Tephritoidea Explained

The Tephritoidea are a superfamily of flies. It has over 7,800 species, the majority of them in family Tephritidae.[1]

The following families are included:[2]

The Tachiniscinae, formerly ranked as the family Tachiniscidae, are now included in the Tephritidae.

Description

Tephritoidea are generally rather hairy flies with setae weakly differentiated. They have the following synapomorphies: male tergum 6 strongly reduced or absent; surstylus or medial surstylus with toothlike prensisetae (in Piophilidae only in one genus); female sterna 4-6 with anterior rodlike apodemes; female tergosternum 7 consisting of two portions, the anterior forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior consisting of two pairs of longitudinal taeniae.[3]

In most Tephritoidea, the anal cell of a wing has a characteristic shape: the anal crossvein is indented while the cell's outer posterior angle is produced into an acute lobe. The exceptions to this rule are Platystomatidae and some Tephritidae, Ulidiidae (=Otitidae), and Pyrgotidae.[4]

Many tephritoid families have spots or patterns on their wings. These are Pallopteridae,[5] Platystomatidae,[6] Pyrgotidae,[7] Richardiidae,[8] Tephritidae[9] and Ulidiidae.[10]

Ecology

Tephritoidea includes plant pests in the families Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Ulidiidae.[11] In these pest species, adult females lay their eggs on plant tissues, which hatch into larvae that begin feeding. However, Tephritoidea also includes parasitoids (Ctenostylidae, Pyrgotidae and the tephritid subfamily Tachiniscinae) and saprophages that feed on decaying plants (subfamily Phytalmiinae and some Lonchaeidae).[2]

Phylogeny

Tephritoidea is a monophyletic superfamily that can be divided into two also-monophyletic groups: the Piophilidae Family Group (Pallopteridae, Circumphallidae, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae and Eurygnathomyiidae) and the Tephritidae Family Group (Richardiidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae).

Evolution

The first Tephritoidea are believed to have evolved in the mid-Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago.

References

  1. Kahanpää . Jere . Winqvist . Kaj . 2014-09-19 . Checklist of the Diptera superfamilies Tephritoidea and Sciomyzoidea of Finland (Insecta) . ZooKeys . en . 441 . 259–275 . 10.3897/zookeys.441.7143 . 25337022 . 4200462 . 1313-2970. free .
  2. Han . Ho-Yeon . Ro . Kyung-Eui . 2016 . Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . en . 54 . 4 . 276–288 . 10.1111/jzs.12139. free .
  3. Book: Korneyev, V. A. . Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior . 1999 . CRC Press . 0-8493-1275-2 . Aluja . M. . 3–22 . Phylogenetic relationships among the families of the superfamily Tephritoidea . 48652104 . Norrborn . A. L..
  4. McAlpine . David K. . 1973-07-02 . The Australian Platystomatidae (Diptera, Schizophora) with a revision of five genera . Australian Museum Memoir . 15 . 1–256 . 10.3853/j.0067-1967.15.1973.454 . 0067-1967. free .
  5. Web site: Family Pallopteridae - Flutter Flies . 2022-09-13 . bugguide.net.
  6. Web site: Signal Fly - Family Platystomatidae . 2022-09-13 . www.brisbaneinsects.com.
  7. Korneyev . V. A. . 2004 . Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with Nomenclatural Notes and a Key . Vestnik Zoologii . 38 . 1 . 19–46.
  8. Wendt . Lisiane Dilli . Ale-Rocha . Rosaly . 2016-06-14 . FAMILY RICHARDIIDAE . Zootaxa . 4122 . 1 . 585–595 . 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.49 . 27395297 . 1175-5334.
  9. Web site: Family Tephritidae - Fruit Flies . 2022-09-13 . bugguide.net.
  10. Lomonosov Moscow State University . Galinskaya . T.V. . Khaghaninia . S. . University of Tabriz . Gharajedaghi . Y. . University of Tabriz . 2012 . A contribution to the fauna of Ulidiidae and Otitidae (Diptera) of Iran . Caucasian Entomological Bulletin . 8 . 2 . 342–345 . 10.23885/1814-3326-2012-8-2-342-345.
  11. Garcia . Flavio R. M. . Norrbom . Allen L. . 2011 . Tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) and their plant hosts from the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil . Florida Entomologist . 94 . 2 . 151–157 . 10.1653/024.094.0205 . 86617692 . English . 0015-4040. free .

External links

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tephritoidea".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.