Terry Bouricius Explained

Terry Bouricius
State House:Vermont
District:Chittenden-7-4
Term Start:January 9, 1991[1]
Term End:2001
Predecessor:Ben Truman
Successor:Carina Driscoll
Office2:President of the Burlington, Vermont city council
Term Start2:1984
Term End2:1985
Successor2:William Skelton
Office3:Member of the Burlington, Vermont city council from the 2nd district
Term Start3:April 6, 1981[2]
Term End3:1991
Predecessor3:Marion Fisher
Office4:Chair of the Liberty Union Party
Term Start4:1977
Term End4:1978
Predecessor4:Bernie Sanders
Successor4:Jack Craven
Birth Date:27 March 1954
Birth Place:New Mexico, U.S.
Party:Liberty Union (before 1980)
Democratic (1980)
Citizens (1980–1985)
Vermont Progressive (after 1985)
Spouse:Catherine Lamb
Children:2
Education:Middlebury College (BA)

Terrill G. Bouricius (born March 27, 1954) is an American politician who served in the Vermont House of Representatives from the Chittenden-7-4 district from 1991 to 2001, as a member of the Vermont Progressive Party. Prior to his tenure in the state house, he served on the city council in Burlington, Vermont, from 1981 to 1991, from the 2nd district, and served as president of the city council.

Bouricius was born in New Mexico, and educated at Middlebury College. He entered politics with his activity in the Liberty Union Party, where he served as chair of the Addison County affiliate and the statewide party, and ran for a seat in the Vermont Senate twice with their nomination. He left the Liberty Union Party to aid in the creation of the Citizens Party, and ran for state senate and lieutenant governor.

Bouricius was elected to the city council in Burlington, becoming the first member of the Citizens Party elected in the United States. He was an ally to Mayor Bernie Sanders, and served one term as president of the city council. He ran for a seat in the state house in 1986, and lost by six votes to Ben Truman, but later defeated Truman in the 1990 election and served until his retirement in 2000. He and Tom Smith were the first members of the Progressive Coalition elected to the state house.

Early life and education

Terrill G. Bouricius was born in New Mexico on March 27, 1954. He graduated from Middlebury College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1976. He married Catherine Lamb, with whom he had two children.[3] [4] [5]

Career

Early campaigns

Bouricius announced that he would run for a seat in the Vermont Senate from Addison County with the nomination of the Liberty Union Party during the 1976 election, but placed fifth out of five candidates.[6] [7] Bouricius ran for one of six seats to the state senate from Chittenden County with the Liberty Union Party's nomination, but placed last.[8] [9] During the 1980 election he ran for the Democratic nomination for a seat in the state senate from Chittenden County, but lost in the primary. However, the Citizens Party later gave him their nomination to run, but he placed eighth out of nine candidates.[10] [11] [12]

Bouricius served as chair of the Liberty Union Party in Addison County. Bouricius was selected to serve as chair of the Liberty Union Party after Bernie Sanders left the party in 1977, and served until he was replaced by Jack Craven following his resignation in 1978.[13] [14] In 1980, Earl Gardner, Jame Franco, and Bouricius, who were all former members of the Liberty Union Party, aided in the creation of the Citizens Party in Vermont.[15]

Bouricius ran for lieutenant governor in the 1982 election and was endorsed by the party at its state convention.[16] He won the Citizens nomination without opposition, but lost in the election won by Republican nominee Peter Plympton Smith.[17] [18] He was the Citizens' candidate to receive the most support statewide in the 1982 election, but the party lost major party status, which it had gained after the 1980 election, as none of their statewide candidates received more than 5% of the popular vote.[19]

Local politics

Elections

Bouricius was given the Citizens nomination to run for a seat on the city council in Burlington, Vermont, from the 2nd district in 1981.[20] Marion Fisher, the incumbent Democratic member of the city council, refused to debate Bouricius.[21] Bouricius defeated Fisher in the election becoming the first member of the Citizens Party elected to office in the United States.[22] [23] [24]

He won reelection in the 1983 election against Democratic nominee Esther Sorrell, a former member of the state senate, after spending $617 against Sorrell's $641.[25] [26] [27] He won reelection in the 1985 election against Democratic nominee John H. Bartlett Jr. with the nomination of the Progressive Coalition.[28] [29] He won reelection in the 1987 election against Democratic nominee Rick Sharp after raising $1,630, raising $2,088, and having a remaining debt of $458.[30] [31] Bouricius sought reelection to the city council instead of seeking the mayoralty in the 1989 election and defeated Democratic nominee Ian C. Galbraith and Liberty Union nominee Ian Garth Diamondstone.[32] [33] Dana Clark was elected in the 1991 election to succeed Bouricius.[34]

Bouricius, Jonathan Leopold, the city treasurer, and Peter Clavelle, the Community and Economic Development Director, were considered the most likely candidates for the coalition's nomination for the 1989 mayoral election.[35] Gene Bergman, the chair of the coalition, stated that he believed the choices at the caucus would be Leopold, Bouricius, and Clavelle.[36] Bouricius offered his name for consideration, but did not actively campaign for the endorsement of the coalition.[37] Bouricius gave a speech at the caucus giving his support to Clavelle who won the coalition's nomination.[38] [39] [40]

Tenure

Bernie Sanders, who had been endorsed by the Citizens Party, defeated incumbent Democratic Mayor Gordon Paquette by ten votes in the 1981 mayoral election.[41] [22] Following his victory in the 1981 election Sanders faced difficulties with the city council due to eleven of the thirteen members of the board of alderman opposing Sanders. The council would oppose measures proposed by Sanders and override his vetoes on legislation.[42] Bouricius and Sadie White were the only members of the city council aligned with Sanders.[43]

After the 1982 elections there were five pro-Sanders members on the thirteen-member city council.[44] [45] [46] However, the Republicans and Democratic members of the city council united to select Robert Paterson, a Republican, as president of the city council instead of Sadie White, a Sanders supporter, by a vote of eight to five after six ballots and to prevent the pro-Sanders members of the city council from receiving positions.[47]

The pro-Sanders members gained one seat from the Democratic Party during the 1984 city council elections bringing the composition of the city council to six Progressive members, five Republican members, and two Democratic members.[48] Bouricius was selected to serve as president of the city council after thirty-one ballots and served until 1985. Bouricius was the only member of the Progressive Coalition to serve as president during Sanders' administration.[49] [50] Bouricius announced on December 26, 1984, that he would see reelection to the city council and that he would seek another term as president.[51] After the 1985 elections William Skelton, a Republican member of the city council, was selected to serve as president of the city council against the Progressive-backed Zoe Breiner as Bouricius had dropped out.[52]

During his tenure on the city council Bouricius served as chair of the Civil Defense committee.[53] He was selected to serve on the executive committee of the Progressive Coalition in 1988.[54] Bouricius worked as Sanders' treasurer for his campaign for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the 1988 election.

Vermont House of Representatives

Elections

On June 25, 1986, Bouricius announced that he would run for a seat in the Vermont House of Representatives from the Chittenden 7-4 district to succeed Democratic Representative Howard Dean.[55] He ran as an independent candidate, but was defeated by Democratic nominee Ben Truman by one vote.[56] Bouricius filed for a recount no November 8, but Truman's victory was increased to six votes by the recount.[57] [58] He requested for a new election to be held, but Judge Matthew Katz rejected the request.[59]

Bouricius announced that he would run for a seat in the state house in the 1990 election against incumbent Representative Truman.[60] During the campaign Bouricius had been endorsed by Sanders, the Vermont Progressive Alliance, and the Rainbow Coalition.[61] [62] [63] Bouricius defeated Truman in the election.[64] Bouricius and Tom Smith were the first members of the Progressive Coalition elected to the state house and the first members of a third-party elected to the state legislature in seventy-four years.[65] [66] [67] [68]

He won reelection without opposition in the 1992, 1996, and 1998 elections.[69] [70] [71] He defeated Democratic nominee Thomas C. Nuovo in the 1994 election.[72] Bouricius did not run for reelection to the state house in the 2000 election and was succeeded by Progressive nominee Carina Driscoll.[73] [74] [75]

Tenure

Bouricius supported Ralph G. Wright for Speaker of the House in 1991.[76] During his tenure in the state house Bouricius served on the Commerce, Ways and Means, and Agriculture committees, but he stated that he was placed on the Agriculture committee as punishment for trying to get other Progressives elected.[77] [78] [79]

Later life

During the 2002 gubernatorial election Bouricius supported Progressive nominee Michael Badamo.[80] He became a policy analyst for FairVote.[81] He endorsed David Zuckerman for lieutenant governor during the 2016 election.[82] During the 2019 elections he supported Perri Freeman for a seat on the Burlington city council.[83]

Bouricius refers to himself as a "recovering politician" and has become an outspoken critic of electoral democracy. His experiences in office and as an electoral reform analyst at FairVote convinced him that electoral democracy is fundamentally undemocratic, as it excludes all but a small political class the opportunity to participate formally in government policy.[84] He believes that citizens' assemblies, selected via a stratified random sample to create a microcosm of a population, are much better suited to the task of deliberating over policy than professional politicians, who are mainly focused on re-election. Bouricius is currently working on a book titled "The Trouble With Elections: Everything We Thought We Knew About Democracy is Wrong" which describes his thinking on this subject in detail.[85]

Political positions

In 1992, Bouricius sponsored legislation to increase the minimum wage in Vermont from $4.25 to $5.50.[86] Bouricius supported legislation to ban smoking in public areas in 1993.[87] He supported the creation of a single-payer healthcare system.[88] In 2000, the state house voted seventy-six to sixty-nine, with Bouricius in favor, in favor of legislation to allow same-sex couples to have marriage benefits through civil unions.[89]

Foreign policy

Fergus O'Hare, a civil rights activist from Northern Ireland, asked for members of the city council to introduce a resolution calling for the British government to give prisoners in the H-Block wing of the Maze Prison political status. Bouricius introduced the resolution for O'Hare.[90] In 1983, the city council voted eight to five, with Bouricius in favor, against a resolution protesting the United States Department of State's decision to ban Soviet diplomats, journalists, and businessmen from entering Chittenden County.[91] Bouricius opposed President Ronald Reagan's decision to implement an embargo against Nicaragua.[92] Bouricius criticized President George H. W. Bush's plan to send $3 million to anti-Sandinista National Liberation Front candidates in Nicaragua's 1990 elections.[93]

Government

Bouricius proposed a change to Burlington's city charter which would have changed the Board of Aldermen to the gender-neutral city council which the city council voted nine to four in favor of the legislation and was approved by a referendum.[94] [95] He supported the abolition of the Vermont Senate.[96]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. News: January 8, 1991 . House Progressives Hope to Build Coalition . 9 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620201129/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79931918/rutland-daily-herald/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  2. News: March 14, 1981 . Recount Puts Sanders Up By 10 Votes . 4 . . live . https://archive.today/20210607200326/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79135684/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 7, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  3. News: Terry Bouricius . . live . https://archive.today/20210619140557/https://www.fairvote.org/terry_bouricius . June 19, 2021.
  4. News: January 6, 1991 . Age . 151 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620200935/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79931797/rutland-daily-herald/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  5. News: October 22, 1994 . Bouricius file . 24 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620225302/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79942981/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  6. News: July 22, 1976 . Bouricius Announces Campaign . 7 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619124040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846110/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  7. News: November 3, 1976 . Incumbents Lead in Senate Races . 13 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619125757/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846626/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  8. News: October 12, 1978 . State Bank Proposed . 19 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619130610/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846878/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  9. News: November 8, 1978 . Chittenden District Elects 6 Demos . 20 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619131228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846852/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  10. News: September 19, 1980 . Citizens Party Files . 18 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619132259/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79847414/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  11. News: October 20, 1980 . Reluctance to Bolt Hurts Third Party Candidates . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619125544/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846514/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  12. News: November 13, 1980 . Unsuccessful House Candidates Request Recounts . 18 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619132854/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79847633/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  13. News: October 11, 1977 . Sanders Announces He'S Leaving Party . 8 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619124407/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846186/the-times-argus/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  14. News: August 6, 1978 . Liberty Union Adopts Platform Statement . 6 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619124923/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79846355/rutland-daily-herald/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  15. News: May 14, 1980 . Strauss Resigns Chairmanship Of Liberty Union . 5 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619132002/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79847302/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  16. News: July 15, 1982 . Bouricius Make Formal Bid For Office . 7 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619183420/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79863586/the-times-argus/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  17. News: 1982 Citizens Party primaries . 9 . .
  18. News: 1982 Lieutenant Governor General Election . 2 . .
  19. News: July 15, 1982 . Citizens Party Loses Major Party Status . 10 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619184114/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79864041/the-times-argus/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  20. News: January 16, 1981 . Citizens Party Fails To Nominate Candidate . 2 . . live . https://archive.today/20210618124637/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64330793/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 18, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  21. News: February 28, 1981 . North End Committee Endorses Bouricius . 13 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619142326/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79849352/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  22. News: March 4, 1981 . Sanders' Victory Stuns Paquette; Sprague Outpolls Cosman in Town . 1 . . live . https://archive.today/20210618195331/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79808729/the-brattleboro-reformer/ . June 18, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  23. News: March 9, 1981 . Burlington marks first Citizens' victory in nation . 24 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619144607/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79850729/bennington-banner/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  24. March 3, 1981 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 6.
  25. News: January 7, 1983 . Former Sen. Sorrell Challenging Bouricius in Race for Alderman . 1 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619185053/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79864766/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  26. March 1, 1983 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 1.
  27. News: March 12, 1983 . Mayoral Hopefuls Spent More Than $85,000 . 16 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619185556/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79865073/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  28. March 5, 1985 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 1.
  29. News: March 4, 1985 . 1985 sample ballot . 4 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619194731/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79868729/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  30. March 3, 1987 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 1.
  31. News: March 17, 1987 . Mayoral Spending Reported . 11 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619205134/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79873066/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  32. News: December 21, 1988 . Ward 2 alderman will run for re-election . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619210139/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79873681/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  33. March 7, 1989 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 1.
  34. March 5, 1991 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 1.
  35. News: June 19, 1988 . Progressives divided by party-backing question . 16 . . live . https://archive.today/20210610010902/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79280496/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  36. News: November 13, 1988 . Who will succeed Sanders? . 1 . . live . https://archive.today/20210610011907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79281167/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  37. News: December 6, 1988 . Leopold won't run for mayor . 13 . . live . https://archive.today/20210610014027/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79282479/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  38. News: December 9, 1988 . Progressives Nominate Clavelle; Sanders Say Farewell . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210610014403/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79282724/rutland-daily-herald/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  39. News: December 15, 1988 . Sanders confident of Clavelle; treasurer won't support him . 17 . The Burlington Free Press . live . https://archive.today/20210610015106/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79283119/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  40. News: December 9, 1988 . Clavelle wins Progressive nod . 1 . The Burlington Free Press . live . https://archive.today/20210610014716/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79282514/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 10, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  41. News: March 14, 1981 . Sanders' Victory Affirmed . 1 . . live . https://archive.today/20210618125030/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64539653/the-times-argus/ . June 18, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  42. News: November 27, 2019 . Bernie Sanders vs. The Machine . . live . https://archive.today/20201205080418/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/us/politics/bernie-sanders-mayor-burlington-vt.html . December 5, 2020.
  43. News: March 4, 1982 . Sanders' Backers Break Democrats' Tight Grip On Burlington Politics . 8 . . live . https://archive.today/20210618200100/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79809422/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 18, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  44. News: March 3, 1993 . Progressive rule . 8 . . live . https://archive.today/20210618200100/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79809422/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 18, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  45. News: March 3, 1982 . Sanders' Supporters Hand Burlington Democrats Decisive Setback . 6 . . live . https://archive.today/20201206050615/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64711223/the-times-argus/ . December 6, 2020 . Newspapers.com.
  46. News: March 2, 1983 . Elections Retains Deep Divisions Among Aldermen . 17 . . live . https://archive.today/20201206202651/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64748925/the-burlington-free-press/ . December 6, 2020 . Newspapers.com.
  47. News: April 6, 1982 . Paterson Elected Board President . 1 . . live . https://archive.today/20201206052153/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64711976/the-burlington-free-press/ . December 6, 2020 . Newspapers.com.
  48. News: March 7, 1984 . Sanders Fails To Get Control . 14 . . live . https://archive.today/20201207211019/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64828400/the-burlington-free-press/ . December 7, 2020 . Newspapers.com.
  49. News: April 3, 1984 . Sanders Ally Bouricius Elected Board President . 11 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619095341/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79843234/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  50. News: March 26, 1989 . Two candidates plan race for aldermanic president . 3 . . live . https://archive.today/20201206225258/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64762211/the-burlington-free-press/ . December 6, 2020 . Newspapers.com.
  51. News: December 27, 1984 . Bouricius Will Run . 11 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619193005/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79867462/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  52. News: April 3, 1985 . Progressives lose in Burlington . 2 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619115936/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79845122/the-brattleboro-reformer/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  53. News: April 28, 1983 . Gear Hands Out Choice Positions To Sanders Allies . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619190145/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79865502/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  54. News: November 21, 1988 . Burlington . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619210607/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79873638/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  55. News: June 26, 1986 . Bouricius Seeks Seat in House . 22 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619201322/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79870464/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  56. News: 1986 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210619201619/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/77426/ . June 19, 2021.
  57. News: November 8, 1986 . Bouricius Files Recount Request . 21 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619203842/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79872126/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  58. News: November 26, 1986 . Bouricius Protests Recount's Results . 11 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619204108/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79872352/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  59. News: December 9, 1986 . Bouricius' Recount Request Denied . 17 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619204329/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79872482/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  60. News: July 27, 1990 . Progressive councilors run for House seats . 25 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620200247/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79931294/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  61. News: September 25, 1990 . Rainbow Coalition backs Bernard Sanders . 2 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620185649/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79927117/bennington-banner/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  62. News: September 18, 1990 . Progressive group backs candidates . 17 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620200501/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79931419/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  63. News: November 5, 1990 . Vote For Bernie Sanders For Congress . 18 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620185853/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79927175/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  64. News: 1990 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210620190102/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/78403/ . June 20, 2021.
  65. News: November 7, 1990 . Statehouse balance unlikely to change . 10 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620185047/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79926716/the-brattleboro-reformer/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  66. News: November 7, 1990 . First Elected . 23 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620185256/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79926723/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  67. News: December 24, 1990 . Newcomers look to make noise . 7 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620185436/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79926864/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  68. News: January 4, 1991 . Progressives: These winners may be losers . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620201802/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79932377/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  69. News: 1992 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210620204745/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/78279/ . June 20, 2021.
  70. News: 1996 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210620204941/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/77682/ . June 20, 2021.
  71. News: 1998 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210620205225/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/77559/ . June 20, 2021.
  72. News: 1994 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210620205438/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/77806/ . June 20, 2021.
  73. News: September 24, 2000 . Party finds stride in elections . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210616052342/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79656686/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 16, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  74. News: September 27, 2000 . Progressives nominate legislative candidates . 10 . . live . https://archive.today/20210616052738/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79656780/the-brattleboro-reformer/ . June 16, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  75. News: 2000 State Representative General Election . . live . https://archive.today/20210616053237/https://electionarchive.vermont.gov/elections/view/77195/ . June 16, 2021.
  76. News: January 10, 1991 . Senate avoids partisan politics . 18 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620202058/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79932633/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  77. News: January 16, 1991 . Committee assignments . 5 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620201452/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79932164/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  78. News: April 12, 1993 . Lawmakers frustrated on ag panel . 3 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620222652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79941323/the-brattleboro-reformer/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  79. News: January 13, 1999 . House Committees . 17 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620233505/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79945605/rutland-daily-herald/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  80. News: September 8, 2002 . Badamo has answers . 45 . . live . https://archive.today/20210621000722/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79947499/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 21, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  81. News: February 10, 2005 . Vote: Parties disagree on same-day registration . 17 . . live . https://archive.today/20210621000927/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79947555/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 21, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  82. News: April 6, 2016 . Majority of Burlington Councilors Endorse Zuckerman . Vermont Digger . live . https://archive.today/20210621183524/https://vtdigger.org/2016/04/06/majority-of-burlington-councilors-endorse-zuckerman/ . June 21, 2021.
  83. News: February 2, 2019 . Perri Freeman shares Central District City Council endorsements . Vermont Digger . live . https://archive.today/u0O3w8 . June 21, 2021.
  84. https://archive.fairvote.org/?page=2169
  85. https://democracycreative.substack.com/p/the-trouble-with-elections
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  87. News: March 28, 1993 . Roll-Call Vote On Smoking Bill . 10 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620222410/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79941220/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  88. News: December 4, 1993 . Support For Single-payer Plan . 16 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620223838/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79942097/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  89. News: March 17, 2000 . How they voted . 15 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620231452/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79944192/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  90. News: July 11, 1981 . Irish Activist Plans Speech In Burlington . 14 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619145815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79851244/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  91. News: November 29, 1983 . Travel Ban Protest Rejected . 13 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619190506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79865705/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  92. News: March 11, 1985 . Bouricius Calls for Embargo Opposition . 14 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619200238/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79869763/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  93. News: September 19, 1989 . Progressives criticize plan for aid to Nicaraguan opposition . 14 . . live . https://archive.today/20210619212839/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79875562/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 19, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  94. News: January 9, 1990 . Board votes on Charter changes . 4 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620192309/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79928722/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  95. March 6, 1990 . Statement of Votes Annual City Meeting . . 2.
  96. News: June 28, 1993 . Vt. should abolish Senate . 6 . . live . https://archive.today/20210620214745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79938805/the-burlington-free-press/ . June 20, 2021 . Newspapers.com.

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