Tesla Model 3 Explained

Tesla Model 3
Manufacturer:Tesla, Inc.
Production:2017–present
Designer:Franz von Holzhausen[1]
Class:Mid-size car
Body Style:4-door sedan
Related:Tesla Model Y
Transmission:Single-speed fixed (9:1 ratio)[2]

The Tesla Model 3 is a battery electric mid-size sedan with a fastback body style built by Tesla, Inc., introduced in 2017. The vehicle is marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models made by Tesla. The Model 3 was the world's top-selling plug-in electric car for three years, from 2018 to 2020, before the Tesla Model Y, a crossover SUV based on the Model 3 chassis, took the top spot. In June 2021, the Model 3 became the first electric car to pass global sales of 1 million.

A facelifted Model 3 with revamped interior and exterior styling was introduced in late 2023 for countries supplied by Gigafactory Shanghai and in early 2024 in North America and other countries supplied by the Tesla Fremont Factory.

History

In a 2006 interview with Wired Science, Elon Musk presented the as likely being affordable by most people able to purchase new cars, aiming for a $30,000 price point.[3] In 2008 the car was stated to be a family car.[4] In 2017 Tesla added that the Standard Range version of the all-electric car would have an estimated EPA-rated range of, a five-passenger seating capacity, front and rear trunks, and promised sports-car levels of acceleration performance.[5] [6] Tesla said it would have a five-star safety rating and have a .[7] This is lower than the Tesla Model S, which, in 2014, was the lowest among the production cars of the time.

Within a week of unveiling the Model 3 in 2016, Tesla revealed they had taken 325,000 reservations for the car. These reservations represented potential sales of over .[8] By August 2017, there were 455,000 net reservations.[9] [10]

Industry experts were dubious when, in May 2016, Tesla announced its decision to advance its 500,000-total-unit build plan (combined for Model S, Model X, and Model 3) to 2018, two years earlier than previously planned, in order to accelerate its target for Model 3 output.[11] [12] [13] As predicted, there were "production bottlenecks" and "production hell". In May 2016, Tesla issued in new shares to the stock market to finance the plan.[14]

The company plans for the Model 3 are part of Tesla's three-step strategy to start with a high-price vehicle and move progressively towards lower-cost vehicles, while the battery and electric drivetrain were improved and paid for through the sales of the Roadster, Model S, and Model X vehicles.[15]

On April 18, 2018, Tesla updated its production target to 6,000 vehicles per week by the end of June 2018, an increase from its previous target of 5,000 vehicles per week which was previously promised at earlier dates.[16] [17] [18] [19] On July 1, 2018, Elon Musk announced that Tesla had met its production goal of 5,000 cars in a week.[20] [21] [22]

On February 28, 2019, Tesla announced the availability of the highly anticipated Standard Range trim priced at .[23] However, on April 12, 2019, Tesla announced that the Standard Range model would no longer be available for ordering online, but only over the phone or in stores. Autopilot, previously a $3,000 option, was included in all versions of the Model 3 except for the Standard Range, while each version's price only increased by $2,000.[24] In February 2019, the Model 3 passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car in the U.S.[25] [26] Model 3 sales surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time top selling plug-in electric car.[27]

Model naming

During an interview recorded in 2006 Musk referred to (later Tesla Model S), and to . The Model 3 was codenamed Tesla "BlueStar" in the original business plan in 2007.[28] [29] [30] Model 3, originally stylized as "Model ☰", was announced on Musk's Twitter account on July 16, 2014.[31] A 2015-presentation by JB Straubel used the name "".[32] Musk had wanted the three models to spell SEX, but settled for "S3X".[33] In early 2017, after trademark opposition regarding Adidas's three stripes logo,[34] the triplicate horizontal-bar stylization was abandoned and changed to a numeric "3".[35]

Market

In September 2015, Tesla announced that the would be unveiled in March 2016.[36] In January 2016, Musk said that the first official pictures of the car will be revealed at the end of March 2016.[37] Delivery would begin in late 2017 first on the U.S.'s west coast and then move eastwards.[38] Potential customers were first able to reserve a car at Tesla stores or online on March 31 with a refundable deposit of US$1000.[39] [40] In February 2016, Tesla indicated that the unveiling would be on March 31, 2016.[41] Current owners of Tesla vehicles got priority sales after employees but before the general public, as a reward for helping pay for the development of the Model 3. (Employees and current owners were likely to be more tolerant of early production flaws:[42] both the Model S and the Model X had several problems at the start of their production.)[43]

During the Model 3 unveiling event, Tesla said that over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3 in less than 24 hours prior;[44] more cars than Tesla had sold by that time. Twenty-four hours after opening reservations, Tesla had advanced orders for over 180,000 cars.[45] [46] Two days later, Tesla said they had 232,000 reservations.[47] [48]

One week after the unveiling, Tesla said it had over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the number of Model S sedans sold by the end of 2015. Musk said that 5% of reservations correspond to the maximum of two vehicles allowed per customer, "suggesting low levels of speculation",[49] and that 93% of Model 3 reservations are from new buyers who do not currently own a Tesla. The previous record for advance deposits on a car was the 1955 Citroën DS that had 80,000 deposits during the ten days of the Paris Auto Show, while the Model 3 had 232,000 reservations in two days.

According to Tesla's global vice-president Robin Ren, China is the second-largest market for the Model 3 after the US.[50] Tesla said the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000, after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[51] [52] Upon its release in July 2017, there had been over 500,000 reservations for the Model 3,[53] with Musk later clarifying there were a net of 455,000 reservations outstanding, and an average of 1,800 reservations were being added per day.

2020 changes

In November 2020, the Model 3 received exterior and interior styling changes, many carried over from the then-new Model Y crossover SUV, which was based on the Model 3. The most noticeable cosmetic change was that the previously chrome finished door handles, side mirror trim, window trim, and camera covers were given a black finish.[54]

Other changes included the addition of a heat pump with an "octovalve" to improve climate control, a power-operated trunk, a redesigned center console with Qi wireless charging pads, and quieter double-pane glass.[55]

Other changes

Some hardware has also been removed over time. The adaptive cruise control radar sensor was eliminated in April 2021,[56] the front passenger seat lumbar support was removed in May 2021,[57] and the ultrasonic sensors used for park assist were eliminated in October 2022 and replaced with Tesla Vision Tesla's vision based park assist. [58]

2023 update

Tesla announced a design refresh of the Model 3 on September 1, 2023, bringing a longer driving range, lower production costs, technical improvements, and a restyled exterior and interior.[59] During development, the refresh was codenamed "Project Highland".[60] It was exhibited at the 2023 Munich Motor Show.[61]

Tesla said the refreshed Model 3 improved range around 10%, largely from a lower and more aerodynamic nose along with a better rear diffuser and more aerodynamic wheels. The tires protrude slightly from the rims, protecting them from curb rash. They have lower rolling resistance, but no compromise in lateral performance or steering response. This was enabled by changing materials and removing 1 ply (made possible by lowering the top, rarely used, speed). The gap between tire and body was reduced.[62] The improved from 0.225.

Redesigned tail lights eliminated the vertical break between trunk and side.[62]

Interior additions included a 8inch touchscreen (with Bluetooth audio) for rear seat passengers, ventilated front seats, up to 17-speaker sound system (up from 14), customizable interior accent lighting, and a new steering wheel without turn signal and gear selector stalks.[63] The touchscreen for rear seat passengers and the steering wheel without stalks are changes that were previously implemented on the Model S and X during their "Palladium" refresh.

The upgrade had shock-absorbing technology called Frequency Selective Damping, which uses a hydraulic amplifier to concentrate vibration in the 4-6 Hz range.[64]

The update came equipped with HW4 camera and processing technology. This permitted a wider field of view, which improved Autopilot's cross-traffic emergency braking.

Gigafactory Shanghai was the first of Tesla's factories to begin making the refreshed Model 3, with the company offering the vehicle for sale in China and markets to which Tesla exports from China, including Europe, the Middle East, Australia and Japan. The refreshed Model 3 was made available for order in North America on January 10, 2024, with these models being produced at the Tesla Fremont Factory.[65]

Design

In 2013, design chief Franz von Holzhausen called the Model 3, "an Audi A4, BMW 3 Series, Mercedes-Benz C-Class type of vehicle that will offer everything: range, affordability, and performance" that is targeted toward the mass market.[66] While technology developed for Tesla's earlier Model S sedan was used in the Model 3,[67] it is 20% smaller than the Model S[68] and has its own unique design.[69]

One of the most striking and noticeable design choices on the Model 3 was the lack of a front grille.[70] Since electric cars have lower cooling needs than combustion cars, they do not need a front grille, yet many, including the Model S, have one to fit in with the design of other vehicles.[71] All trim levels include an expansive glass roof developed by the Tesla Glass group, from the same glass used for the Tesla Solar Roof.[72] The interior of the Model 3 has been described as minimalist or stark, with few physical controls, instead housing most controls in a single center-mounted touchscreen.[73] [74] Critics praised the screen's interface, but pointed out that the decision requires drivers navigate menus to accomplish what could otherwise be controlled by a button or knob. Tesla is also notable for being one of the few automakers offering no Apple CarPlay or Android Auto connectivity.

Production

Gigafactory Shanghai has been producing the Model 3 since December 2019 for both the local China market and for export to other areas except the United States.[75]

Production stages

In a 2013 interview, Jerome Guillen discussed "BlueStar" (codename for the Model 3 project), stating that Tesla was expecting to eventually produce 400,000 cars per year.[76]

In May 2016 Tesla told its suppliers that it intended to double earlier-announced Model 3 production targets to 100,000 in 2017 and 400,000 in 2018 due to demand, which suppliers[77] [78] and many experts viewed as unattainable.[79] [80] In the Tesla Factory, paint lines for 500,000 automobiles commenced in 2015, and some stamping equipment for the Model 3 was operational by August 2016.[81] Tesla bought Grohmann Engineering, experienced in automated manufacturing, in January 2017. This acquisition launched Tesla Advanced Automation Germany, which Tesla said would develop manufacturing processes to be used initially in Model 3 production. According to Tesla in late 2016, the company expected to invest between and in capital expenditures ahead of the start of Model 3 production.

After the two Alpha prototypes were shown (silver and black; red was a shell) in April 2016, Tesla finished the design in late July 2016. Tesla ordered parts equivalent to 300 Beta prototypes in August 2016, preparing for development of the assembly line. As of August 2016, the company intended to make release candidates for testing prior to actual production.[82] [83] Tesla began building Model 3 prototypes in early February 2017 as part of the testing of the vehicle design and manufacturing processes. Tesla said in late 2016 that initial crash test results had been positive. Crash test results in mid-2019 were scored at 96% for protection of adults; 86% for protection of children and 74% for the way it handles "vulnerable road users" such as pedestrians. In addition, the Model 3's "safety assist" mode scored 94%.[84]

In October 2016 Tesla said its production timeline was on schedule.[85] Again in February 2017, Tesla said that vehicle development, supply chain and manufacturing are on track to support volume deliveries of the Model 3 in the second half of 2017. Limited vehicle production began in July 2017 and volume production was scheduled at that time to start by September 2017. As of February 2017, Tesla planned to ramp up production to exceed 5,000 vehicles per week in Q4 2017 and reach 10,000 vehicles per week in 2018.[86] However, Tesla missed their Q4 production target by a wide amount, as only 2,425 vehicles were produced during the entire 3-month period.[87] [88]

Giga Nevada had been intended to produce battery packs for Model 3 and it was announced in January 2017 that Tesla would also manufacture drive units at Giga Nevada.[89] In February 2017, Tesla said that installation of Model 3 manufacturing equipment was underway in the Fremont factory and at Giga Nevada, where in January, production of battery cells for energy-storage products began, which have the same form factor as the cells that will be used in Model 3.

Deliveries

In February 2016 Tesla expected the Model 3 to repeat the delivery schedule of the S and X models: selling at first the highest-optioned cars with higher margins, to help pay for production equipment.[90] However, after the lessons learned from the complicated Model X production, Tesla changed its delivery schedule in early 2017 to produce relatively simpler cars initially, in order to reduce production risk. The first mass-produced Model 3 cars were rear-wheel drive with the long-range battery. Deliveries began in the second half of 2017 as predicted, but not in the numbers Tesla had hoped. As industry experts had predicted, Tesla did not meet the announced delivery targets.[91]

2017

In early July 2017 Musk forecast at least six months of serious production difficulties.[92] Tesla's announced goal at that time was to produce 1,500 units in the third quarter of 2017, increasing to 5,000 per week by end of December 2017,[93] but only 260 vehicles were manufactured during the third quarter. The company blamed production bottlenecks, but said there were "no fundamental issues with the Model 3 production or supply chain" and expressed confidence about its ability to resolve the bottlenecks in the near future.[94] [95]

Tesla delivered just 1,542 Model 3 cars in the fourth quarter of 2017,[96] about 2,900 fewer than Wall Street estimations, which were already halved previously after Tesla published the company's third quarter report.[97] By early November 2017, Musk had postponed the target date for manufacturing 5,000 of the vehicles per week from December 2017 to March 2018.[98] An analyst with Cowan and Company, an investment banking firm, said in November 2017 that "Elon Musk needs to stop over-promising and under-delivering".[99] Customer deliveries totaled 1,764 units in 2017.[100]

2018

Prior to a planned shutdown in mid-April 2018 to further increase production, Tesla produced more than 2,000 Model 3 vehicles for three straight weeks.[101] Global deliveries passed 100,000 units as of October 2018.[102] U.S. Model 3 sales hit 100,000 units in November 2018, reaching this milestone quicker than any previous plug-in electric model.[103]

During the first half of 2018, the Model 3 was the top-selling alternative fuel vehicle in California with 12,674 units, followed by the Toyota Prius conventional hybrid (10,043).[104] The Model 3 was the top-selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. for 12 months in a row through December 2018, ending 2018 as the bestselling plug-in with an estimated 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100,000 units in one year.[105] [106] [107] Additionally, the Model 3 ranked as the bestselling luxury vehicle in the American market in 2018.[108] The Model 3 topped plug-in electric car sales in California in 2018, with 51,293 units registered, and was the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category.[109] [110]

The Model 3 was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2018.[111] In 2018, Elon Musk predicted that eventual global demand would likely be between 500,000 and Model 3 cars per year— ranking in between the BMW 3 Series and the Volkswagen Golf.[112]

2019

Retail deliveries in Europe and China began in February 2019.[113] [114] Delivery of the first right-hand drive vehicles began in June 2019, starting with the UK[115] and later in Australia and New Zealand.[116] Similarly to how the first US-made Model 3s were delivered in July 2017, the first Chinese-made Model 3 cars were delivered to employees at the end of 2019.[117]

In January 2019 the Model 3 overtook the Model S as the U.S. all-time best selling all-electric car,[118] and, the next month, also passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S.

The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car for the second consecutive year, with just over 300,000 units delivered.[119] The electric car also topped annual plug-in car sales in the U.S. (158,925) and California (59,514) markets for the second time in a row.[120] [121] And again listed as the California's best-selling car in the near luxury category in 2019.

The Model 3 also ranked as the best-selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models.[122] It also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best-selling passenger car model overall.[123] [124] The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[125] The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.[126]

The Model 3 also was the top selling plug-in car in Canada, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Mexico.[127] [128]

2020

Until 2019, the Nissan Leaf was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car, with global sales of 450,000 units by December 2019.[129] The Tesla Model 3 surpassed Leaf sales in early 2020 to become the world's best-selling plug-in electric car ever. Global sales totaled about 814,000 units overall up to December 2020.[130] [131] The Model 3, with 365,240 global deliveries, was the world's best-selling plug-in passenger car in 2020 for the third consecutive year.

Gigafactory Shanghai began to ramp up production in 2020, producing vehicles for sale in China and for export.[132]

In 2020, the Model 3 was the bestselling plug-in car in China (137,459) and the U.S. (95,135).[133] [134] The Model 3 also was the most popular plug-in electric car in California in 2020 (38,580), as well as the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category.[135] The Model 3 has topped both California's and the U.S. national plug-in car sales for three years in-a-row, from 2018 to 2020.

2021

In 2021, the Model 3 became the all-time bestselling electric vehicle in the Netherlands with over 78,996 cars registered at the end of June 2021.[136] The Model 3 became the first electric car to sell over 1 million units globally in June 2021.[137]

It was also the bestselling electric vehicle of 2021 in the UK, with 34,783 registered, beating the second most popular electric car, the Kia e-Niro, by over 22,500 registrations. These figures also made the Model 3 the second bestseller in the UK new car market in 2021, only beaten by the Vauxhall Corsa, a cheaper B-segment vehicle. The 9,612 Model 3s sold in December were more than double the sales of any other car in that month.[138]

In October 2021, Hertz car rental ordered 100,000 full-price cars for its rental fleet.[139] [140]

Concerns

In May 2018 Consumer Reports found "big flaws, such as long stopping distances in our emergency braking test and difficult-to-use controls", finding the braking distance was worse than a Ford F-150 full-size truck, and branding the Model 3 "not recommended". Tesla responded to the claims with concern and, over the next weekend, released an OTA update for the anti-lock braking algorithm. Consumer Reports, impressed with the prompt OTA update, verified the improved braking performance and changed their rating to a recommended model.[141] [142]

In February 2019 Consumer Reports revoked the Model 3 recommendation because "many customers have reported problems with the [car], including loose body trim and glass defects."[143] As with Model S and Model X, Model 3 production flaws were reduced over time.[144] In November 2019 Consumer Reports reinstated the Model 3 recommendation, claiming it was the fifth-most reliable of twelve compact luxury cars.[145]

During long-term testing of a Model 3 in December 2019, Car and Driver experienced a rear inverter short after and 3 months of ownership.[146] It was their first long-term vehicle to suffer such a major failure while parked.[147]

In 2020, due to the Covid-19 outbreak, closure of the Shanghai factory at the end of January, and supply chain issues, Tesla used the 2.5 version processor instead of the 3.0 processor that Chinese users expected to find in their vehicles. This led to mass complaints. Tesla promised to upgrade the hardware free of charge once the supply chain is restored.[148]

The 2021 Tesla Model 3 vehicles built on or after April 27, 2021, had modified Forward Collison Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) safety features, resulting in lower Consumer Reports and Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) scores. The change was from using Radar to Camera technology called Tesla Vision.[149] The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has opened an investigation over phantom braking in these new vehicles.[150] [151]

In May 2022, a relay attack was discovered where an attacker could gain remote control of a Model 3 (or a Model Y) if they could get within range of a Bluetooth key of the owner.[152] [153]

Specifications

Motor

Instead of a traditional induction motor, the Model 3's primary (rear) motor uses internal permanent magnets (IPM) with synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) characteristics. Compared to an induction motor, the aluminum squirrel-cage rotor is replaced by an iron rotor, with slots cut into the metal where magnets are inserted in the internal core. As an IPM motor, it produces excellent starting torque; however, performance declines at high speeds due to counter-electromotive forces. For high-speed operation, Tesla engineers used iron’s reluctance property, which allows it to spin in synchronization with the magnetic field of the stator if channels are cut into the core. These channels were also an ideal internal location for the permanent magnets to be mounted.[154] [155]

The IPM-SynRM motor is responsible for most of the propulsion in both the RWD and AWD Model 3s. The induction motor on the front axle of the AWD models provides additional power and helps to improve handling.[156] [157] [158]

Battery

For the Model 3, Tesla initially decided to use 2170-type (21 mm diameter, 70 mm height) cylindrical cells. Compared with the 18650-type batteries that the company had been using since its first generation Roadster, the 2170 batteries were optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.

For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada.

For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai, batteries with a nickel-cobalt-manganese cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.

As lower-cost models were introduced, Tesla started using prismatic (rectangular) cells with a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry in vehicles produced in both factories.[159] LFP batteries are less energy-dense (which reduces range), but do not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes them less expensive to produce.[160] Unlike other types, LFP batteries can also be regularly charged to 100 percent instead of 80 percent. Tesla sources these batteries from CATL in China.

Engineering and changes

When production began in 2017, the base Model 3 was announced to have a 50-kWh battery with a range of about 220miles while the optional 75-kWh battery would have a range of about 310miles.[161]

The 350-volt (nominal, 400v max) Model 3 battery packs are made of four longitudinal modules each containing the groups (bricks). The Standard Range version carries 2,976 cells arranged in 96 groups of 31. The Long Range version carries 4,416 cells arranged in 96 groups of 46, and weighs[162] 480order=flipNaNorder=flip in a 0.40 m³ volume; a density of .[163] [164] The car's onboard AC/DC converter is 11 kW.[165] In Europe this requires three-phase electric power, otherwise single-phase power is 7.4 kW.[166]

Tesla continues to improve the design of the 2170 battery cell and introduces incremental improvements into the manufacturing line periodically.[167]

The inverter for the Model 3 drive unit uses 24 pairs of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET chips rated for 650 volts each.[168]

In May 2019 Tesla started offering an optional tow bar rated for 2000lb available with Standard Range Plus and Long Range for the European Model 3.[169] [170] [171]

In December 2019, Tesla offered Long Range dual-motor Model 3 owners who had software version 2019.40.2 the option to purchase a US$2000 "Acceleration Boost" software upgrade enabling a Sport driving mode,[172] advertised to reduce 0-60mph time from 4.4s to 3.9s. Road testing confirmed better-than-expected acceleration with drivers in Sport mode reaching 0-60mph in 3.67s from standstill and 3.47s with a 1-foot rollout.[173]

Structurally, the Model 3 is mostly steel, and most body panels are aluminum.[174] [175]

Due to its smaller size, the Model 3 is expected to consume less energy than the Model Y, and thus have longer range.[176]

Traditional stability control is not made for dual-motor control or the faster response time in electric motors, and Tesla modified the control unit.[177] The cooling system is integrated to reduce size and cost.[178]

Sometime during August 2020, Tesla added heating hardware to the Model 3's charge port which was enabled by software update later in the year to prevent ice buildup.[179] [180]

Beginning in October 2023 (most markets) or January 2024 (US market), Model 3 cars were delivered with changes for the "Highland" refresh. Tesla states that fifty percent of the Model 3's components have been changed for the 2024 Highland version.[181] The changes included a revised suspension emphasizing ride comfort, additional noise reduction, lack of stalks on the steering column, ventilated front seats, a small rear screen, slightly improved aerodynamics, and new headlights, taillights, and wheels.[182] The shifter has been removed and the gear may be selected on the touchscreen, or by simply letting the vehicle's predictive software select the appropriate gear. For emergency purposes, there are P-R-N-D buttons above the front window.[183]

Specifications table

! Rear-Wheel Drive! Long Range Rear-Wheel Drive! Long Range AWD! Performance
LayoutSingle-motor rear-wheel driveDual-motor all-wheel drive
ProductionSep. 2023–presentJul. 2024–presentSep. 2023–presentApr. 2024–present
Range
(combined)		EPA[184]
WLTP[185]
Battery capacityFremont:
Shanghai: [186]
chargingup to 170 kWup to 250 kW
charging (per hour)26.2miles at 240 V, 32 A39.7miles at 240 V, 48 A
MotorInterior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctanceInterior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance (rear) & induction (front)
Curb weightFremont:
Shanghai:
0 to 60 mph5.8 sec4.9 sec4.2 sec2.9 sec
Top speed
Model! Standard Range! Standard Range Plus! Mid Range! Long Range! Rear-Wheel Drive! Long Range AWD! Performance
LayoutSingle-motor rear-wheel driveDual-motor all-wheel drive
ProductionMar 2019–Nov 2020[187] Mar 2019–Nov 2021Oct 2018–Mar 2019[188] Jul 2017–Nov 2018
Mar 2019–Nov 2019[189]
Apr 2023–Oct 2023		Nov 2021–Jan 2024Jun 2018–Jan 2024
Range
(combined)		EPA[190] [191]
WLTP[192] Until 2020: [193]
After 2021: [194]
Efficiency26kWh/100 mi
131 MPGe		NaNkWh/100 mi
133-141 MPGe		27kWh/100 mi
123 MPGe		NaNkWh/100 mi
126-130 MPGe		25kWh/100 mi
132 MPGe		NaNkWh/100 mi
116-134 MPGe		NaNkWh/100 mi
113-121 MPGe
Battery capacity[195] [196] [197] [198] [199] Until 2020:
After 2021: [200]
charging1300NaN0 in 30 min.[201] up to 170 kW[202] up to 200 kWup to 250 kW[203] [204] up to 170 kWup to 250 kW
charging (per hour)29.5miles at 240 V, 32 A32miles at 240 V, 32 A28.4miles at 240 V, 32 A44.3miles at 240 V, 48 A26.2miles at 240 V, 32 A[205] [206] 39.7miles at 240 V, 48 A
MotorInterior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctanceInterior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance (rear) & induction (front)
Curb weight[207]
0 to 60 mph5.3 sec5.3 sec5.2 sec5 sec5.8 sec4.2 sec3.1 sec
Top speed1300NaN0[208] 1450NaN0[209] 1620NaN0

Safety

Following crash testing in 2019, the Model 3 performed very well, receiving five stars in every category from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration[210] [211] and a 94% Euro NCAP score in active safety.[212] [213]

NHTSA (US)[214] ! colspan=2
Euro NCAP[215] ANCAP[216] IIHS (US)[217]
Overall Overall OverallSmall overlap front, driver sideGood
Frontal, driver Adult occupant 36.7 pts / 96%Adult occupant36.70 pts / 96% Small overlap front, passenger sideGood
Frontal, passenger Child occupant 42.3 Pts / 86%Child occupant42.88 Pts / 87% Moderate overlap frontGood
Vulnerable Road Users 35.7 Pts / 74%Vulnerable Road Users35.69 Pts / 74% SideGood
Side, passenger 12.3 Pts / 94%Driver assist12.35 Pts / 94%Roof strengthGood
Side pole, driver Roof strengthGood
/ 6.6%Head restraints & seatsGood
Headlights (varies by trim/option)
Good Acceptable
Front crash preventionSuperior

Automobile Racing

For the single-seater ERA discipline, making its debut in 2023, the Brink Motorsport team is equipped with Model 3. This allows Tesla to make its debut in automobile racing.[218]

Reception

Awards

Recalls

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cumberford . Robert . January 17, 2018 . The Man Behind the Model 3: Franz von Holzhausen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190119183441/https://www.automobilemag.com/news/tesla-chief-designer-franz-von-holzhausen-interview-2018/ . January 19, 2019 . January 19, 2019 . Automobile.
  2. Web site: Woodard . Collin . November 28, 2017 . Tesla Model 3 Owner's Manual Secrets Revealed on Reddit . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513163257/https://www.automobilemag.com/news/heres-what-we-learned-from-the-tesla-model-3-owners-manual/ . May 13, 2019 . Automobile.
  3. Musk . Elon . Interview with Elon Musk . June 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Onajosm9PWo&t=2m48s . December 27, 2020 . live . . January 7, 2007 . Model 3 is intended to be around a $30,000 price point, so that's really affordable by almost everyone who can buy new cars . Elon Musk.
  4. News: LaMonica . Martin . September 24, 2008 . Tesla's 'Bluestar' to be all-electric family car . . live . September 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215359/https://www.cnet.com/news/teslas-bluestar-to-be-all-electric-family-car/ . September 17, 2018.
  5. Tesla publishes Model 3 vs. Model S specifications in employee-only handout . Tesla . May 23, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730014214/https://forums.teslarati.com/threads/tesla-publishes-model-3-vs-model-s-specifications-in-employee-only-handout.3609/ . July 30, 2017 . Teslarati Forum . 2017.
  6. Web site: October 18, 2017 . Is this a Tesla Model 3 Performance version spied testing at the Fremont factory? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140753/https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-model-3-performance-version-spied-test-track/ . December 7, 2017 . December 7, 2017 . teslarati.com . en-US.
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  8. News: Hull . Dana . April 7, 2016 . Tesla Says It Received More Than 325,000 Model 3 Reservations . . live . April 7, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160407192859/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-07/tesla-says-model-3-pre-orders-surge-to-325-000-in-first-week . April 7, 2016.
  9. Web site: Crosbie . Jack . August 2, 2017 . Elon Musk Finally Reveals the Number of Tesla Model 3 Reservations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170813082215/https://www.inverse.com/article/35011-tesla-model-3-reservations-number . August 13, 2017 . August 2, 2017 . inverse.com . US.
  10. News: Fiegerman . Seth . August 3, 2017 . Tesla now averaging more than 1,800 Model 3 reservations a day . CNN Money . live . August 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212821/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/02/technology/business/tesla-earnings/index.html?iid=hp-stack-dom . August 3, 2017.
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  15. News: Perkins . Chris . July 20, 2016 . Tesla Motors Will Produce a Semi Truck and a Model 3-Based Pickup . . live . August 13, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044026/http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/news/a30051/tesla-secret-master-plan-elon-musk-trucks/ . August 2, 2017.
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  17. Web site: November 1, 2017 . Elon Musk Says This Is Tesla's 'Biggest Problem' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171105045436/http://fortune.com/2017/11/01/tesla-elon-musk-model-3-earnings/ . November 5, 2017 . November 5, 2017 . Fortune.
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  20. 1013519243030253570 . elonmusk . 7000 cars, 7 days [...] . Elon . Musk . July 1, 2018 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20180701204629/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1013519243030253570 . July 1, 2018 . live.
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  33. News: Randall . Tom . March 30, 2016 . Elon Musk wanted to name his Model 3 Model E so Tesla's brands would spell SEX. This and other secrets about his newest car . . US . live . April 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160403041222/http://business.financialpost.com/news/transportation/elon-musk-wanted-to-name-his-model-3-model-e-so-teslas-brands-would-spell-sex-this-and-other-secrets-about-his-newest-car . April 3, 2016.
  34. Web site: February 6, 2017 . Adidas Says Tesla Logo Is Too Similar To 3-Stripe TM . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080719/https://www.law360.com/ip/articles/888564/adidas-says-tesla-logo-is-too-similar-to-3-stripe-tm . February 11, 2017 . February 8, 2017 . Portfolio Media, Inc. . . US.
  35. News: Lambert . Fred . February 5, 2017 . Tesla Model 3: Elon Musk confirms the branding will be numeric – resulting in 'S3X' vehicle lineup . Electrek . US . live . February 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170207131450/https://electrek.co/2017/02/05/tesla-model-3-elon-musk-branding-numeric/ . February 7, 2017.
  36. News: Heisler . Yoni . January 7, 2016 . Tesla confirms: Model 3 would be unveiled in March . BGR . live . January 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160110224421/http://bgr.com/2016/01/07/tesla-model-3-unveiling/ . January 10, 2016.
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  42. Web site: Tesla Reliability, Take Two: Are Newer Owners Less Tolerant? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074812/https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1100598_tesla-reliability-take-two-are-newer-owners-less-tolerant . December 27, 2020 . February 26, 2020 . Green Car Reports . October 23, 2015 . en.
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  44. Web site: Stoll . John . February 10, 2016 . Tesla's Musk: Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115,000 Within 24 Hours . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160401060949/http://www.wsj.com/articles/teslas-musk-model-3-orders-surpassed-115-000-within-24-hours-1459483890 . April 1, 2016 . March 31, 2016 . The Wall Street Journal.
  45. 715934657720639488 . elonmusk . Model 3 orders at 180,000 in 24 hours. Selling price w avg option mix prob $42k, so ~$7.5B in a day. Future of electric cars looking bright! . Elon . Musk . April 1, 2016.
  46. Web site: Field . Kyle . April 1, 2016 . 200,000 Tesla Model 3 Reservations in Less Than 24 Hours . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170028/https://cleantechnica.com/2016/04/01/200000-tesla-model-3-reservations-less-24-hours/ . February 4, 2017 . February 3, 2017 . CleanTechnica.
  47. News: Baker . David R. . April 1, 2016 . Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 . . live . September 14, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160905214935/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php . September 5, 2016. Tesla Motors had sold 107,000 Model S cars by the end of 2015
  48. News: Bradshaw . Tim . April 3, 2016 . Tesla Model 3 orders point to potential $11.5bn sales . . live . subscription . April 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160407224542/http://app.ft.com/cms/s/9a163366-f9de-11e5-8e04-8600cef2ca75.html . April 7, 2016.
  49. 718112326889529344 . elonmusk . Over 325k cars or ~$14B in preorders in first week. Only 5% ordered max of two, suggesting low levels of speculation. . Elon . Musk . April 7, 2016.
  50. News: Kwong . Phoenix . April 28, 2016 . China second-largest market for Tesla's Model 3 car . . live . May 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201750/http://www.scmp.com/business/article/1939574/china-second-largest-market-teslas-model-3-car . May 1, 2016.
  51. Web site: Cole . Jay . May 18, 2016 . Tesla, Musk Plan $2 Billion Stock Sale To Build Model 3, 373,000 People Reserved . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160519105109/http://insideevs.com/tesla-to-raise-2-billion-373000-people-have-reserved-a-model-3/ . May 19, 2016 . May 18, 2016 . InsideEVs.
  52. News: Hull . Dana . May 18, 2016 . Tesla to Sell $1.4 Billion in Shares for Expanded Production . . live . May 18, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160518222049/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-18/tesla-to-sell-1-4-billion-in-shares-for-expanded-production . May 18, 2016.
  53. News: July 29, 2017 . Tesla Hands Over First Model 3 Electric Cars to Early Buyers . US . live . July 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729044548/http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tesla-hands-over-first-model-3-electric-cars-early-buyers-n787716 . July 29, 2017 . NBC News.
  54. News: Capparella . Joey . October 16, 2020 . Tesla Model 3 Gets Design Changes Inside and Out, Increased Range . January 22, 2024 . Car and Driver.
  55. Web site: Moloughney . Tom . November 26, 2020 . 2021 Tesla Model 3 vs. 2020 Side by Side Comparison: What's Changed? . September 1, 2023 . InsideEVs . en.
  56. Web site: Kay . Grace . March 20, 2023 . Tesla reportedly saw an uptick in crashes and mistakes after Elon Musk removed radar from its cars . Business Insider.
  57. News: Yekikian . Nick . June 7, 2021 . Tesla Model 3 and Y Lose Adjustable Lumbar Due to "Almost No Usage" . . September 1, 2023.
  58. Web site: Singh . Dev . April 3, 2023 . Tesla removes parking sensors, its cars start running into things . September 1, 2023 . CarExpert . en.
  59. News: Yan . Zhang . Jin . Hyunjoo . Leussink . Daniel . Goh . Brenda . 2023-09-01 . Tesla releases refreshed Model 3 with longer driving range in China . en . Reuters . Schmollinger . Christian . Krolicki . Kevin . Fahmy . Miral . 2023-09-01.
  60. News: Yan . Zhang . White . Joe . Guilluame . Gilles . Krolicki . Kevin . November 28, 2022 . Exclusive: Tesla readies revamped Model 3 with project 'Highland' -sources . en . . Nicolaci da Costa . Ana . August 28, 2023.
  61. Web site: TESLA LANCE UNE NOUVELLE VERSION DE LA MODEL 3: QUELS CHANGEMENTS POUR 1000 EUROS DE PLUS? . bfmtv.
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  63. News: Stoklosa . Alexander . October 18, 2023 . New Tesla Model 3 vs. Old Tesla Model 3: All the Changes Side-By-Side . January 22, 2024 . Motor Trend.
  64. Web site: Lambert . Fred . 2024-02-15 . Tesla Model 3 has a new tech that 'isolates shake frequencies in your belly' . 2024-02-17 . Electrek . en-US.
  65. News: Kalia . Shubham . Sriram . Akash . January 10, 2024 . Tesla launches restyled Model 3 in North America . January 22, 2024 . Reuters.
  66. Web site: January 15, 2013 . Detroit 2013: Tesla's Family Will Grow . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160413100509/http://www.automobilemag.com/news/tesla-in-detroit-our-family-will-grow-197263/ . April 13, 2016 . April 12, 2015 . automobilemag.com.
  67. Web site: LaMonica . Martin . September 24, 2008 . Tesla's 'Bluestar' to be all-electric family car . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111015184450/http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10049993-54.html . October 15, 2011 . November 27, 2010 . CNET.
  68. News: October 25, 2013 . 12 interesting things we learned from Tesla's Elon Musk this week . . dead . October 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131026181527/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/25/things-learned-tesla-elon-musk-electric-car . October 26, 2013.
  69. Web site: January 25, 2015 . Elon Musk: I Want The Model 3 To Be Different, Not Just A Smaller Model S . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150404093425/http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/elon-musk-want-model-3-different-just-smaller-model-s/ . April 4, 2015 . April 12, 2015 . CleanTechnica.
  70. Web site: Gold . Aaron . April 7, 2016 . The Internet Fixes The Tesla Model 3's Controversial Styling . 2023-09-06 . Forbes . en.
  71. News: November 17, 2015 . Tesla veteran on electric motors vs internal-combustion engines . ecomento.com . live . April 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071619/https://ecomento.com/2015/11/19/tesla-veteran-on-electric-motors-vs-internal-combustion-engines/ . April 24, 2018.
  72. Web site: Muoio . Danielle . November 1, 2016 . Elon Musk: Tesla is developing a special kind of glass for its Model 3 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104015438/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-teslas-model-3-220711131.html . November 4, 2016 . November 2, 2016 . Business Insider.
  73. Web site: 2017-02-21 . 2017 Tesla Model 3 Review, Pricing, and Specs . 2023-09-06 . Car and Driver . en-US.
  74. News: Hanley . Mike . October 1, 2018 . 1 Screen to Rule Them All: Tesla Model 3 All-Purpose Touchscreen Tested . . September 6, 2023.
  75. Web site: July 19, 2023 . Q2 2023 Investor Update Presentation . August 12, 2023 . . 7.
  76. News: Cypel . Sylvain . August 12, 2013 . Tesla, la dernière coqueluche de la Silicon Valley . fr . Tesla, the latest darling of Scilicon Valley . . live . September 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180917183206/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2013/08/12/tesla-la-derniere-coqueluche-de-la-silicon-valley_3460275_3234.html . September 17, 2018 . Le premier, Jérôme Guillen, 41 ans, est né à Avignon. Parti de France à 20 ans, après un doctorat d'ingénierie mécanique aux Etats-Unis, un passage chez McKinsey et DaimlerBenz … Nom de code : BlueStar. Ce sera, promet M. Guillen, "un véhicule encore plus technologique mais moins sophistiqué. Un jour, nous aussi, ici, nous fabriquerons 400 000 voitures"..
  77. Web site: Lienert . Paul . Sage . Alexandria . May 20, 2016 . Exclusive: Suppliers question Tesla's goals for Model 3 output . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160523010434/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-suppliers-idUSKCN0YB0CA . May 23, 2016 . May 26, 2016 . Reuters.
  78. Web site: Lambert . Fred . May 4, 2016 . Tesla sets July 1st 2017 as deadline for Model 3 parts with suppliers and internally . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161106063424/https://electrek.co/2016/05/04/tesla-july-1st-2017-deadline-model-3-parts-suppliers/ . November 6, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . Electrek.
  79. Web site: Lambert . Fred . November 23, 2016 . Tesla Model 3 will not arrive until 'very end' of 2018, says once TSLA-cheerleader Morgan Stanley's Adam Jonas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124095107/https://electrek.co/2016/11/23/tesla-model-3-late-adam-jonas-morgan-stanley/ . November 24, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . Electrek . We continue to forecast a Model 3 launch at the very end of 2018 (more than 1 year later than company target) with 60k units in 2019 and 130k units in 2020..
  80. Web site: Bower . George . December 20, 2016 . GM versus Tesla: Pre-Production Comparison for Meeting Model 3 Deliveries At 2017's End . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220163040/http://insideevs.com/gm-versus-tesla-pre-production-comparison-meeting-model-3-deliveries-2017s-end/ . December 20, 2016 . January 4, 2017.
  81. Web site: Campbell . Angela . August 4, 2016 . Tesla Motors Model 3 Equipment 'Already Online' at Fremont Factory . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221553/http://www.thecountrycaller.com/38717-tesla-motors-inc-model-3-equipment-already-online-at-fremont-factory/ . October 13, 2016 . October 13, 2016 . The Country Caller.
  82. Web site: Lambert . Fred . August 1, 2016 . Tesla Model 3: Tesla is ordering enough parts for a fleet of ~300 prototypes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031155822/https://electrek.co/2016/08/01/tesla-model-3-parts-fleet-300-prototypes/ . October 31, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . Electrek . it doesn't mean that the number of parts divided by the number of parts per vehicle necessarily means Tesla will build a fleet of 300 since some of the parts will be used for process validation outside of prototypes and other processes.
  83. Web site: Campbell . Angela . August 2, 2016 . Ordering Enough Model 3 Parts For 300 Prototypes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161106061849/http://www.thecountrycaller.com/49580-tesla-motors-inc-tsla-ordering-enough-model-3-parts-for-300-prototypes/ . November 6, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . The Country Caller . Once the assembly line is installed following the beta prototype completion, the automaker produces several "release candidates.".
  84. Baker-Whitcomb . Alex . July 3, 2019 . Tesla Model 3 Crash Results, Europe's Record Heat, and More News From Today . live . Wired . 1059-1028 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190703232814/https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-model-3-crash-europe-heatwave-climate-change/ . July 3, 2019 . July 4, 2019.
  85. Web site: October 27, 2016 . Edited Transcript of TSLA earnings conference call or presentation 26-Oct-16 9:30 pm GMT . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170319223453/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/edited-transcript-tsla-earnings-conference-070933016.html . March 19, 2017 . December 3, 2016 . Yahoo . Musk [39]: we're not taking any action that would cause the Model 3 timeline to be extended in any way. [41]: We're still highly confident of reaching volume production in the second half of next year..
  86. Web site: February 22, 2017 . Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2016 Update . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212145/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/3853068125x0x929284/22C29259-6C19-41AC-9CAB-899D148F323D/TSLA_Update_Letter_2016_4Q.pdf . February 23, 2017 . February 22, 2017 . . Palo Alto.
  87. News: Ciolli . Joe . January 3, 2018 . Tesla misses its Model 3 deliveries by a mile . Business Insider . live . January 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104014612/http://www.businessinsider.de/tesla-model-3-delivery-report-misses-fourth-quarter-2018-1?r=US&IR=T . January 4, 2018.
  88. News: Coren . Michael J. . January 3, 2018 . Tesla's Model 3 misses production targets a second time . Quartz . live . January 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013448/https://qz.com/1170768/teslas-model-3-production-falls-short-as-chevy-bolt-sales-climb/ . January 4, 2018.
  89. Web site: Lambert . Fred . October 15, 2016 . Tesla is building new 'drive unit production lines' at the Gigafactory, will not only manufacture battery packs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160911141931/http://www.thecountrycaller.com/51161-tesla-motors-inc-tsla-expects-to-spend-2-billion-on-gigafactory-construction/ . September 11, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . Electrek.
  90. Web site: Ziegler . Chris . February 10, 2016 . Don't expect the very first Tesla Model 3s to cost $35,000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170801073617/https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/10/10962758/tesla-model-3-base-price-options-elon-musk . August 1, 2017 . June 7, 2017 . . Our default plan as we've done in the past is that the initial sales are relatively highly optioned versions of the car, because we've got to pay back the investment of the tooling and everything, so it makes sense to have the higher optioned versions first. That's what we did with the S and obviously again with the X..
  91. News: Golson . Jordan . March 24, 2017 . Elon Musk shares video of near-final Model 3, but says he won't drive one . . live . March 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024505/http://www.theverge.com/2017/3/24/15049656/elon-musk-tesla-model-3-tweets-video . March 25, 2017.
  92. Tesla Delays Its Model 3 Production Goals – Again . live . Wired . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104005556/https://www.wired.com/story/musk-model-3-tesla-production-delays-january/ . January 4, 2018 . January 5, 2018.
  93. News: October 2, 2017 . Tesla Falters With Model 3 as Initial Output Trails Forecast . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg L.P. . live . October 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171005033035/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-02/tesla-sales-climb-as-model-3-stokes-demand-in-pricier-offerings . October 5, 2017.
  94. News: Holley . Peter . October 2, 2017 . 'We understand what needs to be fixed,' Tesla says after missing Model 3 production goals . The Washington Post . live . October 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171005002440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2017/10/02/we-understand-what-needs-to-be-fixed-tesla-says-after-bungling-model-3-production-goals/ . October 5, 2017.
  95. News: Higgins . Tim . October 6, 2017 . Behind Tesla's Production Delays: Parts of Model 3 Were Being Made by Hand . . live . October 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008002200/https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-teslas-production-delays-parts-of-model-3-were-being-made-by-hand-1507321057 . October 8, 2017.
  96. Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2017 Update . February 7, 2017 . Tesla . Palo Alto . In Q4, we delivered 28,425 Model S and Model X vehicles and 1,542 Model 3 vehicles, totaling 29,967 deliveries. . February 7, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180208182745/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/4934165653x0x970775/34923C55-6853-4223-ADDA-CB3CDC1B919F/TSLA_Update_Letter_2017-4Q.pdf . February 8, 2018.
  97. News: January 4, 2018 . 'Another missed promise': Tesla's latest Model 3 production setback could mean company needs more cash . Financial Post . Bloomberg . live . January 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106002158/http://business.financialpost.com/transportation/autos/another-missed-promise-teslas-latest-model-3-production-setback-could-mean-company-needs-more-cash . January 6, 2018.
  98. News: Holley . Peter . November 3, 2017 . Analysis – Sleepless nights, broken robots and mounting pressure: Musk offers rare glimpse inside Tesla's 'production hell' . The Washington Post . live . November 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171105050608/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2017/11/03/sleepless-nights-broken-robots-and-mounting-pressure-musk-offers-rare-glimpse-inside-teslas-production-hell/ . November 5, 2017.
  99. News: November 2, 2017 . Tesla must stop overpromising, could need more finance: analysts . Reuters . live . November 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171104234749/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-results-reaction/tesla-must-stop-overpromising-could-need-more-finance-analysts-idUSKBN1D21A3 . November 4, 2017.
  100. Web site: November 1, 2017 . _Update_Letter_2017-3Q.pdf Tesla Third Quarter 2017 Update . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165022/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/5846881552x0x962149/00F6EB90-2695-44E6-8C03-7EC4E06DF840/TSLA . January 11, 2018 . May 27, 2018 . Tesla.
  101. Web site: Tesla First Quarter 2018 Update . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202413/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/3853068125x0x979026/44C49236-1FC2-4FD9-80B1-495ED74E4194/TSLA_Update_Letter_2018-1Q.pdf . May 27, 2018 . May 27, 2018 . Tesla.
  102. Web site: Halvorson . Bengt . November 8, 2018 . Finalist for Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2019: Tesla Model 3 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040640/https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1119793_finalist-for-green-car-reports-best-car-to-buy-2019-tesla-model-3 . November 10, 2018 . November 9, 2018 . Green Car Reports.
  103. Web site: Loveday . Eric . December 4, 2018 . Tesla Model 3 Sales Charge Way Past Milestone Of 100,000 In U.S. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205023220/https://insideevs.com/tesla-model-3-sales-november-u-s-2018/ . December 5, 2018 . December 4, 2018 . InsideEVs.
  104. Web site: California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) . August 2018 . California Green Vehicle Report (YTD June 2018) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071221/https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Alt-Powertrain-Report-3Q-18-Release.pdf . October 25, 2018 . October 24, 2018 . CNCDA. See section: "Electric and Plug In Vehicle Segments Move Higher in 2018" – registrations through December March 2018 since 2014.
  105. Web site: Kane . Mark . January 3, 2019 . U.S. Tesla Sales in December 2018 Up By 249% . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190109111016/https://insideevs.com/u-s-tesla-sales-december-2018-up/ . January 9, 2019 . January 9, 2019 . InsideEVs.
  106. Web site: Loveday . Steven . January 7, 2019 . December 2018 U.S. EV Sales Recap: Over 360K Secured! . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155412/https://insideevs.com/december-2018-u-s-ev-sales-recap/ . January 9, 2019 . January 9, 2019 . Inside EVs.
  107. Web site: Kane . Mark . January 24, 2019 . US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020449/https://insideevs.com/us-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-december-2018/ . January 25, 2019 . January 24, 2019 . InsideEVs. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)"
  108. News: McCarthy . Niall . February 8, 2019 . The Tesla Model 3 Was The Best-Selling Luxury Car in America Last Year [Infographic] ]. . live . February 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184549/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2019/02/08/the-tesla-model-3-was-the-best-selling-luxury-car-in-america-last-year-infographic/#4589e2407b07 . February 23, 2019. See infographic.
  109. Web site: Kane . Mark . February 21, 2019 . Electric Cars Outsell Hybrids in California: Tesla Model 3 Tops In Class . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190222225542/https://insideevs.com/california-electric-car-sales-2018/ . February 22, 2019 . February 22, 2019 . Inside EVs.
  110. Web site: California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) . February 2019 . New Vehicle Registrations Remained Above 2 million Units in 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152029/https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-4Q-18.pdf . February 22, 2019 . February 21, 2019 . CNCDA . 15 . 1. See section: "Electric Vehicle Registrations Increased Sharply in 2018" – Figures for 2017 were revised.
  111. Web site: Jose . Pontes . January 31, 2019 . Global Top 20 – December 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013624/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html . February 1, 2019 . February 2, 2019 . EVSales.com. "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD."
  112. Web site: Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . October 25, 2018 . Tesla 2018 Q3 Earnings Call . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074816/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTjggW0uXBw&t=33m . December 27, 2020 . October 16, 2019 . offset 33:00 . YouTube . likely global demand for Model 3... it's probably on the order of anyway from 500,000 to a million cars a year, let's say, … as quick global demand for Model 3. If you look at something like BWM 3 Series … BMW 3 Series is about half-a-million a year, globally. And generally we find that we outcompete the BMW 3 Series quite well, so it seems logical therefore that we would have higher production …higher demand, you know; maybe somewhere between the BMW 3 Series and the Volkswagen Golf which is about a million units a year..
  113. News: Kane . Mark . February 16, 2019 . More And More Tesla Model 3 Reach Norway: Sales Imminent . InsideEVs . live . February 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212131/https://insideevs.com/more-tesla-model-3-norway/ . February 16, 2019.
  114. News: February 13, 2019 . Tesla Model 3s Arrive in Chinese Port Ready For Deliveries . Gasgoo News . InsideEVs . live . February 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142219/https://insideevs.com/tesla-model-3-arrive-china-port-deliveries/ . February 17, 2019.
  115. News: Tesla Model 3: first UK buyers take delivery of cars . Autocar . live . July 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190705142213/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/tesla-model-3-first-uk-buyers-take-delivery-cars . July 5, 2019.
  116. Web site: Parkinson . Giles . October 2, 2019 . Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle smashes sales records, recasts Australia car market . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074828/https://reneweconomy.com.au/tesla-model-3-electric-vehicle-smashes-sales-records-recasts-australia-car-market-14414/ . December 27, 2020 . January 19, 2020 . RenewEconomy . en-AU.
  117. Web site: December 30, 2019 . Tesla delivers first China-made Model 3s to its own workers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230144848/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/30/tech/tesla-china-model-3/index.html . December 30, 2019 . December 30, 2019 . CNN.
  118. Web site: Kane . Mark . February 4, 2019 . US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: January 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020207/https://insideevs.com/us-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-january-2019/ . February 7, 2019 . February 6, 2019 . InsideEVs. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" In January 209 the Tesla Model 3 (148,046) overtook the Model S (144,767). The Chevrolet Volt (152,819) continues as the all-time best selling plug-in car in the U.S.
  119. Web site: Jose . Pontes . January 31, 2020 . Global Top 20 – December 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074824/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . EVSales.com. "Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506."
  120. Web site: Loveday . Steven . January 17, 2020 . Final Update: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419234131/https://insideevs.com/monthly-plug-in-sales-scorecard/ . April 19, 2019 . May 16, 2020 . InsideEVs. See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" – The top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925 units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, the Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16,418 and the Tesla Model S with 14,100 units.
  121. Web site: California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) . February 2020 . California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2019: State New Vehicle Market Predicted to Remain Strong in 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074843/https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-4Q-19.pdf . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . CNCDA . 16 . 1.
  122. Web site: Gauthier . Michael . February 19, 2020 . European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year, Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074845/https://www.carscoops.com/2020/02/european-car-sales-climbed-to-15-7-million-units-last-year-tesla-model-3-is-the-ev-champion/ . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . Carscoops. Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and topped sales in the region in the EV segment.
  123. Web site: Shahan . Zachary . January 19, 2020 . Tesla Model 3 = #1 Best Selling Auto in Netherlands & Norway in 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074848/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/01/19/tesla-model-3-1-best-selling-automobile-in-netherlands-norway-in-2019/ . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . Clean Technica . In Norway and the Netherlands, the Model 3 was the #1 best selling automobile of any kind in any class in 2019..
  124. Web site: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) . January 2020 . OFV Registreringsstatistikk . OFV Registration Statistics . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074850/https://ofv.no/registreringsstatistikk . December 27, 2020 . May 10, 2020 . OFV . no. To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs for "2019" and "Desember" – The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15,683 units registered.
  125. Web site: Moberg . Knut . December 31, 2019 . Bil-året 2019: Derfor var 2019 så spesielt . The car of the year 2019: That's why 2019 was so special . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074929/https://dinside.dagbladet.no/motor/derfor-var-2019-sa-spesielt/71970723 . December 27, 2020 . May 10, 2020 . Dinside.no . no. With a total of 15,473 new registered Tesla Model 3 (as of December 27, 2019), only Volkswagen has managed a higher number previously, with Bobla in 1969 (16,706 cars), and Golf in 2015 (16,388).
  126. Web site: Pontes . Jose . January 27, 2020 . Tesla Model 3 Shatters Records in Hot European Market – EV Sales Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074852/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/01/27/tesla-model-3-shatters-records-in-hot-european-market-ev-sales-report/ . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . Clean Technica.
  127. Web site: Jose . Pontes . January 27, 2020 . Markets Roundup – December 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074852/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/markets-roundup-december-2019.html . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . EVSales. Check for top selling plug-in car in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Mexico.
  128. Web site: Jose . Pontes . January 31, 2020 . EV Sales 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074852/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/ . December 27, 2020 . May 16, 2020 . EVSales.com. Click on December sales for Spain, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland.
  129. The "E" side of EV: Nissan brings excitement from the road to the track with LEAF Nismo RC unleashed for the first time in Europe . January 20, 2020 . Nissan Europe . Valencia, Spain . May 3, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200505080000/https://europe.nissannews.com/en-GB/releases/release-a9f393adfcdb4c875b17ca02b001a9dc-nissan-brings-excitement-from-the-road-to-the-track-with-leaf-nismo-rc-unleashed-for-the-first-time-in-europe . May 5, 2020.
  130. Web site: January 30, 2019 . Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2018 Update . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190130213107/http://ir.tesla.com/static-files/0b913415-467d-4c0d-be4c-9225c2cb0ae0 . January 30, 2019 . January 30, 2019 . Tesla . In Q4, we delivered 63,359 Model 3 vehicles to customers in North America. . Palo Alto.
  131. Investor Communication: Tesla Q1 2020 Update . April 29, 2020 . . May 16, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200518184907/https://ir.tesla.com/static-files/c1723af4-ffda-4881-ae12-b6f3c972b795 . May 18, 2020 . Investor relations. Includes updated production and sales figures from 1Q 2019 through 1Q 2020.
  132. Web site: 3 January 2020 . Tesla lowers price of China Model 3 to undercut BMW and Mercedes in strategic play . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200103104620/https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-mic-model-3-price-bmw-mercedes/ . 3 January 2020 . 3 January 2020 . TESLARATI.
  133. News: Moore . C.J. . February 14, 2021 . Tesla's commanding lead in U.S. EVs illustrated by registration report . . February 14, 2021. According to Experian, in 2020 the top U.S. EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 (95,135), Tesla Model Y (71,344), Chevrolet Bolt EV (19,664), the Tesla Model X (19,652), Tesla Model S (14,430) and the Nissan Leaf (8,972). All four Tesla models accounted for 200,561 registrations, up 16% from 2019.
  134. News: February 5, 2021 . Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China, can they win? . SDchina.com . February 19, 2021. See table: Top 10 NEV sold in China in 2020.
  135. Web site: California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) . February 2021 . California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2020: State New Light Vehicle Registrations Predicted to Approach 1.8 Million Units in 2021 . February 8, 2021 . CNCDA . 17 . 1. A total of 132,742 plug-in electric passenger cars (101,628 BEVs and 31,114 PHEVs) and were registered in 2020. Registration figures between 2016 and 2019 were revised, resulting in significantly higher estimates than previously reported through 2019.
  136. Web site: Nederland Elektrisch - Cijfers en statistieken EV's in Nederland. nederlandelektrisch.nl.
  137. Web site: Shahan . Zachary . August 26, 2021 . Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales . August 26, 2021 . CleanTechnica.
  138. Web site: Car Registrations: December 2021 and Year-To-Date . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220119033830/https://www.smmt.co.uk/vehicle-data/car-registrations/ . January 19, 2022 . . Internet Archive.
  139. News: Jolly . Jasper . October 25, 2021 . Tesla breaks $1tn valuation barrier after Hertz orders 100,000 vehicles . . October 26, 2021 . the US electric car pioneer received an order for 100,000 of its vehicles from the rental company Hertz..
  140. 1452794619410927625 . elonmusk . To be clear, cars sold to Hertz have no discount. Same price as to consumers. . Elon . Musk . October 26, 2021 . October 26, 2021.
  141. Web site: Olsen . Patrick . May 30, 2018 . Tesla Model 3 Gets CR Recommendation After Braking Update . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180531211817/https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/tesla-model-3-gets-cr-recommendation-after-braking-update/ . May 31, 2018 . June 5, 2018 . Consumer Reports . US.
  142. Marshall . Aarian . May 30, 2018 . Tesla's Quick Fix for Its Braking System Came From the Ether . live . Wired . US . https://web.archive.org/web/20181019115808/https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-model3-braking-software-update-consumer-reports/ . October 19, 2018 . June 5, 2018.
  143. Web site: Isidore . Chris . February 21, 2019 . Consumer Reports no longer recommends the Tesla Model 3 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190221194657/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/21/tech/consumer-reports-tesla-model-3/index.html . February 21, 2019 . February 21, 2019 . CNN Business.
  144. Web site: Randall . Tom . Halford . Dean . Sam . Cedric . October 29, 2019 . The Tesla Model 3 Survey 5,000 Tesla Owners Told Us What Elon Musk Got Right and Wrong . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191029164702/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-tesla-model-3-survey/ . October 29, 2019 . October 29, 2019 . bloomberg.com . Bloomberg L.P..
  145. Web site: Moon . Mariella . November 15, 2019 . Tesla's Model 3 and S are (once again) recommended by 'Consumer Reports' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191117060147/https://www.engadget.com/2019/11/15/tesla-model-3-s-consumer-reports-recommended-list/ . November 17, 2019 . November 17, 2019 . Engadget.
  146. Web site: January 2, 2020 . Our Tesla Model 3 Is Up and Running Again after Getting a New Rear-Motor Assembly . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074859/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a30383959/tesla-model-3-repaired-after-breakdown/ . December 27, 2020 . January 12, 2020 . Car and Driver.
  147. Web site: December 31, 2019 . Our Tesla Model 3 Suffered a Catastrophic Failure While Parked . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074859/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a30361800/tesla-model-3-long-term-failure-stranded-while-parked/ . December 27, 2020 . January 12, 2020 . Car and Driver.
  148. News: March 4, 2020 . Tesla downgraded Chinese car tech because of virus . en-GB . BBC News . live . March 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074859/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51736405 . December 27, 2020.
  149. News: May 28, 2021 . Recommended Safety Technologies . en-GB . NHTSA . live . May 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210531154920/https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle/2021/TESLA/MODEL%25203/4%2520DR/AWD . May 31, 2021.
  150. Web site: February 28, 2022 . Tesla Stops Putting Radar Sensors in New Model S and Model X EVs . Car and Driver.
  151. News: February 18, 2022 . Tesla investigated over 'phantom braking' problem . BBC News .
  152. Web site: Page . Carly . May 18, 2022 . New Bluetooth attack can remotely unlock Tesla vehicles and smart locks . May 18, 2022 . TechCrunch.
  153. News: Goodin . Dan . May 18, 2022 . New Bluetooth hack can unlock your Tesla—and all kinds of other devices . arstechnica.com . May 18, 2022.
  154. News: Tesla Model 3's IPM-SynRM electric motor explained . 2024-07-09 . Motor1 . en-gb.
  155. Web site: Gaddam . Yogeshwari S. . January 8, 2021 . Tesla Model 3's IPM-SynRM electric motor . 2024-07-09 . Lesics.
  156. Request for issuance of a new certificate of Conformity – Initial application for MY2017 Model 3 - Touring . Govindasamy . Kannan . Tesla . June 21, 2017 . . HTSLV00.0L13 … L: Lithium Ion Battery; 1 – RWD Motor; 3 – Model 3 Line of vehicles … The motor is a 3‐phase AC internal permanent magnet motor utilizing a six‐pole, high‐frequency design with inverter‐controlled magnetic flux. . October 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180812030236/https://iaspub.epa.gov/otaqpub/display_file.jsp?docid=40001&flag=1 . August 12, 2018 . live.
  157. Web site: April 23, 2019 . The Longest-Range Electric Vehicle Now Goes Even Farther Tesla, Inc. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191021100211/https://www.tesla.com/blog/longest-range-electric-vehicle-now-goes-even-farther . October 21, 2019 . October 6, 2019 . tesla.com . en-US . All Model S and X vehicles now benefit from Tesla's latest generation of drive unit technology, which combines an optimized permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor, silicon carbide power electronics, and improved lubrication, cooling, bearings, and gear designs to achieve greater than 93% efficiency. Pairing a permanent magnet motor in the front with an induction motor in the rear enables unparalleled range and performance at all times..
  158. Web site: April 24, 2019 . Motor technology from Model 3 helps Tesla boost Model S range 10 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006100758/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/04/motor-technology-from-model-3-helps-tesla-boost-model-s-range-10/ . October 6, 2019 . October 6, 2019 . arstechnica.com.
  159. Web site: Kane . Mark . May 23, 2022 . What Batteries Are Tesla Using In Its Electric Cars? . August 17, 2023 . InsideEVs . en.
  160. Web site: Sanderson . Henry . February 19, 2020 . Tesla's choice of cheaper lithium batteries hits cobalt miners . subscription . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231233/https://www.ft.com/content/7264bdda-5310-11ea-90ad-25e377c0ee1f . December 11, 2022 . May 6, 2020 . Financial Times.
  161. Web site: August 25, 2017 . Take an In-Depth Look at the Tesla Model 3's New Battery Pack Architecture . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015125/https://futurism.com/take-an-in-depth-look-at-the-tesla-model-3s-new-battery-pack-architecture/ . November 7, 2017 . November 6, 2017.
  162. Web site: Govindasamy . Kannan . June 21, 2017 . RequestforissuanceofanewcertificateofConformity– Initial application for MY2017 Model 3 - Touring . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190525092128/https://iaspub.epa.gov/otaqpub/display_file.jsp%3Fdocid%3D40001%26flag%3D1 . May 25, 2019 . May 25, 2019 . Environmental Protection Agency.
  163. Web site: January 28, 2019 . Request for issuance of a new certificate of Conformity . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074858/https://iaspub.epa.gov/otaqpub/display_file.jsp?docid=46584&flag=1 . December 27, 2020 . March 14, 2020 . 36.
  164. Web site: Arcus . Christopher . July 9, 2018 . Tesla Model 3 & Chevy Bolt Battery Packs Examined . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192933/https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/08/tesla-model-3-chevy-bolt-battery-packs-examined/ . December 10, 2019 . December 1, 2019 . CleanTechnica.
  165. News: D'Angelo . Matt . July 29, 2017 . Tesla Model 3 specs – 220-mile standard with 310-mile option for $9k . Teslarati . live . July 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170731152050/http://www.teslarati.com/tesla-model-3-battery-range-220mi-310-mi-premium/ . July 31, 2017.
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