Technicolor Special was a common term used for Hollywood studio produced color short films of the 1930s and 1940s that did not belong to a specified series (as marketed in the trade periodicals).
With the Warner Brothers studio, the key word "special" was applied to those color live-action shorts that ran two reels or roughly 20 minutes in length. Those running longer were dubbed Warner Featurettes. Other series names used occasionally were "Technicolor Broadway Brevities" (briefly in the '30s[1]) and "Technicolor Miniatures" (for a pair of ballet performances filmed in 1941[2]).
Warner Brothers distinguished their two-reel Technicolor Specials from their many shorter color films, running under ten minutes (or one reel) in length. These included the animated Merrie Melodies and later Looney Tunes, Vitaphone Varieties (in color from 1929–30), E. M. Newman "Colortours", Vitaphone Color Parade, Sports Parade, Technicolor Adventures and Scope Gems, the last series occasionally running longer but distinguished by its use of CinemaScope.
Combined, the studio was able to supply theater owners with enough color short subjects practically on a weekly or bi-weekly basis by the end of the thirties. In fact, only one or two feature films needed to be shot annually in color during the years 1940–47 since there was more than enough presented as "extras" before the main feature attraction.[3] At a time when the studio stopped making features in color, four back-to-back two-reel musicals (over 70 minutes' worth) were made in Burbank, California in the autumn of 1933, with Eddie Cline supervising almost as if he was making a feature film.[4]
1934's Service with a Smile was the first shot in the full Technicolor. Previously a more primitive 2-strip system was used. Two decades later, these were processed under the studio's own Warnercolor system and occasionally dubbed "Warnercolor Specials".
The studio was particularly successful with some recreations of American history during the years 1936–1940, the first being Song of a Nation with Donald Woods playing Francis Scott Key. These kept the costume and set design departments busy and provided major stars like Claude Rains alternative projects to exercise, develop or diversify their acting skills between features. Another sub-series dramatized young men and women (again played by actors on the studio payroll) involved in the different military branches. Such titles as Service with the Colors helped prepare movie-goers for the inevitable conflict overseas and encouraged enlistment. Both series provided enough stock footage for later history lessons like March on America! (stretching from the pilgrim landing on Plymouth Rock through the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor) and My Country 'Tis of Thee (reusing much of the same footage, but continuing through the war years thanks to recent additions like Beachhead to Berlin).
Likewise, the ambitious mini-musicals of the thirties allowed similar recycling for a trio of forties titles: Musical Movieland, Movieland Magic and Hollywood Wonderland. These only required a "framing scene" with a tour guide showing Hollywood visitors films in production. The production numbers shown were lifted from earlier shorts like Swingtime in the Movies.[5]
By 1942, an increasing number of these were documentary and travelogue subjects. Among the most notable from the post-war crop were a pair of prestigious India travelogues, Soap Box Derby (the first of many trips to the mini-car races in Ohio), Down the Nile (showcasing Egypt post-war), Jungle Terror (covering Hassoldt Davis and his wife's Amazon adventure), The Seeing Eye (covering the Morristown, New Jersey training of dogs for the handicapped), Winter Paradise (John Jay's ski adventure down the Austrian slopes), Thar She Blows! (aboard a whaling ship) and some well-liked scenic tours of Europe filmed by André de la Varre. Edgar Bergen appeared in a comic-travelogue Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd in Sweden; its director Larry Lansburgh supplied a number of outdoor and animal interest documentary shorts for both Warner Bros. and Walt Disney in the fifties including some Oscar winners.
The later documentaries also benefited greatly from energetic narration (i.e. Marvin Miller also voiced popular radio shows and animated cartoons of the period) and orchestra scores that only a major film studio could provide. Not surprisingly, they continued to do well annually at awards time, with Warner Brothers eventually surpassing Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the number of short subject Academy Awards and nominations. Making the Motion Picture Herald lists of top ten money making shorts in 1944-45,[6] the best titles enjoyed a second life as reissues in theaters along with Warner's newer features and shorts, from the mid-'40s through 1967.
A full list is provided below, arranged by the year of release (but not necessarily the year filmed). Sometimes a date reviewed by The Film Daily or a copyright date is listed.[7] All run 16 to 22 minutes unless otherwise noted. Since Howard Jackson handled the majority of music scores after 1934, only the William Lava solo efforts are indicated.[8] Gordon Hollingshead produced many titles from Moroccan Nights through Thar She Blows. Cedric Francis took over a key producer in charge after Hollingshead's passing in 1952.
Title | Major credits | Release, copyright or review date | |
---|---|---|---|
C'est Paree | July 23, 1932 (Film Daily review) | ||
Pickin' a Winner (Pick a Winner) | August 23, 1932 (preview) | ||
Northern Exposure | Roy Mack | August 23, 1932 (preview) | |
Hey! Hey | Westerner | Roy Mack | August 23, 1932 (preview) |
Tee for Two | Roy Mack | August 31, 1932 (Film Daily review) | |
Pleasure Island | Roy Mack
| October 3, 1932 (Film Daily review) | |
'Tis Spring | © October 28, 1933 | ||
Morocco Nights | Eddie Cline (director); Fuzzy Knight, Shirley Ross, Teddy Wolf Orchestra & others | January 6, 1934 | |
Girl Trouble | Eddie Cline (director); Mitchell & Durant | © March 1, 1934 | |
Not Tonight, Josephine | Eddie Cline (director); Frank McHugh, Kitty Kelly & others | © March 2, 1934 | |
Business Is a Pleasure | © March 17, 1934 |
Title | Major credits | Release, copyright or review date | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Service with a Smile | Roy Mack | July 25, 1934 (preview) | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
Good Morning, Eve | Roy Mack | August 5, 1934 | Dames & Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
What, No Men! | August 22, 1934 (preview) | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
Show Kids | Ralph Staub (director); Arthur Aylesworth, Florence Fair & the Meglin Kiddies | January 5, 1935 | The Gay Divorcee (Greatest Classic Films Astaire & Rogers 1) DVD | |
Gypsy Sweetheart | Ralph Staub (director); Margaret Dumont, Winifred Shaw, Phillip Reed & Eddie Shubert | March 30, 1935 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
Springtime in Holland | Ralph Staub (director); Hobart Cavanaugh, Dorothy Dare, Al Shean & Felix Knight | June 22, 1935 | ||
Romance of the West | August 3, 1935 | |||
Reg'lar Kids | Ralph Staub (director); Famous Meglin Kiddies | October 19, 1935 | ||
Okay, José | December 7, 1935 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
Carnival Day | January 11, 1936 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
King of the Islands | February 22, 1936 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
Changing of the Guard | May 13, 1936 (preview) | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
Song of a Nation | Frank MacDonald (director); Donald Woods, Clare Dodd & Carlyle Moore, Jr. | June 12, 1936 (BoxOffice review date) | ||
The Sunday Roundup | William Clemens (film director)
| July 10, 1936 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
Echo Mountain | October 30, 1936 | Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | ||
Give Me Liberty | B. Reeves Eason (director); story: Forrest Barnes; John Litel, Robert Warwick, Nedda Harrington & others | December 3, 1936 (preview) | Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film) DVD | |
Under Southern Stars | Nick Grinde (director); Fred Laurence, Jane Bryan, Fritz Leiber, Sr. & others | February 20, 1937 | Black Legion (film) DVD | |
The Romance of Robert Burns | April 10, 1937 | Hollywood Hotel (film) DVD | ||
A Day at Santa Anita | Bobby Connolly (director); Sybil Jason, Marcia Ralston, Matthew Beard, Bette Davis, Ruby Keeler, Al Jolson, Edward G. Robinson, Olivia de Havilland & others | May 22, 1937 | The Jazz Singer & Each Dawn I Die (Greatest Gangster Films James Cagney) DVD | |
Romance of Louisiana | Crane Wilbur (director); Erville Anderson, Addison Richards & Suzanne Kaaren | July 8, 1937 | Gold Diggers of 1937 DVD | |
Little Pioneer | Bobby Connolly (director); Sybil Jason, Jane Wyman, Carlyle Moore Jr. & others | July 31, 1937 | ||
The Littlest Diplomat | September 18, 1937 | The Life of Emile Zola DVD | ||
The Man Without a Country | November 27, 1937 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. San Quentin (1937 film) DVD | ||
Romance Road | Bobby Connolly (director); Walter Cassell, Anne Nagel & others | January 26, 1938 | The Dawn Patrol (1938 film), The Life of Emile Zola & Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
Out Where the Stars Begin | Bobby Connolly (director); Fritz Field, Evelyn Thaw, Armida (actress), Jeffrey Lynn, Pat O'Brien, Ann Sheridan & others | May 14, 1938 | Angels with Dirty Faces & Vitaphone Cavalcade of Musical Comedy Shorts (Warner Archive) DVD | |
Sons of the Plains | July 30, 1938 | |||
Campus Cinderella | Noel M. Smith (director); Penny Singleton, Johnnie Davis, Anthony Averill & Oscar O'Shea | September 17, 1938 | Bringing Up Baby (2-disc) DVD | |
Declaration of Independence | Crane Wilbur (director); Charles Tedford (story); (Ted Osborne), John Litel, Walter Walker, Rosella Towne, Owen King & Richard Bond | November 26, 1938 | Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, A Slight Case of Murder DVD | |
Swingtime in the Movies | Crane Wilbur (director); Fritz Feld, Katherine Kane, Jerry Colonna, Humphrey Bogart, George Brent, the Dead End Boys, John Garfield, Priscilla Lane & others | December 26, 1938 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, They Drive by Night (Classic Legends Humphrey Bogart) DVD | |
Lincoln in the White House | William McGann (director); Frank McGlynn, Sr., Dickie Moore, John Harron & others | January 13, 1939 (preview) | The Old Maid (1939 film) DVD | |
Sons of Liberty | May 20, 1939 | Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, Dodge City (1939 film) DVD | ||
The Right Way | June 26, 1939 | |||
Quiet, Please | Crane Wilbur (director); Fritz Feld, Charles Foy, Larry Williams, Tom Kennedy & Katherine Kane | July 1, 1939 | Invisible Stripes DVD | |
The Bill of Rights | Crane Wilbur (director); Ted Osborne, Vernon Steele, Moroni Olsen & Leonard Mudie | August 19, 1939 | Allegheny Uprising (John Wayne Collection) DVD | |
Ride, Cowboy, Ride | September 9, 1939 | |||
The Monroe Doctrine | October 21, 1939 | Invisible Stripes DVD | ||
The Royal Rodeo | November 25, 1939 | The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex DVD | ||
Old Hickory | Lewis Seiler (director); story: Owen Crump; Hugh Sothern, Nana Bryant & Victor Kilian | December 23, 1939 | Dark Victory Blu-ray |
Title | Major credits | Release or copyright date | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Teddy, the Rough Rider | February 24, 1940 | Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, Knute Rockne, All American DVD | ||
The Singing Dude | William C. McGann (director); Dennis Morgan, Lucile Fairbanks & Fuzzy Knight | April 5, 1940 | ||
Cinderella's Feller | June 8, 1940 | Virginia City DVD | ||
Pony Express Days (Wild West Days) | July 6, 1940 | Torrid Zone DVD | ||
Service with the Colors | B. Reeves Eason (director); Owen Crump (writer); Robert Armstrong, William Lundigan, William T. Orr, Herbert Anderson & George Hayward | August 31, 1940 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, City for Conquest (Greatest Gangster Films James Cagney) DVD | |
The Flag of Humanity | Jean Negulesco (director); Nana Bryant, Fay Helm, John Hamilton, Ted Osborne & others | October 19, 1940 | Virginia City (film) DVD | |
March On, Marines | December 14, 1940 | |||
Meet the Fleet | December 21, 1940 | All This, and Heaven Too DVD | ||
Wings of Steel | April 5, 1941 | |||
Here Comes the Cavalry | D. Ross Lederman (director); story: Owen Crump (writer); William Justice & Gary Owen | June 28, 1941 | ||
Carnival of Rhythm | Stanley Martin (director); narrator: Knox Manning; Katherine Dunham & her dance troupe | August 23, 1941 | Available on The Bride Came C.O.D. DVD | |
The Tanks Are Coming | October 4, 1941 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, Desperate Journey & Objective, Burma! DVD | ||
The Gay Parisian | December 26, 1941 | "Technicolor Miniature"; Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, The Maltese Falcon DVD | ||
Soldiers in White | February 7, 1942 | They Died with Their Boots On DVD | ||
Spanish Fiesta | May 16, 1942 | "Technicolor Miniature" (filmed 1941); In This Our Life DVD | ||
March on America! | Owen Crump (writer); narrator: Richard Whorf | May 16, 1942 | In This Our Life DVD | |
The Pacific Frontier | Frederick Richards (film editor)
| May 23, 1942 | documentary on Hawaii | |
The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady | Jean Negulesco (director); Patty Hale, Al Shean & Peter Caldwell | July 11, 1942 | ||
Men of the Sky (Under Those Wings) | B. Reeves Eason (director); Owen Crump (writer); Eleanor Parker, Tod Andrews, Don DeFore & Ray Montgomery | July 25, 1942 | Across the Pacific DVD | |
A Ship Is Born | First Motion Picture Unit | October 10, 1942 | ||
The Fighting Engineers | January 2, 1943 | |||
Young and Beautiful | March 13, 1943 | |||
Eagles of the Navy | Joe Gosling | April 24, 1943 | filmed at Pensacola, Florida training facility | |
Champions Training Champions | James Bloodworth (director); music: William Lava; narrator: Lou Marcelle | June 26, 1943 | for U.S. Navy | |
Mountain Fighters | B. Reeves Eason (director); narrator: Lou Marcelle | August 7, 1943 | filmed at Camp Hale, Colorado | |
Women at War | Jean Negulesco (director);; music: William Lava; Virginia Christine | October 2, 1943 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, Air Force (film) DVD | |
Behind the Big Top | November 27, 1943 | shot in Sarasota, Florida | ||
Task Force | December 11, 1943 | made for the U.S. Coast Guard | ||
Roaring Guns | February 19, 1944 | "Santa Fe Trail" series; Rocky Mountain DVD | ||
A Night in Mexico City | Augustin Delgado (director); James A. Fitzpatrick (narrator) | March 25, 1944 | ||
Wells Fargo Days | May 1, 1944 | "Santa Fe Trail" series; Rocky Mountain DVD | ||
Winner's Circle | A. Pam Blumenthal & Van Campen Heilner (prodfucers); André de la Varre (director); narrator: Roger Q. Denny | May 6, 1944 | profiles Kentucky thoroughbreds | |
Trial By Trigger | William C. McGann (director); Robert Shayne, Cheryl Walker, Warner Anderson, Ralph Dunn & Henry Sharp | May 27, 1944 | "Santa Fe Trail" series; Rocky Mountain DVD | |
Devil Boats | A. Pam Blumenthal & André de la Varre (producers); Arnold Albert (director); music: William Lava; Warren Douglas | July 22, 1944 | demonstrates the production of PT boats. | |
Musical Movieland | September 9, 1944 | Night and Day DVD | ||
Trailin' West | October 1, 1944 | "Santa Fe Trail" series | ||
Let's Go Fishing | André de la Varre (director) | October 21, 1944 | ||
Beachhead to Berlin | December 16, 1944 | color footage of D-Day | ||
Coney Island Honeymoon | Arnold Albert (director); Warren Douglas & Angela Greene | June 16, 1945 | (© December 19, 1944) | |
America the Beautiful | August 4, 1945 | |||
Orders from Tokyo | narrator: David Griffin | August 18, 1945 | filmed in the Philippines | |
Frontier Days | Jack Scholl (director); Robert Shayne, Dorothy Malone & Rory Mallnson | October 20, 1945 | San Antonio (film) DVD | |
Hawaiian Memories | John D. Craig (director) | © December 27, 1945 | ||
The Forest Commandos | Van Campen Heilner (producer); André de la Varre (director); music: Rex Dunn | January 19, 1946 | filmed in Ontario | |
Movieland Magic | March 9, 1946 | Deception (1946 film) DVD | ||
Gem of the Ocean | April 13, 1946 | visits wartime Guam | ||
South of Monterrey | © June 30, 1946 | Mexico travelogue. | ||
Down Singapore Way | Deane H. Dickason; music: Rex Dunn | July 20, 1946 | tour of East Indies (Indonesia) | |
Men of Tomorrow | August 24, 1946 | (© December 31, 1945); about the Boy Scouts | ||
Sunset in the Pacific | © December 20, 1946 | wartime camermen are profiled | ||
A Boy and His Dog | December 24, 1946 (preview) | Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film | ||
Saddle Up! | Luis Osorno Barona (director) | March 1, 1947 | covers horse sports in Mexico | |
Hollywood Wonderland | Jack Scholl (director) | August 9, 1947 | (filmed April 1946); Tycoon DVD | |
A Day at the Fair | August 30, 1947 | Covers the 1946 centennial state fair of Des Moines, Iowa where the film premiered[9] | ||
Romance and Dance | August 30, 1947 | features various dances of Mexico | ||
King of the Carnival | September 11, 1947 | covers a carnival in Topeka, Kansas including Carl J. Sedlmayr's Royal American Show. | ||
Power Behind the Nation | October 11, 1947 | History of American industry. Business Screen states that Carl Dudley co-produced[10] | ||
Soap Box Derby | October 18, 1947 | Akron, Ohio mini-car races. | ||
Celebration Days | © December 29, 1947 | covers Minneapolis Aquatennial | ||
Calgary Stampede | May 29, 1948 | covers Stampede Week in Calgary, Alberta. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, The Adventures of Don Juan DVD | ||
The Man from New Orleans | September 4, 1948 | profiles artist William Spratling | ||
My Own United States | October 16, 1948 | |||
Cradle of the Republic | © December 20, 1948 | Overview of the New England states | ||
Princely India | Owen Crump (director/writer); music: William Lava; narrator: Lou Marcelle | December 25, 1948 | India travelogue | |
Heart of Paris | March 12, 1949 | |||
Drums of India | April 15, 1949 | |||
Down the Nile | July 30, 1949 | Egyptian travelogue | ||
Jungle Terror | November 5, 1949 | covers a 1947-48 trip through French Guiana, additional unused footage can be found in the Smithsonian Archives. | ||
Snow Carnival | December 17, 1949 |
Title | Major credits | Release or copyright date | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women of Tomorrow | March 15, 1950 | (© December 31, 1949); covers Girl Scouts of the USA | ||
Danger Is My Business | Ross Allen (herpetologist) | April 8, 1950 | visiting the Everglades with a professional reptile handler | |
Wish You Were Here | July 29, 1950 | tour of Florida | ||
Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd in Sweden | September 27, 1950 | |||
My Country 'Tis of Thee | December 26, 1950 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. DVD | ||
The Wanderer's Return | December 23, 1950 | Tour of the new Israel | ||
The Neighbor Next Door | March 17, 1951 | Tour of Canada | ||
Stranger in the Lighthouse | May 5, 1951 | Tale of a girl and a seal | ||
Enchanted Islands | August 4, 1951 | Hawaii | ||
Winter Sports (Winter Wonders) | September 8, 1951 | Ski reel | ||
The Seeing Eye | December 14, 1951 | Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. A canine view of the New Jersey seeing eye dog institute | ||
Land of the Trembling Earth | January 26, 1952 | covers Georgia's Okefenokee Swamp | ||
Land of Everyday Miracles | March 8, 1952 | American inventions and institutions | ||
No Pets Allowed | Crane Wilbur (director); Warren Douglas, Fay Bainter & others | May 31, 1952 | ||
Open Up That Golden Gate | Owen Crump (writer); music: William Lava; narrator: Lou Marcelle | July 19, 1952 | San Francisco travelogue | |
Killers of the Swamp | September 6, 1952 | Everglades alligator, rattlesnake and bobcat | ||
Cruise of the Zaca | December 6, 1952 | Travels with the Zaca along Pacific and in Jamaica in 1946-47. The Adventures of Robin Hood (2-disc) DVD | ||
Thar She Blows! | December 25, 1952 (preview) | Five months on a whaling vessel traveling Antarctic waters. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film | ||
Under the Little Big Top | April 25, 1953 | filmed in Sarasota, Florida | ||
America for Me | Jerry Fairbanks (producer); Albert Kelly (director); Ellen Drew, Meg Randall & John Archer | May 30, 1953 | ||
Where the Trade Winds Play | July 4, 1953 | Tour of Polynesia, Tahiti | ||
Gone Fishin' | September 12, 1953 | |||
North of the Sahara | November 7, 1953 | Tour of Tunisia & Morocco | ||
Don't Forget to Write | December 5, 1953 | Tour of England | ||
Winter Paradise (Alpine Safari) | December 26, 1953 | |||
Hold Your Horses | March 13, 1954 | horse breeding in Argentina | ||
Continental Holiday | April 9, 1954 | European tour utilizing clips from past shorts | ||
Silver Lightning | Edgar Queeny (director); narrator: Paul Prentiss | July 17, 1954 | fishing reel | |
Who's Who in the Zoo | André de la Varre (director) | August 21, 1954 | US and European zoos | |
Mariners Ahoy! | Ray Jewell (director); Owen Crump (writer) | September 6, 1954 | girls sail the Yankee with Commander Irving M. Johnson. | |
In Fourteen Hundred and Ninety-two | October 9, 1954 | covers Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica & the Dominican Republic | ||
Where Winter Is King | December 4, 1954 | Austria winter sports | ||
Beauty and the Bull | December 20, 1954 | features bullfighter Bette Ford in Mexico. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film | ||
The Mississippi Traveler | Carl Dudley (producer); Richard Goldstone (director); | March 5, 1955 | journey along the river | |
Wave of the Flag | Carl Dudley (producer); Richard Goldstone (director) | May 14, 1955 | touring national monuments to American wars | |
The Adventures of Alexander Selkirk | Jackson Winter (director); | June 18, 1955 | story of a real life Robinson Crusoe | |
Uranium Fever | Tom McGowan (director); narrator: Vic Perrin | July 16, 1955 | ||
Festival Days | August 13, 1955 | shots of Germany, Austria and Italy | ||
The Golden Tomorrow | November 5, 1955 | Venezuela | ||
They Seek Adventure | © January 7, 1956 | |||
Out of the Desert | February 4, 1956 | covers Egypt | ||
Copters and Cows | March 2, 1956 | cattle ranching by helicopter in Vernon, Texas | ||
The Wonders of Araby | June 2, 1956 | Tour of the Middle East. | ||
Miracle in the Caribbean | August 25, 1956 | Puerto Rico | ||
Playtime Pals | October 27, 1956 | (9 minutes) Children and sports worldwide | ||
Howdy, Partner! | November 1956 | Las Vegas | ||
Pearls of the Pacific | © March 2, 1957 | |||
I'll Be Doggone! | March 16, 1957 | (9 minutes) Covers European dog shows |