Tert-Amyl alcohol explained

tert-Amyl alcohol (TAA) or 2-methylbutan-2-ol (2M2B), is a branched pentanol.

Historically, TAA has been used as an anesthetic and more recently as a recreational drug.[1] TAA is mostly a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors in the same way as ethanol.[2] The psychotropic effects of TAA and ethanol are similar, though distinct. Impact on coordination and balance are proportionately more prominent with TAA, which is significantly more potent by weight than ethanol. Its appeal as an alternative to ethanol may stem from its lack of a hangover (due to different metabolic pathways) and the fact that it is often not detected on standard drug test.[3]

TAA is a colorless liquid with a burning flavor[4] and an unpleasant odor similar to paraldehyde with a hint of camphor.[5] TAA remains liquid at room temperature, making it a useful alternative solvent to tert-butyl alcohol.

Production

TAA is primarily made by the hydration of 2-methyl-2-butene in the presence of an acidic catalyst.[6] [7] On the other hand, it could be produced from acetone and acetylene by Favorskii reaction to give 2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol, then hydrogenation with Raney nickel catalyst to give Tert-Amyl alcohol.

Natural occurrence

Fusel alcohols like TAA are grain fermentation byproducts, and therefore trace amounts of TAA are present in many alcoholic beverages.[8] Traces of TAA have been detected in other foods, like fried bacon,[9] cassava[10] and rooibos tea.[11] TAA is also present in rabbit milk and seems to play a role in pheromone-inducing suckling in the newborn rabbit.[12]

History

From about the 1880s to the 1950s, TAA was used as an anesthetic with the contemporary name of amylene hydrate, but it was rarely used because more efficient drugs existed. In the 1930s, TAA was mainly used as a solvent for the primary anesthetic tribromoethanol (TBE). Like chloroform, TBE is toxic for the liver, so the use of such solutions declined in the 1940s in humans. TBE-TAA-solutions remained in use as short-acting anesthetics for laboratory mice and rats. Such solutions are sometimes called Avertin, which was a brand name for the now discontinued TAA and TBE solution with a volume ratio of 0.5:1 made by Winthrop Laboratories.[13] TAA has emerged recently as a recreational drug.

Use and effects

Ingestion or inhalation of TAA causes euphoria, sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant effects similar to ethanol.[14] When ingested, the effects of TAA may begin in about 30 minutes and can last up to 1–2 days.[15] 2–4 grams of TAA is sufficient to produce a hypnotic effect. About 100 g of ethanol induces a similar level of sedation.[16]

Overdose and toxicity

The smallest known dose of TAA that has killed a person is 30 mL.

An overdose produces symptoms similar to alcohol poisoning and is a medical emergency due to the sedative/depressant properties which manifest in overdose as potentially lethal respiratory depression. Sudden loss of consciousness, simultaneous respiratory and metabolic acidosis, fast heartbeat, increased blood pressure, pupil constriction, coma, respiratory depression[17] and death may follow from an overdose. The oral in rats is 1 g/kg. The subcutaneous LD50 in mice is 2.1 g/kg.[18]

Metabolism

In rats, TAA is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation, as well as by oxidation to 2-methyl-2,3-butanediol. It is likely that the same path is followed in humans,[19] though older sources suggest TAA is excreted unchanged.[7]

The use of TAA cannot be detected with general ethanol tests or other ordinary drug tests. Its use can be detected from a blood or a urine sample by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for up to 48 hours after consumption.

See also

References

  1. Rusiecka. Izabela. Gągało. Iwona. Anand. Jacek Sein. Schetz. Daria. Waldman. Wojciech. October 2016. Drinking "Vodka" or vodka – This is a question. Toxicology in Vitro. 36. 66–70. 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.009. 1879-3177. 27448500.
  2. Martin. J. Influence of oxygenated fuel additives and their metabolites on γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor function in rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Toxicology Letters. 147. 3. 209–217. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.024. 2004. 15104112.
  3. Syed . Alia N. . Leo . Raphael J. . 2022-11-22 . Recreational 2-Methyl-2-Butanol Use: An Emerging Wave of Misuse of an Ethanol Substitute on the Horizon? . The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders . English . 24 . 6 . 44189 . 10.4088/PCC.22cr03292 . 36441984 . 253700629 . 2155-7780.
  4. Book: The Merck index. 2006. Merck. O'Neil . Maryadele J.. 9780911910001. 14th. 1232. 70882070.
  5. The American Practitioner and News. Yandell. D. W.. etal. 1888. 5. 88–98. Amylene hydrate, a new hypnotic.
  6. Book: Papa. Anthony J.. Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 2004. Wiley-Interscience. Hoboken, N.J.. 9780471238966. 5th. Amyl Alcohols. 10.1002/0471238961.0113251216011601.a01.pub2.
  7. Book: 9780398000110 . The Chemistry and Physics of Anesthesia . 2nd . Adriani . John . 1962 . Thomas Books . Illinois . 273–274 .
  8. Book: George M. . Gould. George M. Gould. Richard J. E. . Scott. The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary. 2018-07-27. 1919. P. Blakiston's. 50.
  9. Ho. C.-T.. Lee. K.-N.. Jin. Q.-Z.. 1983. Isolation and identification of volatile flavor compounds in fried bacon. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 31. 2. 336. 10.1021/jf00116a038. 0021-8561.
  10. Dougan. J.. Robinson. J. M.. Sumar. S.. Howard. G. E.. Coursey. D. G.. 1983. Some flavouring constituents of cassava and of processed cassava products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 34. 8. 874. 10.1002/jsfa.2740340816. 1983JSFA...34..874D . 1097-0010.
  11. Habu. Tsutomu. Flath. Robert A.. Mon. T. Richard. Morton. Julia F.. 1 March 1985. Volatile components of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 33. 2. 249–254. 10.1021/jf00062a024. 0021-8561.
  12. Nature. Benoist. Schaal. Gérard. Coureaud. Dominique. Langlois. Christian. Giniès. Etienne. Sémon. Guy. Perrier. 2003. Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone. 424 . 6944 . 68 . 10.1038/nature01739 . 2003Natur.424...68S . 4428155 .
  13. Meyer. Robert E.. Fish. Richard E.. November 2005. A review of tribromoethanol anesthesia for production of genetically engineered mice and rats. Lab Animal. 34. 10. 47–52. 10.1038/laban1105-47. 0093-7355. 16261153. 21759580.
  14. Book: Lewis, Robert Alan. Lewisʼ Dictionary of Toxicology. 1998. CRC Press. 978-1566702232. Boca Raton, Florida. 45. 35269968.
  15. Web site: 2-METHYL-2-BUTANOL - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database. www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103247/https://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+5005. 2018-03-08. live. 2018-04-08.
  16. Book: Analytical Toxicology for Clinical, Forensic, and Pharmaceutical Chemists. Brandenberger. Hans. Maes. Robert A. A.. 1997. W. de Gruyter. 978-3110107319. Berlin. 400–401. 815506841.
  17. Anand. Jacek Sein. Gieroń. Joanna. Lechowicz. Wojciech. Schetz. Daria. Kała. Maria. Waldman. Wojciech. September 2014. Acute intoxication due to tert-amyl alcohol—a case report. Forensic Science International. 242. e31–e33. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.020. 1872-6283. 25112153.
  18. Soehring . K. . Frey . H.H. . Endres . G. . Relations between constitution and effect of tertiary alcohols . Arzneimittel-Forschung . 5 . 4 . 161–165 . 1955 . 14389140.
  19. Collins . A. S. . Sumner . S. C. . Borghoff . S. J. . Medinsky . M. A. . A physiological model for tert-amyl methyl ether and tert-amyl alcohol: Hypothesis testing of model structures . Toxicological Sciences . 49 . 1 . 15–28 . 1999 . 10367338. 10.1093/toxsci/49.1.15. free .

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