Taxifolin Explained

Taxifolin (5,7,3',4'-flavan-on-ol), also known as dihydroquercetin, belongs to the subclass flavanonols in the flavonoids, which in turn is a class of polyphenols. It is extracted from plants such as Siberian larch and milk thistle.[1]

Stereocenters

Taxifolin has two stereocenters on the C-ring, as opposed to quercetin which has none.[2] For example, (+)-taxifolin has (2R,3R)-configuration, making it one out of four stereoisomers that comprise two pairs of enantiomers.[3]

Natural occurrences

Taxifolin is found in non-glutinous rice boiled with adzuki bean (adzuki-meshi).[4]

It can be found in conifers like the Siberian larch, Larix sibirica, in Russia, in Pinus roxburghii,[5] in Cedrus deodara[5] and in the Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis var. mairei.[6]

It is also found in the silymarin extract from the milk thistle seeds.

Taxifolin is present in vinegars aged in cherry wood.[7]

Taxifolin, and flavonoids in general, can be found in many beverages and products. Specifically, taxifolin is found in plant-based foods like fruit, vegetables, wine, tea, and cocoa.[8]

Pharmacology

Taxifolin is not mutagenic and less toxic than the related compound quercetin.[9] It acts as a potential chemopreventive agent by regulating genes via an ARE-dependent mechanism.[10] Taxifolin has shown to inhibit the ovarian cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner.[11] However, in this same study, taxifolin was the least effective flavonoid in the inhibition of VEGF expression.[12] There is also a strong correlation (with a correlation coefficient of 0.93) between the antiproliferative effects of taxifolin derivatives on murine skin fibroblasts and human breast cancer cells.[13]

Taxifolin has shown to have anti-proliferative effects on many types of cancer cells by inhibiting cancer cell lipogenesis. By inhibiting the fatty acid synthase in cancer cells, taxifolin is able to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells.[14]

Taxifolin also stops the effects of overexpression of P-glycoprotein, which prevents the development of chemoresistance. Taxifolin does this via inhibition of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin.[15]

The capacity of taxifolin to stimulate fibril formation and promote stabilization of fibrillar forms of collagen can be used in medicine.[16] Also taxifolin inhibited the cellular melanogenesis as effectively as arbutin, one of the most widely used hypopigmenting agents in cosmetics.

Taxifolin also enhances the efficacy of conventional antibiotics such as levofloxacin and ceftazidime in vitro, which have potential for combinatory therapy of patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[17]

Like other flavonoids, taxifolin is able to function as an antifungal agent by blocking multiple pathways that promote the growth and proliferation of fungi.[18]

Taxifolin has also been found to reduce inhibitor of intestinal mobility especially when antagonized by verapamil.

Taxifolin has also been shown to be anti-hyperlipidemic by maintaining the normal lipid profile of the liver and keeping lipid excretion at normal levels. Taxifolin prevents hyperlipidemia by reducing the esterification of cellular cholesterol, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol synthesis.

Taxifolin, as well as many other flavonoids, has been found to act as a non-selective antagonist of the opioid receptors, albeit with somewhat weak affinity.[19] Taxifolin shows promising pharmacological activities in the management of inflammation, tumors, microbial infections, oxidative stress, cardiovascular, and liver disorders [20]

Taxifolin has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2).[21]

Metabolism

The enzyme taxifolin 8-monooxygenase uses taxifolin, NADH, NADPH, H+, and O2 to produce 2,3-dihydrogossypetin, NAD+, NADP+, and H2O.

The enzyme leucocyanidin oxygenase uses leucocyanidin, alpha-ketoglutarate, and O2 to produce cis-dihydroquercetin, taxifolin, succinate, CO2, and H2O.

Glycosides

Astilbin is the 3-O-rhamnoside of taxifolin. Taxifolin deoxyhexose can be found in açai fruits.[22]

Taxifolin 3-O-glucoside isomers have been separated from Chamaecyparis obtusa.[23]

(-)-2,3-trans-Dihydroquercetin-3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a taxifolin glucoside has been extracted from the inner bark of Pinus densiflora and can act as an oviposition stimulant in the cerambycid beetle Monochamus alternatus.[24]

(2S,3S)-(-)-Taxifolin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside has been isolated from the root-sprouts of Agrimonia pilosa.[25]

(2R,3R)-Taxifolin-3'-O-β-D-pyranoglucoside has been isolated from the rhizome of Smilax glabra.[26]

Minor amount of taxifolin 4′-O-β-glucopyranoiside can be found in red onions.[27]

(2R,3R)-Taxifolin 3-O-arabinoside and (2S,3S)-taxifolin 3-O-arabinoside have been isolated from the leaves of Trachelospermum jasminoides[28] (star jasmine).

Derived natural compounds

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Global Taxifolin Market Size was USD 167.90 Million in 2022. 14 August 2023 . reportprime.com .
  2. Web site: Quercetin. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  3. Web site: (+)-taxifolin (CHEBI:17948). www.ebi.ac.uk.
  4. Antioxidative flavonoids in adzuki-meshi (rice boiled with adzuki bean) react with nitrite under simulated stomach conditions . Takahama . 2016-10-01 . 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.032 . 26 . Journal of Functional Foods . 657–666 .
  5. Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan . Willför S, Mumtaz A, Karonen M, Reunanen M, Mohammad A, Harlamow R . Holzforschung . August 2009 . 63 . 5 . 551–558 . 10.1515/HF.2009.095. 97003177 .
  6. 10.1016/j.bse.2007.08.002 . 36 . Chemistry of Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis var. mairei . 2008 . Biochemical Systematics and Ecology . 266–282 . Li . Cunfang. 4 . 2008BioSE..36..266L .
  7. Cerezoa . Ana B. . Tesfayea . Wendu . Soria-Díazb . M.E. . Torijac . M. Jesús . Mateoc . Estíbaliz . Garcia-Parrillaa . M. Carmen . Troncosoa . Ana M. . 2010 . Effect of wood on the phenolic profile and sensory properties of wine vinegars during ageing . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis . 23 . 2. 175–184 . 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.08.008 .
  8. Brusselmans . K. . Vrolix . R. . Verhoeven . G. . Swinnen . J. . 2005 . Induction of Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Flavonoids Is Associated with Their Ability to Inhibit Fatty Acid Synthase Activity . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 280 . 7. 5636–5645 . 10.1074/jbc.m408177200 . 15533929 . free .
  9. Makena . Patrudu S. . Pierce . Samuel C. . Chung . King-Thom . Sinclair . Scott E. . Comparative mutagenic effects of structurally similar flavonoids quercetin and taxifolin on tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and Escherichia coli WP-2 uvrA . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis . 50 . 6 . 451–9 . 2009 . 19326464 . 10.1002/em.20487. 2009EnvMM..50..451M . 25826873 .
  10. Lee . Saet Byoul . Cha . Kwang Hyun . Selenge . Dangaa . Solongo . Amgalan . Nho . Chu Won . The Chemopreventive Effect of Taxifolin Is Exerted through ARE-Dependent Gene Regulation . Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin . 30 . 1074–9 . 2007 . 10.1248/bpb.30.1074 . 17541156 . 6. free .
  11. Luo . Haitao . Jiang . Bing-Hua . King . Sarah . Chen . Yi Charlie . Inhibition of Cell Growth and VEGF Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells by Flavonoids . Nutrition and Cancer . 60 . 6 . 800–9 . 2008 . 19005980 . 10.1080/01635580802100851. 43576449 .
  12. 10.1080/01635580802100851 . 19005980 . Inhibition of Cell Growth and VEGF Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells by Flavonoids . Nutrition and Cancer . 60 . 6 . 800–809 . 2008 . Luo . Haitao . Jiang . Bing-Hua . King . Sarah M. . Chen . Yi Charlie . 43576449 .
  13. Rogovskiĭ VS, Matiushin AI, Shimanovskiĭ NL, Semeĭkin AV, Kukhareva TS, Koroteev AM, Koroteev MP, Nifant'ev EE . [Antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of new dihydroquercetin derivatives] . ru . Eksp Klin Farmakol . 73 . 9 . 39–42 . 2010 . 21086652 .
  14. 10.1074/jbc.M408177200 . 15533929 . Induction of Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Flavonoids is Associated with Their Ability to Inhibit Fatty Acid Synthase Activity . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 280 . 7 . 5636–5645 . 2005 . Brusselmans . Koen . Vrolix . Ruth . Verhoeven . Guido . Swinnen . Johannes V. . free .
  15. Das . A. . Baidya . R. . Chakraborty . T. . Samanta . A. K. . Roy . S. . Pharmacological basis and new insights of taxifolin: A comprehensive review . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy . 2021 . 142 . 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112004. 34388527 . free .
  16. Tarahovsky . Y. S. . Selezneva . I. I. . Vasilieva . N. A. . Egorochkin . M. A. . Kim . Yu. A. . Acceleration of fibril formation and thermal stabilization of collagen fibrils in the presence of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) . Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine . 144 . 6 . 791–4 . 2007 . 18856203 . 10.1007/s10517-007-0433-z. 22328651 .
  17. 21466953 . 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.02.013 . 18 . 11 . Antibacterial and synergy of a flavanonol rhamnoside with antibiotics against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) . August 2011 . Phytomedicine . 990–3 . An J, Zuo GY, Hao XY, Wang GC, Li ZS .
  18. Asmi . K. Saftar . Lakshmi . T. . Balusamy . Sri Renukadevi . Parameswari . R. . 2017 . Therapeutic Aspects of Taxifolin – An Update . Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research. 7 . 3–2017 . 187–189 .
  19. Katavic PL, Lamb K, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE . Flavonoids as opioid receptor ligands: identification and preliminary structure-activity relationships . J. Nat. Prod. . 70 . 8 . 1278–82 . August 2007 . 17685652 . 2265593 . 10.1021/np070194x .
  20. 10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2019.112066 . 31325613 . An insight into the health-promoting effects of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) . Phytochemistry . 166 . 112066 . 2019 . Sunil . Christudas . Xu . Baojun . 2019PChem.166k2066S . 198131999 .
  21. Sun Y, Zang Z, Zhong L, Wu M, Su Q, Gao X, Zan W, Lin D, Zhao Y, Zhang Z . Identification of adiponectin receptor agonist utilizing a fluorescence polarization based high throughput assay . PLOS ONE . 8 . 5 . e63354 . 2013 . 23691032 . 3653934 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0063354 . 2013PLoSO...863354S . free .
  22. 10.1365/s10337-004-0305-x . 59 . Polyphenolic Constituents of Fruit Pulp of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açai palm) . 2004 . Chromatographia . Gallori . S.. 11–12 . 94388806 .
  23. Sakushima . Akiyo . Ohno . Kosei . Coskun . Makusut . Seki . Koh-Ichi . Ohkura . Kazue . Separation and Identification of Taxifolin 3- O -Glucoside Isomers from Chamaecyparis Obtusa (Cupressaceae) . Natural Product Research . 16 . 383–7 . 2002 . 10.1080/10575630290033141 . 12462342 . 6. 28973885 .
  24. Masashi . Sato . Syed Q. . Islam . Shinobu . Awata . Tory . Yamasaki . 1999 . Flavanonol glucoside and proanthocyanidins: Oviposition stimulants for the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus alternatus . Journal of Pesticide Science . 24 . 2 . 123–9 . 10.1584/jpestics.24.123 . free .
  25. Pei YH, Li X, Zhu TR, Wu LJ . [Studies on the structure of a new flavanonol glucoside of the root-sprouts of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb] . zh . Yao Xue Xue Bao . 25 . 4 . 267–70 . 1990 . 2281787.
  26. Yuan JZ, Dou DQ, Chen YJ, etal . [Studies on dihydroflavonol glycosides from rhizome of Smilax glabra] . zh . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi . 29 . 9 . 867–70 . September 2004 . 15575206.
  27. 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00423-8 . 47 . Flavonoids from red onion (Allium cepa) . 1998 . Phytochemistry . 281–285 . Fossen . Torgils. 2 . 1998PChem..47..281F .
  28. Hosoi . Shinzo . Shimizu . Eri . Ohno . Kosei . Yokosawa . Ryozo . Kuninaga . Shiro . Coskun . Maksut . Sakushima . Akiyo . Structural Studies of Zoospore Attractants from Trachelospermum jasminoides var. pubescens: Taxifolin 3-O-glycosides . Phytochemical Analysis . 17 . 1 . 20–4 . 2006 . 16454472 . 10.1002/pca.876. 2006PChAn..17...20H .
  29. Heller . Werner . Britsch . Lothar . Forkmann . Gert . Grisebach . Hans . Leucoanthocyanidins as intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of Matthiola incana R. Br . Planta . 163 . 2 . 191–6 . 1985 . 10.1007/BF00393505 . 24249337. 1985Plant.163..191H . 20854538 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Taxifolin".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.