Tenacibaculum Explained

Tenacibaculum is a Gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae.[1] [2]

Many opportunistic pathogens for fish species are included in the genus Tenacibaculum including Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum soleae, Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum gallaicum, and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. These pathogens cause an ulcerative disease known as tenacibaculosis. Characteristics of tenacibaculosis include lesions on the body, necrosis, frayed fin, tail rot, eroded mouth, and sometimes necrosis on the gills and eyes.[3] The disease can lead to mortality and can leave afflicted species susceptible to secondary infections from the open lesions. Tenacibaculosis is also known as salt water columnaris disease, gliding bacterial disease of sea fish, bacterial stomatitis, eroded mouth syndrome, and black patch necrosis.[3]

It is thought, tough not proven, that medusas and salmon louse help spread the bacteria.[4]

Etiology

Diagnosis of the disease is conducted through cultivation and biochemical characterization.[5] T. maritimum is also detectable internally through real-time RT-PCR.[6] The bacterium targets teeth, which is high in the calcium needed to promote their growth.[7] T. maritimum can also be isolated from the kidney, suggesting it is systematic.[6]

Affected Species

Many fish species around the world are affected by tenacibaculosis caused by T. maritimum. Species in Japan that are affected by tenacibaculosis include the blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii),[8] red seabream (Pagrus major),[8] Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceous),[9] Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata,[9] and Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus).[8] In Europe, affected species include Dover sole (Solea solea),[10] Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus),[11] [12] Atlantic salmon Salmo salar,[13] Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) [14] in Spain, and Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) [15] in France. In North America, white sea bass (Atractoscion nobilis), Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)[16] were found to be afflicted by T. maritimum. In Australia, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), striped trumpeter (Latris lineata), greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina), yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), and black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri)[17] were also afflicted.

T. solea caused tenacibaculosis in fish species sole Solea senegalensis Kaup,[18] brill (Scophthalmus rhombus), and wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata)[19]

T. discolor was found isolated from fish species D. labrax in Italy.[20]

T. dicentrarchi was discovered on the Chilean red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis).[21] Tenacibaculum has also been the cause of mortalitity in shellfish species as well. Tenacibaculum soleae has been seen to cause mortality in adult Pacific oysters 11 days post infection.[22]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: George M.. Garrity. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology.. 2011. Springer Science + Business Media.. New York. 978-0-387-68572-4. 2nd.
  2. Taxonomy of the genus Tenacibaculum Suzuki et al. 2001 . 10.1601/tx.8192 . en. 2009 . Parker . Charles Thomas . Wigley . Sarah . Garrity . George M. . 2024-04-17 . George M . Garrity . Charles Thomas . Parker .
  3. Avendaño-Herrera . Ruben . Toranzo . Alicia E. . Magariños . Beatriz . Tenacibaculosis infection in marine fish caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: a review . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms . August 30, 2006 . 71 . 3 . 255–266 . 10.3354/dao071255 . 17058606 . free .
  4. Web site: Ficha técnica enfermedad: Tenacibaculosis . 2023-10-21 . . Spanish.
  5. Fernández-Álvarez . Clara . Santos . Ysabel . Identification and typing of fish pathogenic species of the genus Tenacibaculum . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 1 December 2018 . 102 . 23 . 9973–9989 . 10.1007/s00253-018-9370-1 . 30291367 . 52922981 . en . 1432-0614.
  6. Frisch . Kathleen . Småge . Sverre Bang . Johansen . Renate . Duesund . Henrik . Brevik . Øyvind Jakobsen . Nylund . Are . Pathology of experimentally induced mouthrot caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum in Atlantic salmon smolts . PLOS ONE . 1 November 2018 . 13 . 11 . e0206951 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0206951 . 30383870 . 6211739 . 2018PLoSO..1306951F . en . 1932-6203. free .
  7. HIKIDA . Muneo . WAKABAYASHI . Hisatsugu . EGUSA . Syuzo . MASUMURA . Kazuhiko . Flexibacter sp., a gliding bacterium pathogenic to some marine fishes in Japan. . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi . 1979 . 45 . 4 . 421–428 . 10.2331/suisan.45.421 . 1349-998X. free .
  8. WAKABAYASHI . H. . HIKIDA . M. . MASUMURA . K. . Flexibacter maritimus sp. nov., a Pathogen of Marine Fishes . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 1986 . 36 . 3 . 396–398 . 10.1099/00207713-36-3-396 . 1466-5026. free .
  9. BAXA . Dolores V . KAWAI . Kenji . KUSUDA . Riichi . Characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from diseased cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous. . Fish Pathology . 1986 . 21 . 4 . 251–258 . 10.3147/jsfp.21.251 . 0388-788X. free .
  10. McVicar . A. H. . White . P. G. . The prevention and cure of an infectious disease in cultivated juvenile Dover sole, Solea solea (L.) . Aquaculture . 1 January 1982 . 26 . 3 . 213–222 . 10.1016/0044-8486(82)90157-0 . en . 0044-8486.
  11. Alsina . M. . Blanch . A. R. (Department of Microbiology . First isolation of Flexibacter maritimus from cultivated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) . Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists (United Kingdom) . 1993 . English.
  12. Devesa . S. . Barja . J. L. . Toranzo . A. E. . Ulcerative skin and fin lesions in reared turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) . Journal of Fish Diseases . 1989 . 12 . 4 . 323–333 . 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00321.x . en . 1365-2761.
  13. Pazos . F . Santos . Y . Núñez . S . Toranzo . AE . INCREASING OCCURRENCE OF FLEXIBACTER MARITIMUS IN RHE MARINE AQUACULTURE OF SPAIN . Observatorio Español de Acuicultura . 1993 . 21 . 3 . es.
  14. Avendaño-Herrera . R. . Rodríguez . J. . Magariños . B. . Romalde . J. L. . Toranzo . A. E. . Intraspecific diversity of the marine fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR . Journal of Applied Microbiology . 2004 . 96 . 4 . 871–877 . 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02217.x . 15012827 . 23186654 . 1364-5072. free .
  15. Pepin . Jean-Francois . Emery . Eric . Marine cytophaga-like bacteria (CLB) isolated from diseased reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from French mediterranean coast . Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists . 1 January 1993 . 13 . 5 . 165–167 . en . 0108-0288.
  16. Chen . M. E. . Henry-Ford . D. . Groff . J. M. . Isolation and Characterization of Flexibacter maritimus from Marine Fishes of California . Journal of Aquatic Animal Health . 1995 . 7 . 4 . 318–326 . 10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007<0318:IACOMF>2.3.CO;2 . en . 1548-8667.
  17. Handlinger . J. . Soltani . M. . Percival . S. . The pathology of Flexibacter maritimus in aquaculture species in Tasmania, Australia . Journal of Fish Diseases . 1997 . 20 . 3 . 159–168 . 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00288.x . en . 1365-2761.
  18. Piñeiro-Vidal . Maximino . Carballas . Cristina G. . Gómez-Barreiro . Oscar . Riaza . Ana . Santos . Ysabel . Tenacibaculum soleae sp. nov., isolated from diseased sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 2008 . 58 . 4 . 881–885 . 10.1099/ijs.0.65539-0 . 18398187 . 1466-5026. free .
  19. López . J. R. . Piñeiro-Vidal . M. . García-Lamas . N. . Herran . R. De La . Navas . J. I. . Hachero-Cruzado . I. . Santos . Y. . First isolation of Tenacibaculum soleae from diseased cultured wedge sole, Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau), and brill, Scophthalmus rhombus (L.) . Journal of Fish Diseases . 2010 . 33 . 3 . 273–278 . 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01105.x . 19878529 . en . 1365-2761.
  20. Habib . Christophe . Houel . Armel . Lunazzi . Aurélie . Bernardet . Jean-François . Olsen . Anne Berit . Nilsen . Hanne . Toranzo . Alicia E. . Castro . Nuria . Nicolas . Pierre . Duchaud . Eric . Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 1 September 2014 . 80 . 17 . 5503–5514 . 10.1128/AEM.01177-14 . 24973065 . 4136090 . 2014ApEnM..80.5503H . 22540951 . free . en . 0099-2240.
  21. Irgang . R. . González-Luna . R. . Gutiérrez . J. . Poblete-Morales . M. . Rojas . V. . Tapia-Cammas . D. . Avendaño-Herrera . R. . First identification and characterization of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi isolated from Chilean red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis, Guichenot 1848) . Journal of Fish Diseases . 2017 . 40 . 12 . 1915–1920 . 10.1111/jfd.12643 . 28548691 . en . 1365-2761. 10533/232804 . free .
  22. Burioli . E. a. V. . Varello . K. . Trancart . S. . Bozzetta . E. . Gorla . A. . Prearo . M. . Houssin . M. . First description of a mortality event in adult Pacific oysters in Italy associated with infection by a Tenacibaculum soleae strain . Journal of Fish Diseases . 2018 . 41 . 2 . 215–221 . 10.1111/jfd.12698 . 28836671 . en . 1365-2761.

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