| Tawbuid | |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Mindoro |
| Speakers: | 14,000 |
| Date: | 2000 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Greater Central Philippine |
| Fam5: | South Mangyan |
| Lc1: | bnj |
| Ld1: | Eastern Tawbuid |
| Lc2: | twb |
| Ld2: | Western Tawbuid |
| Glotto: | bata1318 |
| Glottorefname: | Batangan [= Tawbuid] |
The Tawbuid language is a language spoken by Tawbuid Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid.
The Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans live in central Mindoro.
In Oriental Mindoro, Eastern Tawbuid (also known as Bangon) is spoken by 1,130 people in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria.
In Occidental Mindoro, Western Tawbuid (also known as Batangan) is spoken by 6,810 people in the municipalities of Sablayan and Calintaan.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Liquid | lateral | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| flap | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of pronounced as //k// > pronounced as //h// > pronounced as //Ø//. For example:
Tagalog
, > Buhid: > Tawbuid: 'I'
> > 'we'
There is a residual pronounced as //k// in the 1st person singular, in the affix pronounced as //ak-//, usually shortened in speech to pronounced as //k-//. E.g. (or) 'I will arrive.'
There are no glottal phonemes, either pronounced as //h// or pronounced as //ʔ//, in Tawbuid.
The glottal stop pronounced as /[ʔ]/ may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example:
'love' may be pronounced pronounced as //fakafanyu'ʔun// or pronounced as //fakafan'yu:n//
'waiting place' pronounced as //fakfanya'ʔan// or pronounced as //fakfan'ya:n//
'dug' pronounced as //na'ali// or pronounced as //na'ʔali//
Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern.Vowels following pronounced as //i// and pronounced as //u// offer different interpretations as to whether a linking pronounced as //y// or pronounced as //w// is present. For example:
or 'elbow'
or : grammatical marker
There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example:
'shade, clothing' (rather than *pronounced as //lambung//) (cf. Tagalog:)
'animal trap' (not *pronounced as //sandaw//)
'dried bulu (kind of bamboo)' (not *pronounced as //anru//)
'taken, died' (not *pronounced as //ambul//)
pronounced as //i// close front spread
occurs syllable-initial, middle and final
'dog'
'lake, sea, body of water'
'now, today'
pronounced as //e// half close front spread
Established as a phoneme in contrast with pronounced as //i// by minimal pairs
'said while tickling pig'
'tongue'
'blink eyes, flash light'
'tongue'Occurrence in similar environment:
'steam or boil to cook'
'right-hand side'
Historically this was most likely pronounced as //ay//. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for pronounced as //ay// to become pronounced as //e//, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with being pronounced pronounced as //me// in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this:
'axe', cf. other dialects, including Alangan, Ilocano:
'horn', cf. Tagalog
'winged bean' cf. Iraya .
Within Tawbuid, pronounced as //ay// and pronounced as //e// alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word.
'cross a hill'
'the place where you arrive after crossing a hill'
'a long time' (root word)
or 'elapsed time'
pronounced as //a// open central unrounded
Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions.
'species of vine'
'species of tree'
'arrow'
pronounced as //o// half-open back rounded
Established as a phoneme in contrast with pronounced as //u// by minimal pairs
'species of shell'
'eagle'
'breast'
'rinsed nami'
As with pronounced as //e//, this is probably a historical development of pronounced as //aw//. A similar process occurred in English and French.
'you (singular)' cf. Buhid
'fan palm' cf. Tagalog
'bush knife' cf. Alangan, Indonesian,
pronounced as //u// close back rounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
'fingernail, toenail'
'crow'
'tame'
'mortar'
pronounced as //ɨ// close central unrounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
'immediate, subsequent'
'pull leaves off stalk'
In orthography, the letter v is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with pronounced as //a// or pronounced as //ɨ// in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word pronounced as //a// and pronounced as //ɨ// are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.)
pronounced as //b// voiced bilabial plosive
Syllable-initial and final. For example:
'eagle'
'fall face down'
pronounced as //p// voiceless bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final
Variants: pronounced as /[p]/ voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
'compressed lump of soaked nami'
'small mouse species'
'scorpion'
'ampalaya, bitter gourd'
'full, satisfied with food'
pronounced as /[pʰ]/ voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: word-final
'number'
pronounced as //p// is established as a phoneme in contrast with pronounced as //f// by the following:
There is at least one minimal pair:
'count (imperative)', from root plus suffix -i
'slash, chop mark from a knife'
pronounced as //p// is in contrastive distribution with pronounced as //f// under the following circumstances:
pronounced as //f// is never syllable-final, but pronounced as //p// can be.
pronounced as //f// cannot be followed by pronounced as //ɨ//, but pronounced as //p// frequently is. (e.g.pronounced as //yapvs// 'skin boil', pronounced as //yafus// 'cockroach')
pronounced as //d// voiced alveolar plosive
Syllable-initial and final.
'armspan'
'have a cut under one's toe'
'woodpecker'Realised as pronounced as /[t]/ before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an.
pronounced as //kadkafanyu'an// > pronounced as /[katkafanyu'an]/ 'loving one another'
pronounced as //t// voiceless alveolar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final Variants:
pronounced as /[t]/ voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosiveEnvironment: syllable-initial
'arm'
'able'
pronounced as /[tʰ]/ voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosiveEnvironment: word-final
'heavy'
'vegetation'
pronounced as //g// voiced velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster.
'come here'
'cut grass'
'floor'Realised as pronounced as /[k]/ before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-.
pronounced as //gted// > pronounced as /[kted]/ 'holding'
pronounced as //'gfili// > pronounced as /['kfili]/ 'choosing'
pronounced as //tagti'ug// > pronounced as /[takti'ug]/ 'the one who is sleeping'
pronounced as //k// voiceless velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final
pronounced as /[k]/ voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
'love, cherish'
'hidden'
pronounced as /[kʰ]/ voiceless slightly aspirated plosive
Environment: word-final
'peck'
'click'
There is a tendency for the initial pronounced as //k// to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example:
Tag. > Tb. 'sin'
Tag. > Tb. 'river name'
Tag. > Tb. 'kill' (root word)
pronounced as //f// voiceless labiodental fricative
Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on pronounced as //p// for contrastive features.
'second most recently born child in a family'
'thrash around'Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. pronounced as //p//. For example:
'fire' (Tagalog:)
'arrow' (Tagalog:)
grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid,)
pronounced as //s// voiceless alveolar fricative
Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster pronounced as //st//. The affricate pronounced as //ts// is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants.
pronounced as //m// bilabial nasal
Can occur in all syllable positions.
pronounced as //n// dental nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
'cooked sweet potato'
pronounced as /[n'tama]/ 'cooked'
pronounced as //ŋ// velar nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
'baby, youngest child in family'
'cough'
pronounced as /[ŋ'guraŋ]/ 'matured, grew up'
pronounced as //l// voiced alveolar palatalized lateral
Environment: syllable-initial and final
'so that, in order to'
'bitter, astringent tasting'
pronounced as //R// voiced alveolar flap
Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final
'ginger'
'shoddy'
pronounced as //w// voiced bilabial approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
'chop with knife'
'person'
'tiring'
pronounced as //y// voiced palatal approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
'kind of spirit'
'finger, toe'
'expression of pain'
Stress patterns
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below).
Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not.
pronounced as //nabag'bag// 'attacked with knife'
pronounced as //bulat'lat// 'species of grass'
pronounced as //fag'lon// 'second most recently born child'
pronounced as //fan'dagum// 'charm made of resin'
pronounced as //kafan'donan// 'night is falling'
Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by pronounced as //-ar-// or pronounced as //-al-// are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables.
pronounced as //falung'fung// 'sapling'
pronounced as //balang'bang// 'thigh'Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate.
'breast'
'tongue'
'wasp species'
'dent'
'rinsed nami'
'immediate'But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably.
final: pronounced as //nla'fi// 'flattened'
penultimate: pronounced as //'lafi// 'shoulder'
final: pronounced as //a'fuy// 'fire'
penultimate: pronounced as //'kafuy// 'cry noiselessly in sleep'
A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress.
pronounced as //'sadi// 'one' (penultimate)
pronounced as //ma'sadi// 'united' (penultimate)
pronounced as //fagmasadi'un// 'unity' (final)
pronounced as //namasadi'an// 'agreement' (final)In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress:
pronounced as //na'taw// 'what?' may become pronounced as //:na:taw// when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates acute surprise.
Secondary stress and tertiary stress
In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress.
pronounced as //²fagma³balyan¹anun// 'power'
pronounced as //³fag²kedkesu¹ganun// 'mutual love'
Accent
Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke 'don't do that':
Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low.
Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling
Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid.
A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout.
Syllable patterns
V
Monosyllabic words are:,,
Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern.
,,, 'pestle', 'water-skater', 'royal jelly', 'immediate, subsequent' V-CV
'louse', 'sister/brother-in-law' V-CVC
C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix pronounced as //n-//
'arrived' C-CV-CVC
VC
, 'great, large' VC-CVC
'species of vine'
'share of harvest'
CVC
'species of tree' CVC
'species of snake'
'number'
'second youngest child' CVC-CVC
'field' CV-CVC
CCV
'here' CCV
'going', 'getting' CCV
'there' CCV-VC
CVC with semivowels
'which?' VC-CVC
'forest' V-CVC
'species of bat' CVC-CV-CVC
'plentiful' (root) CVC-CVC