Tatjana Maria Explained

Tatjana Maria
Birth Date:8 August 1987
Birth Place:Bad Saulgau, West Germany
Height:1.72 m
Plays:Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Turnedpro:2001
Careerprizemoney:US$5,517,044
Coach:Charles-Edouard Maria
Singlesrecord:656–519
Singlestitles:3
Highestsinglesranking:No. 42 (8 January 2024)
Currentsinglesranking:No. 59 (22 July 2024)
Australianopenresult:2R (2009, 2016, 2024)
Frenchopenresult:2R (2016, 2017)
Wimbledonresult:SF (2022)
Usopenresult:2R (2012, 2017, 2018)
Othertournaments:yes
Olympicsresult:1R (2024)
Doublesrecord:270–248
Doublestitles:4
Highestdoublesranking:No. 54 (6 June 2016)
Currentdoublesranking:No. 308 (22 July 2024)
Australianopendoublesresult:2R (2017)
Frenchopendoublesresult:3R (2016)
Wimbledondoublesresult:QF (2018)
Usopendoublesresult:3R (2023)
Othertournamentsdoubles:yes
Olympicsdoublesresult:1R (2024)
Frenchopenmixedresult:1R (2016)
Team:yes
Fedcupresult:SF (2018), record 13–8
Updated:29 July 2024

Tatjana Maria (née Malek; born 8 August 1987) is a German professional tennis player. In January 2024, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 42, and in June 2016, she peaked at No. 54 in the doubles rankings.

She has won three singles titles and four doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as one singles title on the WTA Challenger Tour. She has also won 16 singles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She has made 14 appearances (20 matches) for Germany in Fed Cup competition between 2006 and 2011 and between 2018 and 2023.

Career

2013–2016: Wimbledon & Miami Open third rounds, top 100 debut

Maria took a sabbatical in 2013, to have her first child, and returned to tour at the 2014 Copa Colsanitas.[1]

2017–2020: Top 50, first WTA Tour title

Maria reached a career-high ranking in the top 50 in November 2017.

She won her first singles WTA Tour title at the 2018 Mallorca Open defeating Anastasija Sevastova.[2]

2022: First Major semifinal at Wimbledon

Maria won her second title at the Copa Colsanitas, defeating Laura Pigossi in the final.[3]

At the Wimbledon Championships she defeated Astra Sharma, Sorana Cîrstea and then world No. 5, Maria Sakkari (her fifth top 10 win[4]), and in the round of 16 against 12th-seeded Jeļena Ostapenko, where she saved two match points.[5] This made her the oldest player to debut in a Wimbledon quarterfinal.[6] In the quarterfinal, she beat compatriot Jule Niemeier who was ranked 97th, in three sets. She reached a Wimbledon semifinal as the sixth female player in the Open Era over the age of 34,[7] and the sixth woman from Germany.[8] She lost her semifinal match to the second seed and world No. 2, Ons Jabeur, in three sets. She was the first mother-of-two to make the last four of a major since Margaret Court at Wimbledon 1975, and only the fourth player ranked outside the top 100 to reach the Wimbledon semifinals.[9] She was awarded the WTA Comeback Player of the Year for her performance in 2022.[10]

2023–2024: United Cup debut, third title, Olympics qualification

Maria defended her title at the 2023 Copa Colsanitas in Bogotá, defeating Peyton Stearns in the final.[11]

She was selected as the No. 2 WTA player representing team Germany for the 2024 United Cup.

In April at the 2024 Copa Colsanitas, she could not defend her title losing to local favorite and 2021 champion Camila Osorio in the quarterfinals and fell down to No. 65 in the singles rankings.

She was also selected as the No. 2 WTA player for the 2024 Paris Olympics.

Personal life

Her father Heinrich Malek (Polish: Henryk Małek) was a Polish international handball player originally from Zabrze.

On 8 April 2013, she married her coach, the French former tennis player Charles-Edouard Maria. Their first child, a daughter, was born in December 2013,[1] and their second daughter was born in April 2021.[12]

Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Olympic Games and Billie Jean King Cup are included in win–loss records.[13]

Singles

Current through the 2024 Monterrey Open.

Tournament20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024SRW–LWin %
Grand Slam tournaments
Australian OpenAAQ11R2R1RQ1AQ3A1R2RQ21R1R1RA1R1R2R0 / 113–1121%
French OpenAAAAQ31RQ1Q31RA1R2R2R1R1RAA1R1R1R0 / 102–1017%
WimbledonAA1RA2R1RQ1Q21RA3R1R2R2R1RNHASF1R1R0 / 1210–12
US OpenAA1RA1RQ1Q22RAQ21RQ32R2R1R1RQ11R1R0 / 103–1023%
style=text-align:leftWin–loss0–00–00–20–12–30–30–01–10–20–02–42–33–32–40–40–20–05–40–41–30 / 4318–43
National representation
Olympic Gamesnot heldAnot heldAnot heldAnot heldAnot held1R0 / 10–10%
BJK CupAPOPO1RPO1RPOAAAAAAbgcolor=yellowSF1RQRAARRQR0 / 58–657%
WTA 1000 + former Tier I tournaments
Qatar OpenNTIANHstyle=color:#767676NTIAAAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTI1Rstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTI1R0 / 20–20%
Dubai OpenNTIAAQ2NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIA2R0 / 11–150%
Indian Wells OpenAAQ21RQ21RQ1AAAQ11R1R1R2RNHQ1Q12R2R0 / 83–827%
Miami OpenAAAAQ21RQ1AQ2A3RQ2Q11R4RNHAQ21R1R0 / 65–645%
Madrid OpenNHAAAAAAAAAAQ1NHAA2R2R0 / 22–250%
Italian OpenAAAAAAAAAAAQ1AAQ1AAA1R2R0 / 21–233%
Canadian OpenAAAAQ1AAAAAAAQ21R2RNHAQ2A1R0 / 31–325%
Cincinnati OpenNTI1RAAAAAQ2AA2RAAAQ1AA0 / 21–233%
Wuhan OpenNHAAQ1AAANH0 / 00–0–
China OpenNTIAAAAAAA1RAQ2ANH2R0 / 21–233%
German OpenQ1Q12RANH / NTI0 / 11–150%
style=text-align:leftWin–loss0–00–01–10–10–10–20–00–00–00–02–10–20–11–55–30–00–00–03–54–70 / 2916–29
Career statistics
20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024Career
Tournaments021179162363161517242050112623Career total: 216
Titles00000000000001000110Career total: 3
Finals00000000000001000110Career total: 3
Hard win–loss0–01–20–31–62–54–80–21–21–20–13–51–84–85–178–132–50–06–613–177–110 / 11759–121
Clay win–loss0–00–04–60–23–44–80–00–00–30–14–73–66–62–41–61–00–05–110–65–92 / 6948–69
Grass win–loss0–00–01–20–01–10–10–00–00–10–03–30–11–26–23–20–00–06–31–31–31 / 2523–24
Carpet win–loss0–00–02–00–00–00–00–01–10–02–10–10–03–10–1discontinued0 / 58–5
Overall win–loss0–01–27–111–86–108–170–22–31–62–310–164–1514–1713–2412–213–50–017–1024–2613–233 / 216138–219
style=text-align:leftWin %–33%39%11%38%32%0%40%14%40%38%21%45%35%36%38%–63%48%36%Career total:
Year-end ranking2841468827268137191112258214681164679901092796857

Doubles

Tournament20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024SRW–LWin%
Grand Slam tournaments
Australian OpenAAAAA1R1RA1RA1R1R2R1R1R1RA1R1R1R0 / 121–12
French OpenAAAAA1RAA1R2R2R3RA2R1RAA1R1RA0 / 95–9
WimbledonAA2RA1R1RAA1RA1R2R2RQFANHA1R1R1R0 / 115–11
US OpenAAAA2R1RA2RAA1R1R1R1R1RAAA3RA0 / 94–9
style=text-align:leftWin–loss0–00–01–10–01–20–40–11–10–31–11–43–42–33–40–30–10–00–32–40–20 / 4115–41
National representation
Olympic Gamesnot heldAnot heldAnot heldAnot heldAnot held1R0 / 10–10%
BJK CupAPOPO1RPO1RPOAAAAAAbgcolor=yellowSF1RQRAARRQR0 / 55–2
WTA 1000 + former Tier I tournaments
Dubai OpenNTIAA1RNTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAstyle=color:#767676NTIAA0 / 10–10%
Miami OpenAAAAAAAA2RA1RAA2RANHAAAA0 / 32–340%
Italian OpenAAAAAAAAAAA1RAAAAAAAA0 / 10–10%
Canadian OpenAAAAAAAAAAAAA1RANHAAAA0 / 10–10%
Cincinnati OpenNTIAAAAAA1RAAAAAAAAA0 / 10–10%
Wuhan OpenNHAA1RAAANH0 / 10–10%
China OpenNTIAAAAAAA1RAAANHA0 / 10–10%
German Open1RQ11RANH / NTI0 / 20–20%
style=text-align:leftWin–loss0–10–00–10–00–00–00–10–01–10–00–20–30–01–20–00–00–00–00–00–00 / 112–11
Career statistics
style=text-align:leftTitles00000001000101100000Career total: 4
Finals00001001011201100000Career total: 8
Year-end ranking3712451213728710113880131107806320687163165309542307

WTA career finals

Singles: 3 (3 titles)

Legend
Grand Slam
WTA 1000
WTA 500
International / WTA 250 (3–0)
Finals by surface
Hard (0–0)
Grass (1–0)
Clay (2–0)
Carpet (0–0)
ResultW–LDateTournamentTierSurfaceOpponentScore
Win1–0Mallorca Open, SpainInternationalGrass Anastasija Sevastova6–4, 7–5
Win2–0Copa Colsanitas, ColombiaWTA 250Clay Laura Pigossi6–3, 4–6, 6–2
Win3–0Copa Colsanitas, Colombia (2)WTA 250Clay Peyton Stearns6–3, 2–6, 6–4

Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Legend
Grand Slam
WTA 1000
WTA 500
International / WTA 250 (4–4)
Finals by surface
Hard (2–1)
Clay (1–3)
Grass (0–0)
Carpet (1–0)
ResultW–LDateTournamentTierSurfacePartnerOpponentsScore
Loss0–1Austrian Open,
Austria		InternationalClay Andrea Petkovic Andrea Hlaváčková
Lucie Hradecká		2–6, 4–6
Win1–1Tournoi de Québec,
Canada		InternationalCarpet (i) Kristina Mladenovic Alicja Rosolska
Heather Watson		7–6(7–5), 6–7(6–8), [10–7]
Loss1–2Japan Open,
Japan		InternationalHard Lara Arruabarrena Shuko Aoyama
Renata Voráčová		1–6, 2–6
Loss1–3Swedish Open,
Sweden		InternationalClay Olga Savchuk Kiki Bertens
Johanna Larsson		5–7, 4–6
Win2–3Copa Colsanitas,
Colombia		InternationalClay Lara Arruabarrena Gabriela Cé
Andrea Gámiz		6–2, 4–6, [10–8]
Loss2–4Morocco Open,
Morocco		InternationalClay Raluca Olaru Xenia Knoll
Aleksandra Krunić		3–6, 0–6
Win3–4Mexican Open,
Mexico		InternationalHard Heather Watson Kaitlyn Christian
Sabrina Santamaria		7–5, 2–6, [10–2]
Win4–4Korea Open,
South Korea		InternationalHard Lara Arruabarrena Hayley Carter
Luisa Stefani		7–6(9–7), 3–6, [10–7]

WTA Challenger finals

Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)

ResultW–LDateTournamentSurfaceOpponentScore
style=background:#ffa07aLoss0–1bgcolor=silverWTA 125 Gaiba, ItalyGrass Ashlyn Krueger6–3, 4–6, 5–7
Win1–1bgcolor=silverWTA 125 Barranquilla, ColombiaHard Fiona Ferro6–1, 6–2
style=background:#ffa07aLoss1–2bgcolor=silverWTA 125 Barranquilla, ColombiaHard Nadia Podoroska2–6, 6–1, 3–6

Doubles: 1 (1 runner–up)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 31 (17 titles, 14 runner–ups)

Legend
$100,000 tournaments (5–5)
$80,000 tournaments
$50/60,000 tournaments (4–1)
$40,000 tournaments (1–0)
$25,000 tournaments (6–7)
$10,000 tournaments (1–1)
Finals by surface
Hard (11–4)
Clay (3–8)
Grass (2–2)
Carpet (1–0)
ResultW–LDateTournamentTierSurfaceOpponentScore
Loss0–1ITF Biberach, Germany25,000Hard (i) Kristina Barrois4–6, 7–5, 6–7(5–7)
Loss0–2ITF Davos, Switzerland10,000Clay Sandra Martinović6–1, 4–6, 2–6
Win1–2ITF Les Contamines, France25,000Hard Sandra Záhlavová6–3, 6–4
Win2–2ITF Hechingen, Germany25,000Clay Magda Mihalache6–2, 6–3
Loss2–3ITF Gliwice, Poland25,000Clay Sandra Záhlavová4–6, 0–6
Loss2–4ITF Istanbul, Turkey25,000Hard (i) Caroline Wozniacki2–6, 1–6
Loss2–5ITF Cagnes-sur-Mer, France100,000Clay Timea Bacsinszky4–6, 1–6
Win3–5ITF Bratislava, Slovakia100,000Hard (i) Petra Kvitová6–2, 7–6(9–7)
Win4–5ITF Ismaning, Germany50,000Carpet (i) Kristina Barrois6–2, 6–3
Win5–5ITF Stockholm, Sweden25,000Hard (i) Anikó Kapros6–3, 6–2
Win6–5ITF Makarska, Croatia50,000Clay Simona Halep6–1, 4–6, 6–4
Win7–5ITF Bronx, United States100,000Hard Kristina Barrois6–1, 6–4
Loss7–6ITF Bad Saulgau, Germany25,000Clay Raluca Olaru6–3, 3–6, 5–7
Win8–6ITF Hechingen, Germany25,000Clay Sarah Gronert6–3, 6–4
Loss8–7ITF Clermont-Ferrand, France25,000Hard (i) Andrea Hlaváčková4–6, 6–0, 6–7(6–8)
Loss8–8ITF Tessenderlo, Belgium25,000Clay (i) Maryna Zanevska2–6, 2–6
Loss8–9ITF Nottingham, United Kingdom50,000Grass Ashleigh Barty1–6, 1–6
Loss8–10ITF Clermont-Ferrand, France25,000Hard (i) Stefanie Vögele4–6, 1–6
Win9–10ITF Fort Worth, United States10,000Hard Hayley Carter6–1, 6–1
Win10–10ITF Makinohara, Japan25,000Grass Shuko Aoyama6–1, 6–2
Win11–10ITF Mérida, Mexico25,000Hard Victoria Rodríguez6–0, 6–3
Win12–10ITF Midland, United States100,000Hard (i) Louisa Chirico6–2, 6–0
Loss12–11ITF Cagnes-sur-Mer, France100,000Clay Carina Witthöft5–7, 1–6
Win13–11ITF Toronto, Canada50,000Hard (i) Jovana Jakšić6–3, 6–2
Win14–11ITF Midland, United States100,000Hard (i) Naomi Broady6–4, 6–7(6–8), 6–4
Loss14–12ITF Marseille, France100,000Clay Jasmine Paolini4–6, 6–2, 1–6
Win15–12ITF Southsea, United Kingdom100,000Grass Irina-Camelia Begu6–2, 6–2
Loss15–13ITF Contrexéville, France100,000Clay Johanna Larsson1–6, 4–6
Win16–13ITF Rome, United States60,000Hard (i) Alycia Parks6–4, 4–6, 6–2
Win17–13ITF Pune, India40,000Hard Nigina Abduraimova6–1, 6–1
Loss17–14ITF Surbiton, United Kingdom100,000Grass Alison Van Uytvanck7–6(7–5), 1–6, 2–6

Doubles: 25 (15 titles, 10 runner–ups)

Legend
$100,000 tournaments (0–3)
$75,000 tournaments (0–2)
$50,000 tournaments (5–2)
$25,000 tournaments (9–2)
$10,000 tournaments (1–1)
Finals by surface
Hard (5–5)
Clay (8–4)
Grass (1–0)
Carpet (1–1)
ResultW–LDateTournamentTierSurfacePartnerOpponentsScore
Win1–0ITF Warsaw,
Poland		10,000Clay Annette Kolb Barbora Machovská
Ivana Plateniková		6–3, 6–3
Loss1–1ITF Westende,
Belgium		10,000Hard Janette Bejlková Veronika Chvojková
Emma Laine		4–6, 5–7
Loss1–2ITF Mestre,
Italy		50,000Clay Margalita Chakhnashvili Monica Niculescu
Renata Voráčová		4–6, 6–3, 4–6
Win2–2ITF Makarska,
Croatia		50,000Clay Renata Voráčová Tereza Hladíková
Karolina Kosińska		6–4, 5–7, [10–6]
Loss2–3ITF Sofia,
Bulgaria		100,000Clay Sandra Klemenschits Eleni Daniilidou
Jasmin Wöhr		3–6, 4–6
Loss2–4ITF Barnstaple,
United Kingdom		75,000Hard (i) Sandra Klemenschits Andrea Hlaváčková
Michaëlla Krajicek		6–7(4–7), 2–6
Win3–4ITF Joué-lès-Tours,
France		50,000Hard (i) Irena Pavlovic Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro
Selima Sfar		6–4, 5–7, [10–8]
Win4–4ITF Saint-Raphaël,
France		50,000Hard (i) Sandra Klemenschits Estrella Cabeza Candela
Laura Pous Tió		6–2, 6–4
Win5–4ITF Tessenderlo,
Belgium		25,000Clay (i) Anna-Lena Grönefeld Elina Svitolina
Maryna Zanevska		7–5, 6–3
Win6–4ITF Toruń,
Poland		50,000Clay Stéphanie Foretz Gacon Edina Gallovits-Hall
Andreja Klepač		6–2, 7–5
Win7–4ITF Hechingen,
Germany		25,000Clay Sandra Klemenschits Korina Perkovic
Laura Siegemund		4–6, 6–2, [10–7]
Loss7–5ITF Barnstaple,
United Kingdom		75,000Hard (i) Sandra Klemenschits Eva Birnerová
Anne Keothavong		5–7, 1–6
Win8–5ITF Bath,
United Kingdom		25,000Hard (i) Stephanie Vogt Julie Coin
Melanie South		6–3, 3–6, [10–3]
Loss8–6ITF Tessenderlo,
Belgium		25,000Clay (i) Stephanie Vogt Demi Schuurs
Maryna Zanevska		4–6, 3–6
Win9–6ITF Stuttgart,
Germany		25,000Clay Sandra Klemenschits Lenka Juríková
Zuzana Luknárová		6–3, 6–2
Loss9–7ITF Biella,
Italy		100,000Clay Sandra Klemenschits Eva Hrdinová
Mervana Jugić-Salkić		6–1, 3–6, [8–10]
Loss9–8ITF Poitiers,
France		100,000Hard (i) Stéphanie Foretz Gacon Catalina Castaño
Mervana Jugić-Salkić		4–6, 7–5, [4–10]
Win10–8ITF Dothan,
United States		50,000Clay Julia Cohen Irina Falconi
Maria Sanchez		6–4, 4–6, [11–9]
Win11–8ITF Essen,
Germany		25,000Clay Kristina Barrois Ysaline Bonaventure
Elitsa Kostova		6–2, 6–2
Win12–8ITF Makinohara,
Japan		25,000Grass Miki Miyamura Makoto Ninomiya
Mari Tanaka		6–3, 6–1
Win13–8ITF Hamamatsu,
Japan		25,000Carpet Miki Miyamura Makoto Ninomiya
Mari Tanaka		5–7, 6–2, [10–5]
Loss13–9ITF Toronto,
Canada		50,000Hard (i) Gabriela Dabrowski Maria Sanchez
Taylor Townsend		5–7, 6–4, [13–15]
Win14–9ITF Mérida,
Mexico		25,000Hard Renata Zarazúa Jan Abaza
Hsu Chieh-yu		7–6(7–1), 6–1
Win15–9ITF Mérida,
Mexico		25,000Hard Renata Zarazúa Andrea Gámiz
Valeria Savinykh		6–4, 6–1
Loss15–10ITF Altenkirchen,
Germany		25,000Carpet (i) Sandra Klemenschits Antonia Lottner
Ana Vrljić		4–6, 6–3, [9–11]

Wins over top-10 players

Maria has a win-loss record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10.[14]

PlayerEventSurfaceScore
2010
1. Li Naalign=center style="background:#eee8aa;"10Malaysian Open, MalaysiaHard1R6–1, 5–7, 6–281
2015
2. Eugenie Bouchardalign=center style="background:#eee8aa;"7Miami Open, United StatesHard2R6–0, 7–6(7–4)113
2018
3. Elina Svitolinaalign=center style="background:#eee8aa;"5Wimbledon, United KingdomGrass1R7–6(7–3), 4–6, 6–157
2019
4. Sloane Stephensalign=center style="background:#eee8aa;"6Miami Open, United StatesHard3R6–3, 6–262
2022
5. Maria Sakkarialign=center style="background:#eee8aa;"5Wimbledon, United KingdomGrass3R6–3, 7–5103

Billie Jean King Cup performance

Group membership200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020-21202220232024width=38W–L
World Group / FinalsAstyle=color:#767676NP1Rstyle=color:#767676NP1Rstyle=color:#767676NPAstyle=color:#767676NPAAAAbgcolor=yellowSF1RAstyle=color:#767676NPRR2–6
WG play-offs / QualifiersPOPOAPOPOAAANPAAstyle=color:#767676NPAQRAQRQR7–2
WG II / BJK play-offsstyle=color:#767676NPG2style=color:#767676NPG2style=color:#767676NPG2style=color:#767676NPANPANP4–0
style=text-align:leftSingles win–loss1–03–00–10–10–10–00–00–00–00–00–00–01–10–11–00–01–11–08–6
style=text-align:leftDoubles win–loss0–02–00–11–00–11–00–00–00–00–00–00–01–00–00–00–00–00–05–2
style=text-align:leftOverall win–loss1–05–00–21–10–21–00–00–00–00–00–00–02–10–11–00–01–11–013–8
Note: Levels of Billie Jean King Cup in which Germany did not participate in a particular year are marked "NP".

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Nach Babypause: Tatjana Maria gibt Comeback. spox.com. 7 April 2014. 21 April 2018. de.
  2. Web site: Maria stuns Sevastova for first singles title in Mallorca. WTA. 24 June 2018. 28 June 2018.
  3. Web site: Mother-of-two Maria outlasts Pigossi in Bogota for 2nd career title. WTA. 10 April 2022.
  4. Web site: Maria upsets Sakkari; Mertens ousts Kerber in Wimbledon third round. WTA. 5 July 2022.
  5. Web site: Maria saves match points, upsets Ostapenko to reach Wimbledon quarters. WTA. 3 July 2022.
  6. Web site: Tatjana Maria reacts to shocking Jelena Ostapenko for first Wimbledon quarterfinal . Tennis World USA. 4 July 2022 . 5 July 2022.
  7. Web site: Mumma Maria makes Wimbledon semi-finals. The Canberra Times. 5 July 2022 . 5 July 2022.
  8. Web site: Tatjana Maria steht im Wimbledon-Halbfinale. Süddeutsche. 5 July 2022 . 5 July 2022. German.
  9. Web site: Jabeur makes history by booking Wimbledon final berth .
  10. Web site: Swiatek named 2022 WTA Player of the Year. WTA Tennis. 12 December 2022.
  11. Web site: Maria holds off Stearns to win second straight Bogota title . WTA. 9 April 2023.
  12. Web site: Tatjana Maria gives birth to her second child - Women's Tennis Blog . 5 April 2021 .
  13. Web site: Tatjana Maria [GER]]. ausopen.com.
  14. Web site: Tatjana Maria. Tennis Abstract.

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