris non-risk

Orbital debris expert Darren McKnight stated that the car poses no risk because it is far from Earth orbit. He added: "The enthusiasm and interest that [Musk] generates more than offsets the infinitesimally small 'littering' of the cosmos."[56] Tommy Sanford, director of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, said that the car and its rocket stage are no more "space junk" than the mundane material usually launched on other test flights. Mass simulators are often deliberately placed in a graveyard orbit or sent on a deep space trajectory, where they are not a hazard.[57]

Bacteriological contamination

The Planetary Society was concerned that launching a non-sterile object to interplanetary space may risk biological contamination of a foreign world.[58] Scientists at Purdue University noted that the vehicle will be sterilized by solar radiation over time and the vehicle is most likely to hit the Earth in the future, though some bacteria might survive on some components of the vehicle which could contaminate Mars in the distant future if it were to hit Mars instead.[59]

Orbit tracking

The car and the upper stage were passivated by intentionally removing remaining chemical and electrical energy, at which point they ceased transmitting telemetry. Based on optical observations made using a robotic telescope at the Warrumbungle Observatory, Dubbo, Australia and refinement of the orbit, a close re-encounter with Earth (originally predicted for 2073) is not possible.[60] In October 2020 the car made a close approach to Mars, about 5order=flipNaNorder=flip away, at which distance Mars's gravity had no significant effect on the Roadster's orbit.[61]

The Virtual Telescope Project observed the Tesla two days after its launch, where it had a magnitude of 15.5,[62] comparable to Pluto's moon Charon. The Roadster was automatically spotted and logged by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescope operated by the University of Hawaii.[63] The car was observed by the Deimos Sky Survey (DeSS) at a distance of with a flashing effect suggesting spinning.[64]

Through measuring changes in apparent brightness of the object, astronomers have determined that the Roadster is rotating with a period of 4.7589 ± 0.0060 minutes (i.e. 4 minutes, 46 seconds).[65] By February 11, 2018, astrometry measurements from 241 independent observations had been collated, refining the positions to within one-tenth of an arcsecond and published by the SeeSat-L mailing list, a group of amateur satellite spotters—more accurate than for most observations of objects in space.[66]

Future predictions

The roadster made its first close approach to Mars on October 7, 2020. The next close approach to Earth will be in the year 2047 at a distance of 5 million kilometers, about 13 times the distance between Earth and the Moon.[67] Simulations over a 3-million-year timespan found a probability of the Roadster colliding with Earth at approximately 6%, or with Venus at approximately 2.5%. These probabilities of collision are similar to those of other near-Earth objects. The half-life for the tested orbits was calculated as approximately 20 million years, but with trajectories varying significantly following a close approach to the Earth–Moon system in 2091.[68]

Musk had originally speculated that the car could drift in space for a billion years.[69] According to chemist William Carroll, solar radiation, cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid impacts will structurally degrade the car over time. Radiation will eventually break down any material with carbon–carbon bonds, including carbon fiber parts. Tires, paint, plastic and leather might have lasted only about a year, while carbon fiber parts will last considerably longer. Eventually, only the aluminum frame, inert metals, and glass not shattered by meteoroids will remain.[70]

Potential follow up mission

In August 2019, as the Roadster completed its first orbit around the Sun,[71] Musk stated that SpaceX may one day launch a small spacecraft or Starship to catch up with the Roadster and take photographs or even return it to Earth for studying solar erosion on it just as Apollo 12 did with Surveyor 3 lander's components.[72]

See also

External links

Real-time

Trajectory animation, past and future events, orbital elements.

Notes and References

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  7. elonmusk . Elon Musk . 847884351375372288 . Silliest thing we can imagine! Secret payload of 1st Dragon flight was a giant wheel of cheese. Inspired by a friend & Monty Python. . 2017-03-31 . 2018-07-11.
  8. janeidyeve . Evelyn Janeidy . Arevalo . 875509666742226944 . @elonmusk Please Let Twitter vote for #FalconHeavyCargo Let us imagine the silliest things possible! @arstechnica @TeslaMotors @spacex -RT&❤ . 2017-06-15 .
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  46. We Tried to Launch a Tesla to Space Too. Donut Media. 25 February 2018. 27 February 2018. Youtube. November 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201110075633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2szjw6ZpJ4w. live.
  47. News: Russians send Soviet car model into stratosphere . BBC News . 12 June 2019 . June 13, 2019 . December 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201228095432/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-48615344 . live .
  48. News: A Canadian-American predicted what Elon Musk's rocket roadster did yesterday—in 1981! . Alan . Cross . . 2018-02-07 . 2018-02-11 . picture is not fake [...] photo is from space [...] resemblance to the opening sequence of a Canadian-American adult animated movie from 1981 called Heavy Metal . 2020-06-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613114306/https://edge.ca/news/4011097/a-canadian-american-predicted-what-elon-musks-rocket-roadster-did-yesterday-in-1981/ . live .
  49. News: The Falcon Heavy Roadster Launch reveals how Tesla and SpaceX are already beginning to merge . Matthew . DeBord . Business Insider UK . 2018-02-10 . 2018-02-11 . Roadster orbiting Earth [...] like something out of the [...] opening sequence from the 1981 grownup animated movie "Heavy Metal" . 2018-10-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181023112633/http://uk.businessinsider.com/how-tesla-and-spacex-have-already-merged-2018-2 . live .
  50. News: SpaceX's Falcon Heavy launch was YouTube's second biggest live stream ever. Singleton. Micah. The Verge. 6 February 2018. 23 February 2018. en. December 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201213132338/https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/6/16981730/spacex-falcon-heavy-launch-youtube-live-stream-record. live.
  51. News: Elon Musk's SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch was just a gimmick, says former NASA boss Lori Garver . . Alexandra . Richards . 2018-02-09 . 2018-02-09 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180209194810/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/spacex-falcon-heavy-launch-nothing-more-than-a-gimmick-says-former-nasa-deputy-administrator-lori-a3762376.html . February 9, 2018 . mdy-all .
  52. News: Elon Musk explains why he launched a car toward Mars — and the reasons are much bigger than his ego . . Dave . Mosher . March 13, 2018 . September 19, 2018 . December 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201209151139/https://www.businessinsider.com/why-elon-musk-launched-tesla-mars-falcon-heavy-2018-3 . live .
  53. News: Elon Musk made history launching a car into space. Did he make art too?. Kyle. Chayka. February 10, 2018. a staggering image [...] and so impressive that the video seems somehow unreal. It's the greatest car of all time. [...] In 1917, Marcel Duchamp put a urinal on a pedestal, titled it Fountain [...] and called it art. [...] a readymade, his word for a combination of everyday objects reassembled or re-contextualized by an artist.. February 11, 2018. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032552/https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/10/16997124/elon-musk-spacex-tesla-art-starman-advertising. live.
  54. https://www.space.com/39646-tesla-roadster-gets-interplanetary-id.html Tesla Roadster gets Interplanetary ID
  55. Web site: A sports car and a glitter ball are now in space – what does that say about us as humans?. Alice. Gorman. Alice Gorman. Flinders University. Flinders University. The Conversation. 2018-02-07. 2018-02-15. February 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083839/http://theconversation.com/a-sports-car-and-a-glitter-ball-are-now-in-space-what-does-that-say-about-us-as-humans-91156. live.
  56. https://www.space.com/39602-falcon-heavy-tesla-not-just-space-junk.html Is the Tesla Roadster Flying on the Falcon Heavy's Maiden Flight Just Space Junk?
  57. Web site: Elon Musk's 'Starman' Tesla Roadster isn't your typical piece of space junk . Mark . Kaufman . . February 8, 2018 . February 15, 2018 . February 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180209085320/https://mashable.com/2018/02/08/elon-musk-tesla-roadster-not-typical-space-junk/ . live .
  58. https://www.planetary.org/articles/20180205-space-tesla Let's talk about Elon Musk launching his Tesla into space
  59. Web site: Tesla in space could carry bacteria from Earth . Purdue University . David Szondy . February 27, 2018 . October 24, 2020 . October 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201020220507/https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2018/Q1/tesla-in-space-could-carry-bacteria-from-earth.html . live .
  60. Web site: Marco. Langbroek. Peter. Starr. Starman (Falcon Heavy/Tesla Roadster) 2018-017A imaged in Space. 9 February 2018. 9 February 2018. images were taken, 16:39-16:50 UT on 8 February 2018 [...] distance of 550 000 km or about 1.4 Lunar distances c.q. 0.0037 AU [...] 30-second exposures taken by Peter Starr and me with the 0.43-m F6.8 remote robotic telescope of Dubbo Observatory in Australia [...] 2073 close encounter [...] is no longer on the table.. February 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180210065005/https://sattrackcam.blogspot.co.uk/2018/02/starman-falcon-heavytesla-roadster-2018.html. live.
  61. Web site: SpaceX's Tesla roadster made its first close approach with Mars . CNN . Allen . Kim . October 8, 2020 . April 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126031149/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/cars/spacex-tesla-mars-starman-scn-trnd/index.html . 2020-11-26 . live.
  62. Web site: Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster imaged and filmed! . virtualtelescope.eu . Gianluca . Masi . Gianluca Masi . 2018-02-08 . 2018-02-09 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045535/https://www.virtualtelescope.eu/2018/02/08/elon-musks-tesla-roadster-imaged-8-feb-2018/ . February 9, 2018 . mdy-all .
  63. UH ATLAS telescope spots SpaceX Tesla Roadster in flight. 8 February 2018. 11 February 2018. Larry. Denneau. ATLAS was not looking for the Roadster—it was found during routine observations and automatically identified as a near-Earth object.. February 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180211215644/http://www.hawaii.edu/news/2018/02/09/atlas-telescope-spots-tesla-roadster/. live.
  64. Web site: New images of SpaceX's Starman Tesla. 2018-02-09. 2018-02-11. Elecnor Deimos. captured the vehicle at a distance of 720.000 km from Earth ... show a flickering effect that suggests that the Tesla Roadster is spinning fast.. February 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083218/http://www.elecnor-deimos.com/images-spacex-starman-tesla-deimos-sky-survey. dead.
  65. Web site: Here's Exactly How Fast Elon Musk's Tesla Is Spinning In Space. February 13, 2018. February 13, 2018. February 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014740/https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a17762760/heres-exactly-how-fast-elon-musks-tesla-is-spinning-in-space/. live.
  66. Web site: Re: Tesla roadster and booster observations. Bill. Gray. 2018-02-11. SeeSat-L mailing list. list of 241 observations and growing [...] continue to be observed for about two weeks. [...] know the position of this object to better than a tenth of an arcsecond, [...] Almost nobody is getting data that accurate.. February 14, 2018. February 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073816/http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Feb-2018/0117.html. live.
  67. Web site: SpaceX’s Tesla roadster made its first close approach with Mars . CNN.com . 18 October 2023.
  68. Rein. Hanno. Tamayo. Daniel. Vokrouhlicky. David. The random walk of cars and their collision probabilities with planets. Aerospace. 5. 2. 57. 1802.04718. 13 February 2018. 10.3390/aerospace5020057. 2018Aeros...5...57R. 119328461. free.
  69. elonmusk . Elon Musk . 936782477502246912 . Payload will be my midnight cherry Tesla Roadster playing Space Oddity. Destination is Mars orbit. Will be in deep space for a billion years or so if it doesn't blow up on ascent. . December 2, 2017 . February 20, 2018.
  70. Web site: Lezter . Rafi . Radiation Will Tear Elon Musk's Rocket Car to Bits in a Year . . February 6, 2018 . February 7, 2018 . December 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201206084933/https://www.livescience.com/61680-will-spacex-roadster-survive-in-space.html . live .
  71. Web site: SpaceX's Starman and Elon Musk's Tesla Have Made a Lap Around the Sun . space.com . Mike Wall . August 20, 2019 . August 20, 2019 . December 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201204220633/https://www.space.com/spacex-starman-tesla-falcon-heavy-first-orbit-sun.html . live .
  72. Web site: Where Is Starman? Elon Musk Teases SpaceX Mission to Catch Up With Roadster . inverse.com . Mike Brown . August 19, 2019 . August 20, 2019 . August 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190819215539/https://www.inverse.com/article/58602-where-is-starman-elon-musk-teases-spacex-mission-to-catch-up-with-roadster . live .

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