| Kaiwaka | |
| Nickname: | The little town of lights[1] |
| Area Total Km2: | 7.57 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | New Zealand |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Northland Region |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Kaipara District |
| Subdivision Type3: | Ward |
| Subdivision Name3: | Kaiwaka-Mangawhai Ward |
| Leader Title: | Territorial Authority |
| Leader Name: | Kaipara District Council |
| Leader Title1: | Regional council |
| Leader Name1: | Northland Regional Council |
| Leader Title2: | Mayor of Kaipara |
| Leader Title3: | Northland MP |
| Leader Title4: | Te Tai Tokerau MP |
| Seat Type: | Electorates |
| Coordinates: | -36.1611°N 174.4436°W |
Kaiwaka, known as "the little town of lights",[1] is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The Kaiwaka River runs from the east through the area and joins with the Wairau River to form the Otamatea River, which drains into the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 1 passes through Kaiwaka. Wellsford is south, Brynderwyn is north, and Whangārei, the closest city, is (a 45-minute drive) to the north. The Mangawhai Heads are northeast of Kaiwaka.[2] [3]
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of eating the canoes for Kaiwaka.[4] The reference to food and canoe may reflect the historic Mangapai portage route between Kaiwaka and Mangawhai linking the east coast with the Kaipara Harbour.[5]
Local tradition also speaks of a cloud that is only observed in this part of the Kaipara. It is seen as an omen that a high ranking person is about to pass on.[6] He kapua pōuri ngā kaiwaka kei runga i te paerangi. He tohu aituā tēnei (Te Ara 2015). / Kaiwaka are threatening clouds on the horizon. This is a sign of misfortune.[7]
In February 1825, during the Musket Wars, a major battle between Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Whātua at Te Ika-a-ranga-nui near Kaiwaka resulted in over 170 deaths.[8] [9]
Kaiwaka became a trading and commercial point from the late 1850s.[10] As the kauri timber and gum industries declined towards the end of the century, dairy farming became established. The Hakaru Dairy Company was formed to serve Kaiwaka farmers in 1902.[11]
From the 1880s, steamers provided regular service to Kaiwaka from the Otamatea. The Minnie Casey ran a service every Tuesday from 1882. Services continued well into the 20th century.[12]
The Great North Road from Auckland to Whangārei passed through Kaiwaka, but was only a line on a map for much of the 19th century. Attempts were made to improve the road from 1895, and by 1900 the worst places on the road between Kaiwaka and Whangārei were metalled.[13] In 1911, Kaiwaka had a population of 211.[14]
The North Auckland railway line reached Kaiwaka in March 1913, although problems with the terrain, and World War I, meant that it was not extended significantly further north until the early 1920s.[15]
The Lands and Survey Department took over large blocks of unproductive land and developed them in the 1940s, and these were passed to returning soldiers in the early 1950s.[16]
Kaiwaka's Te Pounga Marae and meeting house on the central peninsula of Kaipara Harbour are a traditional meeting place for Te Uri o Hau and Ngāti Whātua.[17] [18]
Statistics New Zealand describes Kaiwaka as a rural settlement, which covers 7.57km2[19] and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2. Kaiwaka is part of the larger Kaiwaka statistical area.
Kaiwaka had a population of 783 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 39 people (5.2%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 162 people (26.1%) since the 2013 census. There were 390 males, 393 females and 3 people of other genders in 285 dwellings.[20] 1.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 39.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 165 people (21.1%) aged under 15 years, 138 (17.6%) aged 15 to 29, 366 (46.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 114 (14.6%) aged 65 or older.
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 72.4% European (Pākehā); 28.4% Māori; 5.0% Pasifika; 12.3% Asian; 0.8% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.9% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.3%, Māori language by 5.4%, and other languages by 11.9%. No language could be spoken by 1.5% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 24.5, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 32.2% Christian, 1.5% Hindu, 0.4% Islam, 3.8% Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% New Age, 0.4% Jewish, and 1.9% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 52.1%, and 6.5% of people did not answer the census question.
Of those at least 15 years old, 63 (10.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 333 (53.9%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 186 (30.1%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $33,400, compared with $41,500 nationally. 36 people (5.8%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 300 (48.5%) people were employed full-time, 105 (17.0%) were part-time, and 12 (1.9%) were unemployed.[21]
Kaiwaka statistical area covers 259.03km2[19] and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Kaiwaka had a population of 2,532 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 393 people (18.4%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 933 people (58.3%) since the 2013 census. There were 1,263 males, 1,266 females and 6 people of other genders in 945 dwellings.[22] 1.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 43.6 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 477 people (18.8%) aged under 15 years, 354 (14.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,245 (49.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 456 (18.0%) aged 65 or older.
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 79.6% European (Pākehā); 26.1% Māori; 4.9% Pasifika; 6.9% Asian; 0.8% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 3.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.6%, Māori language by 6.4%, Samoan by 0.1%, and other languages by 9.5%. No language could be spoken by 1.8% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 20.4, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 26.9% Christian, 0.7% Hindu, 0.2% Islam, 4.5% Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% Buddhist, 1.2% New Age, 0.2% Jewish, and 1.7% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 57.1%, and 7.9% of people did not answer the census question.
Of those at least 15 years old, 276 (13.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 1,158 (56.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 543 (26.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $32,700, compared with $41,500 nationally. 153 people (7.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 978 (47.6%) people were employed full-time, 318 (15.5%) were part-time, and 36 (1.8%) were unemployed.[23]
Kaiwaka School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1–6) school with a roll of students as of
The school opened in September, 1871,[25] and the school celebrated its centennial in 1970.[26]
The Kaiwaka River is a prominent feature that begins near Kaiwaka township and flows West, where it joins the Wairau River to form the Otamatea River, which drains into the Kaipara Harbour.
Pukekaroro is a distinctive 1.5adj=midNaNadj=mid, forest-covered volcanic dome of dacite dated at 17 million years old rising to a height of, north of Kaiwaka on State Highway 1.[27]
The maunga (mountain) Pukekaroro is of great importance to Te Uri o Hau. Pukekaroro was a key strategic site for Te Uri o Hau, as from the summit the Mangawhai Heads to the east and the Kaipara Harbour entrance to the west are both visible. Traditionally, Te Uri o Hau used the timber that grew on the mountain to build waka renowned for their seaworthiness.
During the battle known as Te Ika Ranganui in 1825, Karoro, a rangatira who had a pā site at the very top of the mountain, retrieved many Te Uri o Hau dead and wounded from the surrounding area and carried them up to the pā so they would not be found by the enemy. Pukekaroro is of special spiritual significance to Te Uri o Hau because of the many wāhi tapu (sacred sites) on the mountain. The mountain has been tapu (sacred) since that battle and remains so today.[28]