The Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently controlled by Russia in the course of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In Ukrainian law, they are defined as the "temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine" (Ukrainian: Тимчасово окупована територія України|translit=Tymchasovo okupovana terytoriia Ukrainy).
The occupation started in 2014 following Russia's invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, and its de facto takeover of Ukraine's Donbas[1] during a war in eastern Ukraine.[2] In 2022, Russian forces initiated a full-scale invasion of the nation and successfully occupied more territory throughout the country. However, after continued fierce Ukrainian resistance, coupled with logistical challenges[3] (e.g. the stalled Russian Kyiv convoy), the Russian Armed Forces announced their withdrawal from Chernihiv, Kyiv, Sumy, and Zhytomyr oblasts in early April.[4]
In early September 2022, Ukrainian forces ended the months-long stalemate on the front lines with a successful counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region, inflicting a major defeat on Russian forces by forcing their retreat.[5] Then later in November, Ukrainian forces once again achieved a major success with a southern counteroffensive retaking the city of Kherson on 11 November.
On 30 September 2022, Russia announced the annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, despite only occupying part of the claimed territory. The UN General Assembly responded by passing a resolution rejecting this annexation as illegal and upholding Ukraine's right to territorial integrity.[6]
Before 2022, Russia occupied 42000km2 of Ukrainian territory (Crimea, and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk), and occupied an additional 119000km2 after its full-scale invasion by March 2022, a total of 161000km2 or almost 27% of Ukraine's territory.[7] By 11 November 2022, the Institute for the Study of War calculated that Ukrainian forces had liberated an area of 74443km2 from Russian occupation,[8] leaving Russia with control of about 18% of Ukraine's territory.[9] During the entire 2023, the Russian forces only captured 518km2 of Ukrainian territory, despite huge losses on the battlefield.[10]
See main article: Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and Russian irredentism.
See also: Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity. With the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity since November 2013, popular protests across Ukraine led to the dismissal of pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych by the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament), as he fled to Russia.[11] The growing pro-European sentiment at the center of this period of upheaval caused unease in the Kremlin, and Russian president Vladimir Putin immediately mobilized Russian army and airborne forces to invade Crimea, and they swiftly took control of major government buildings and blockaded the Ukrainian military in their bases across the peninsula.[12] Soon after, Russian-installed officials announced and carried out a referendum for the region to join Russia, which western and independent organizations labeled as illegitimate.[13] The Kremlin rejected these claims and soon officially annexed Crimea into Russia, with western nations issuing sanctions against Russia in response.[14] In addition, with pro-Russian counter-protests across Eastern and Southern Ukraine in response to the ousting of Yanukovych,[15] Russia allegedly supported Russian and pro-Russian militant separatists in the Donbas region in taking control of major government buildings.[16] These separatists eventually created the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics,[17] and have since been at conflict with the now-pro-European Ukrainian government, known as the war in Donbas (Russia announced their "annexation" after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine).
In response to Russian military intervention, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted government laws (with further updates and extensions) to qualify the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories:
Petro Poroshenko, one of the opposition leaders during Euromaidan, won a landslide victory in the election to succeed interim president Turchynov, three months after the ousting of Yanukovych.[21]
The following chart summarizes some estimates of the total area of Ukrainian territory under Russian control, presented by various publishers at different instances during the conflict. Note that some of the estimates from the end of 2022 were conflicting.
| 20 February 2019 | 44000km2 | Petro Poroshenko, U.N.[22] | ||
| 29 December 2021 | 43133km2 | CIA World Factbook[23] | ||
| 22 February 2022 | 42000km2 | CNN | ||
| 28 February 2022 | 119000km2 | CNN | ||
| 22 March 2022 | 163000km2 | CNN | ||
| 8 April 2022 | 114000km2 | CNN | ||
| 2 June 2022 | 119000km2 | Volodymyr Zelenskyy[24] | ||
| 31 August 2022 | 125000km2 | CNN | ||
| 11 September 2022 | 116000km2 | CNN | ||
| 26 September 2022 | 116000km2 | CNN | ||
| 11 November 2022 | 119000km2 | CNN[25] | ||
| 14 November 2022 | 109000km2 | NY Times[26] | ||
| 23 February 2023 | 109000km2 | Belfer center[27] | ||
| 25 September 2023 | (0.1% points more than in December 2022) | ~109000km2 (518 km2 more than in December 2022) | NY Times | |
| 20 May 2024 | ~109000km2 | Center for Preventive Action[28] |
See also: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and War in Donbas (2014–2022). Since Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, it administers the peninsula under two federal subjects: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Ukraine continues to claim the peninsula as an integral part of its territory, which is supported by most foreign governments through the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262,[29] even though Russia and some other UN member states have expressed support for the 2014 Crimean referendum, implying recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation. In 2015, the Ukrainian parliament officially set 20 February 2014 as the date of "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia".[30]
The uncontrolled portions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts are commonly abbreviated as "ORDLO" from Ukrainian, especially among Ukrainian news media. ("certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts", Ukrainian: Окремі райони Донецької та Луганської областей|translit=Okremi raiony Donetskoi ta Luhanskoi oblastei)[31] The term first appeared in Law of Ukraine No.1680-VII (October 2014).[32] Documents of the Minsk Protocol and the OSCE refer to them as "certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions" (CADLR) of Ukraine.[33]
The Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories is the Ukrainian government ministry that oversees government policy towards the regions., the government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[34] The United Nations General Assembly resolution 73/194, adopted on 17 December 2018, designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[35]
The Ukrainian army was concerned in 2019 about the deployment of 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles on Russian naval and coast guard vessels operating in the Sea of Azov, which is adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories. As a result, Mariupol and Berdiansk, two main Pryazovian seaports, suffer from an increase in insecurity[36] (both cities were captured in 2022).
Temryuk and Taganrog, two other ports on the Sea of Azov, have allegedly been used to disguise the provenance of anthracite coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the temporarily occupied territories.
Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the Government of Ukraine is issuing (as extension to government order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII) up-to-date "List of Temporarily Occupied Regions and Settlements" and a "List of Landmarks Bordering the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone".[37] As of 16 September 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has made four updates to order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII:
Some settlements' names are the result of 2016 Decommunization in Ukraine.[45] [46]
The list below is based on the extension as of 7 February 2018. The borders of some raions have changed since 2015.
See main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Southern Ukraine campaign, Eastern Ukraine offensive and Northern Ukraine campaign.
See also: Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine. After Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, the Russian military and Russian proxy forces further occupied additional Ukrainian territory. By early April, Russian forces withdrew from Northern Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv,[47] after stagnating progress amid fierce Ukrainian resistance in order to focus on consolidating control over Eastern and Southern Ukraine. On June 2, 2022, Zelenskyy announced that Russia occupied approximately 20% of Ukrainian territory.[24]
On 27 April 2023 Vladimir Putin issued a decree under which Ukrainian citizens of the occupied territories who refused to take a Russian passport would be deemed foreigners, and deported for that reason as a result. The Ombudsman of Ukraine called this another act of genocide. Simultaneously, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) recognized the practice of forcible deportation or displacement of Ukrainian children to Russia as genocide.[48]
The occupation began on February 24, 2022, immediately after Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began seizing parts of the Kharkiv Oblast. Since April, Russian forces tried to consolidate control in the region and capture the major city of Kharkiv after their withdrawal from Northern Ukraine. However, by mid-May, the Ukrainian forces pushed the Russians back towards the periphery of the Russian border,[49] indicating that Ukrainians continue to garner stiff resistance against Russian advances. In early September 2022, Ukrainian forces began a major counteroffensive and by 11 September 2022, Russia had retreated from most of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast,[50] and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway."[51] [52]
On February 24, 2022, Russian troops from Crimea invaded Henichesk and Skadovsk Raions. During the first days of the offensive, the Russians surrounded most of the cities and towns in the oblast, blocking the entrances to them with roadblocks, but not entering the cities themselves. Significant battles were fought for the Antonivskyi Bridge, which crosses the Dnipro River between Russian positions on the South bank and the Ukrainian city of Kherson on the North bank. The Russian military's overwhelming firepower forced the Ukrainian forces to retreat, and the city fell to Russian control on March 2.[53] On June 29, the Russian occupation authorities in Kherson Oblast announced preparations for holding a referendum of annexation.[54] On July 9, the Ukrainian government announced preparations for an imminent counteroffensive in the South, and urged the residents of occupied parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to shelter or evacuate to minimize civilian casualties in the operation.[55] Following the destruction of the Antonivskyi Bridge and the advance of Ukrainian troops from the west, the lack of sustainable supply lines amid heavy Ukrainian shelling compelled the Russian forces to retreat. They eventually retreated from all areas on the North bank of the Dnipro River, including the city of Kherson, which the Ukrainian forces recaptured soon after, known as the liberation of Kherson.Raions of Kherson Oblast that are occupied:
On February 26, 2022, the city of Berdiansk came under Russian control, followed by Melitopol on March 1 after fierce fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces. Russian troops also besieged and captured the city of Enerhodar, where the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is located, which came under Russian control on March 4. Since July, there have been increased tensions around the power plant as both Russia and Ukraine accuse each other of missile strikes around the plant,[56] causing fears of a potential repeat of the Chernobyl Disaster.
Raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast that are occupied:
Since the invasion, the Russian military, along with the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic, built on territorial gains they have made during the war in Donbas and captured additional territory, most significantly the port of Mariupol after a prolonged siege.
By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were occupied:
After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were captured:
By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were occupied:
After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were captured:
On July 3, 2022, the Russian military claimed that the entire Luhansk Oblast has been "liberated",[57] suggesting that Russian forces has succeeded in occupying the entire oblast and marked a major milestone for their goal of capturing the Donbas in Eastern Ukraine.
However, by September 19, Ukraine recaptured Bilohorivka.[58] By early October, Ukrainian forces liberated several more settlements as their counteroffensive operations shifted focus into the main territory of the oblast,[59] specifically the half north of the Siverskyi Donets in the Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line. By May 2024, Ukraine had again lost control of Bilohorivka.[60]
The occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast began on February 26, 2022, with Russian troops crossing into the oblast through the Kherson Oblast from Crimea. In March, Russia attempted to advance towards Voznesensk, Mykolaiv and Nova Odesa, but were met with stiff resistance and failed. By May, Russia occupied Snihurivka, Tsentralne, Novopetrivka and numerous other small villages within the oblast. All these were retaken on 10–11 November 2022 during the Ukrainian counteroffensive, which followed the withdrawal of Russian troops from the right bank of the Dnieper.
Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast that are occupied:
See also: Russian invasion of Ukraine and Northern Ukraine campaign.
Russia started the occupation as part of the northern campaign in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The occupying forces occupied a large part of the oblast, and eventually laid siege to the oblast capital, but failed to capture the city. Eventually, their stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
By April 2022, Russian troops began to secure towns north of Mariupol, most notably the Battle of Volnovakha, and completed the encirclement of Mariupol.[61] They then began to attack towns to the north, including starting the Battle of Velyka Novosilka.[62] As the Russians advanced, there were reports of clashes near Ternove, Novomykolaivka, Kalynivske, Berezove, Stepove and Maliivka, all in Synelnykove Raion, bordering Zaporizhzhia and Donetsk Oblasts, partially occupied by Russian forces. Ukrainian forces reported small battles near the Ternove area on 1 March.[63] Ukrainian forces claimed to have cleared out Russian troops from the area on 14 March.[64] These areas alongside Nikopol and Apostolove are still regularly shelled.[65] [66] [67] On 16 March, Russian forces spilled over from Kherson Oblast into Hannivka, reportedly occupying it.[68] It was later liberated on 11 May.[69]
Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Russian troops occupied a large part of the oblast, even approaching the borders of Kyiv city proper. However, the invaders' stagnant progress led to their failure to capture the Ukrainian capital, and eventually led to a complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
From 24 February to 30 June 2022, Russian forces occupied Snake Island in Odesa Oblast, but later withdrew after suffering heavy missile, artillery and drone strikes from the Ukrainian forces.[70]
During the battles of Lebedyn and Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast, Russian forces spilled over and attacked Hadiach on 4 March 2022,[71] [72] and captured small areas around it, and advanced near Zinkiv and occupied Pirky on 3 March, but were repelled.[73] [74] They were soon afterwards repelled which was known as the "Hadiach Safari", since people used shotguns and rifles to hunt for Russian soldiers.[75] Some notable areas captured were Pirky and Bobryk.[76]
Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russian military occupied a large part of the oblast, but failed to take the oblast capital. Eventually, the stagnant progress of the Russian Ground Forces led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a small portion of the oblast, and never attempted to capture the oblast capital. Eventually, the culmination of the drive on Kyiv led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
See main article: Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine.
United Nations special rapporteurs have condemned the Russian occupation authorities for attempting "to erase local [Ukrainian] culture, history, and language" and to forcibly replace it with Russian language and culture. Monuments and places of worship have been razed, while Ukrainian history books and literature deemed to be "extremist" have been seized from public libraries and destroyed. Civil servants and teachers have been detained for their refusal to implement Russian policy.[77] The International Court of Justice ruled that Russia had broken the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination by restricting school classes in the Ukrainian language in occupied Crimea.[78]
Russian armed forces committed widespread violations, including arbitrary detentions, torture and ill-treatment, looting of Ukrainian homes, and enforced disappearances. They did this under full impunity. Any person suspected of opposing the occupation was targeted. Peaceful protests and free expression were suppressed, whereas the freedom of movements was severely restricted.[79]
See main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine and 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine.
See main article: Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following the liberation of occupied territories, thousands of civilians were accused of collaboration. They are tried by a single judge without a jury. The offense is punished by up to ten years of prison, with some of those convicted getting three or five years of prison. The accused include people who worked as volunteers and held administrative positions during the occupation.[80]
See also: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. On 20 April 2016 Ukraine officially established government Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons. It was subsequently renamed the Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and veterans and then the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. The current minister is Iryna Vereshchuk, appointed on 4 November 2021.[81]
In March 2014, in a vote at the United Nations, 100 member states out of 193 did not recognize the annexation of the Crimea by Russia, with only Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Russia, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe voting against the resolution[82] (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262).
The United Nations passed three resolutions regarding the issue of "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", first in December 2016,[83] then again a year later in December 2017,[84] and lastly yet another in December 2018.
The UN's position according to the resolution adopted in 2018:
In April 2018, PACE's emergency assembly recognized occupied regions of Ukraine as "territories under effective control by the Russian Federation".[85] [86] Chairman of the Ukrainian delegation to PACE, MP Volodymyr Aryev mentioned that recognition of the fact that part of the occupied Donbas is under Russia's control is so important for Ukraine. "The responsibility for all the crimes committed in the uncontrolled territories is removed from Ukraine. Russia becomes responsible", Aryev wrote on Facebook.[87]
In early March 2022, in response to Russia's invasion, the United Nations General Assembly convened an emergency special session to discuss the latest developments regarding the peace situation in Ukraine, and adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 to condemn Russia's invasion and Belarus's involvement.[88]
