Tata Group Explained

Tata Group
Type:Corporate group
Founder:Jamsetji Tata
Location:Bombay House
Hq Location City:Mumbai, Maharashtra
Hq Location Country:India
Area Served:Worldwide
Industry:Conglomerate
Revenue: billion[1]
Revenue Year:FY 2024
Num Employees:1,028,000 (FY 2023)
Parent:Tata Sons
Subsid:35
(See full list)

The Tata Group is a group of companies headquartered in Mumbai, India.[2] [3] Established in 1868, it is India's largest conglomerate, with products and services in over 150 countries, and operations in 100 countries.[4]

There are 29 publicly listed Tata Group companies with a combined market capitalisation of ₹33.2 trillion (US$396 billion) as of 28 July 2024.[5] Major affiliates include Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Tata Projects, Tata Power, Titan, Tata Steel, Air India, Indian Hotels Company, Tata Consumer Products, Voltas, Trent, Cromā and BigBasket.[6]

History

1839–1904

Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata was born in 1839. Tata graduated from Elphinstone College in Bombay in 1858. Shortly afterwards, he joined his father's trading firm that dealt in general merchandise. There, the junior Tata took a special interest in developing trade with China.When the American Civil War caused a boom in the Bombay cotton market, Tata and his father joined the Asiatic Banking Corporation. When the tide ebbed, Tata's credit was left desolate. Fortunately, the firm's credit was re-established during the next three years. A share in the lucrative contract for the commissariat of Napier's expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 restored the family fortune." In 1870 with Rs.21,000 capital, he founded a trading company.[7] Further, he bought a bankrupt oil mill at Chinchpokli and converted it into a cotton mill, under the name Alexandra Mill which he sold for a profit after two years. In 1874, he set up another cotton mill at Nagpur named Empress Mill. He dreamed of achieving four goals, setting up an iron and steel company, a unique hotel, a world-class learning institution, and a hydroelectric plant. During his lifetime, in 1903, the Taj Mahal Hotel at Colaba waterfront was opened making it the first hotel with electricity in British India.

1904–1938

After Jamsetji's death, his older son Dorabji Tata became the chairman in 1904.[7] Sir Dorabji established the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now known as Tata Steel in 1907. Marking the group's global ambitions, Tata Limited opened its first overseas office in London. Following the founder's goals, Western India's first hydro plant was brought to life, giving birth to Tata Power. Yet another dream, Indian Institute of Science was established with the first group of students admitted in 1911.

1938–1991

J. R. D. Tata was made chairman of the Tata Group in 1938. Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$101 million to over US$5 billion. Starting with 14 enterprises, upon his departure half a century later in 1988, Tata Sons had grown to a conglomerate of 95 enterprises. These enterprises consisted of ventures that the company had either started or in which they held a controlling interest. New sectors such as chemicals, technology, cosmetics, marketing, engineering, manufacturing, tea, and software services earned them recognition.[8]

In 1932,[9] JRD founded an airline, known as Tata Air Services (later renamed Tata Airlines). In 1953, the Government of India passed the Air Corporations Act and purchased a majority stake in the carrier from Tata Sons, though JRD Tata would continue as chairman till 1977.

In 1945, Tata Motors was founded, first focused on locomotives. In 1954, it entered the commercial vehicle market after forming a joint venture with Daimler-Benz. In 1968, Tata Consultancy Services was founded.

1991–Present

In 1991, Ratan Tata became chairman of Tata Group.[10] This was also the year of economic liberalization in India, opening up the market to foreign competitors.[11] During this time, Tata Group began to acquire several companies. Tata Group bought Tetley In February 2000. After that, it acquired Corus Group in 2007. In the year 2008, it acquired Jaguar and Land Rover. The company's subsidiary Tata Motors launched the Tata Nano which they presented as "the world’s most affordable car" in 2008.[12]

In 2017, Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed chairman. He was instrumental in restructuring business verticals and increasing promoter stake ownership in companies. Under his leadership, the group made acquisitions through insolvency law and investments in E-commerce, expanded its airline business by winning a bid for Air India, and completely bought Air Asia India. He has mentioned the future strategy is to focus on healthcare, electronics, and digital.[13]

Tata Owned Air India got approval to acquire AirAsia India, nearly two months after putting forth the proposal. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved the acquisition of the entire shareholding in Air Asia India by Tata-owned Air India.

Chairman

The chairman of Tata Sons is usually the chairman of the Tata Group. As of 2020, there have been seven chairmen of Tata Group.

Affiliated companies

See main article: List of entities associated with Tata Group.

CompanyMajor SubsidiaryEquity Stake[15]
Aerospace & Defense
Tata Advanced Systems
  1. Tasec Ltd.
100%
Leather Products & Global Trading
Tata International GroupTata International Group
  1. Leather Products
  2. Global Trading
  3. Feetscience & Tagra
100%
Information Technology
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
  1. TCS China
  2. TRDDC
72.27
Tata ElxsiN/A42.22
Nelco Ltd.N/A100
Steel
Tata Steel
  1. Indian Steel & Wire Products
  2. Tata Steel Netherlands
  3. Tata Steel UK
  4. Tata Steel Thailand
  5. Tata Robins Fraser Ltd.(TRF)
  6. Mjunction
  7. Jamshedpur FC
32.46
Electrical & Electronics
Tata Electronics 100%
Tata Power
  1. Tata Power Solar
  2. Nelco Limited (48.64%)
  3. Maithon Power
  4. Tata Power Delhi Dist Ltd
  5. TP Central Odisha Dist Ltd
  6. TP Western Odisha Dist Ltd
  7. TP Northern Odisha Dist Ltd
45.21%
Engineering & Construction
Tata ProjectsN/A100%
Tata Consulting EngineersN/A100%
Real estate
Tata HousingN/A100%
Tata Realty and InfrastructureN/A100%
Hemisphere PropN/A11.96%
Automotive
Tata Motors
  1. Tata AutoComp Systems Limited
  2. Tata Technologies Limited
  3. Jaguar Land Rover
  4. Tata Daewoo
  5. Tata Hispano
  6. Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery
  7. Tata Motors Cars
46.40
Tata Autocomp SystemsN/A100%
Tata International Vehicle ApplicationsN/A100%
Consumer & Retail
Tata Chemicals
  1. Tata Chemicals Europe
  2. Rallis India Limited
  3. Brunner Mond
  4. British Salt
  5. Magadi Soda Company
  6. Tata Swach
31.90%
Tata Consumer Products
  1. Good Earth Teas
  2. Tata Coffee
  3. Tata Salt
  4. Tetley
  5. Eight O'Clock
  6. Tata myBistro
  7. Tata Starbucks (50%)
29.39%
VoltasUniversal MEP Projects & Engineering Services26.64
Titan Company Ltd
  1. CaratLane
  2. Favre-Leuba
  3. Fastrack
  4. Tanishq
  5. Taneira
20.84
Retail
Star BazaarN/A100%
Trent (Westside)
  1. Westside
  2. Star Bazaar
  3. Landmark Bookstores
  4. Zudio
32.45
Financial services
Tata CapitalN/A100%
Tata Asset ManagementTata Mutual Fund100%
Tata AIGN/A51%
Tata AIA LifeN/A51%
Tata Investment CorpN/A68.51
Tourism & Travel
Indian Hotel Company
  1. Taj Hotels
  2. Vivanta
  3. Ginger
38.43
Taj AirN/A100%
Air India Limited
  1. Air India
  2. Air India Express
  3. Air India SATS Airport Services (50%)
100%
VistaraN/A51%
Telecom & Media
Tata CommunicationsVSNL International Canada31.90
Tata TeleservicesN/A19.58
Tata PlayN/A60%
Trading & Investments
Tata InternationalN/A100%
Tata Industries Ltd
  1. Tata Health
  2. TataCLiQ
100%
Panatone Finvest
  1. Hemisphere Prop (7.96%)
  2. Tata Communications (44.80%)
  3. Tejas Networks (52.40%)
100%
Digital
Tata Digital
  1. BigBasket (68%)
  2. Tata 1mg (55%)
  3. Tata Neu
  4. Infiniti Retail
  5. Tata nexarc
100%
Medical Devices
Tata Medical and Diagnostics100%
Legal
PLF PVT LTD PLC OF INDIA - TATA LEGAL DIVISIONLegal Processing DivisionsN/A

Acquisitions

Former companies

Philanthropy

Tata Group has helped establish and finance numerous research, educational and cultural institutes in India,[19] [20] and received the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy.[21] Some of the institutes established by the Tata Group are:

In 2008, Tata Group donated US$50 million to Cornell University for "agricultural and nutrition programs in India and for the education of Indian students at Cornell."[26]

In 2010, Tata Group donated INR 2.20 billion (US$50 million) to Harvard Business School to build an academic and a residential building for executive education programmes on the institute's campus in Boston, Massachusetts.[27] The building, now known as Tata Hall,[28] is the largest endowment received by Harvard Business School from an international donor.

In 2017, Tata Trusts gifted US$70 million to University of California, San Diego and also partnered with it in setting up Tata Institute for Genetics and Society(TIGS) to address some of the world's most pressing issues, ranging from public health to agriculture. In recognition of the donation, the building which houses TIGS has been named Tata Hall.[29] It is also the largest international donation made to University of California, San Diego.[30] [31]

In 2017, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) donated an unprecedented US$35 million grant to Carnegie Mellon University, the largest ever industry donation to the university, to collaborate on promoting next-generation technologies that will drive the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including cognitive systems and autonomous vehicles.[32]

In 2017, the Tata Football Academy won the bid to form the Jamshedpur FC, a football club based on Jamshedpur of Jharkhand in the 4th edition of the Indian Super League.[33]

In 2020, Tata Group has donated INR 15 billion to PM Cares Fund to fight against COVID-19 pandemic in India.[34]

Tata Trusts

Most of the philanthropic activities of the group are carried out by various trusts incorporated by the members of the Tata family.

  1. Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts[35]
    • Sir Dorabji Tata Trust
    • Lady Tata Memorial Trust
    • JRD Tata Trust
    • Jamsetji Tata Trust
    • Tata Social Welfare Trust
    • JN Tata Endowment
    • Tata Education Trust
    • RD Tata Trust
    • The JRD and Thelma J Tata Trust
  2. Sir Ratan Tata Trust & Allied Trusts[36]
    • Sir Ratan Tata Trust
    • Tata Education and Development Trust
    • Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust
    • Bai Hirabai J. N. Tata Navsari Charitable Institution
    • Sarvajanik Seva Trust

Criticism and controversies

The company has attracted controversy for reports of political corruption, cronyism,[37] theft,[38] mass killings,[39] [40] and exploitation of its customers, Indian citizens,[41] [42] [43] and natural resources.[44] [45]

Munnar, Kerala

The Kerala Government filed an affidavit in the high court alleging that Tata Tea had "grabbed" forest land of 3000acres at Munnar. The Tatas provided that they possessed 58741.82acres of land, which they are allowed to retain under the Kannan Devan Hill (Resumption of Lands) Act, 1971, and there was a shortage of 278.23ha in that. The Chief Minister of Kerala V.S. Achuthanandan, who vowed to evict all on government land in Munnar, formed a special squad for the Munnar land takeover mission and started acquiring back properties. However, the mission was aborted due to both influential landholders and opposition from Achuthanandan's own party.[46]

Kalinganagar, Odisha

On 2 January 2006, Kalinganagar, Tribal Orissa villagers protested against the construction of a new steel plant for Tata Steel on land historically owned by them. Some of the villagers had been evicted without adequate relocation. Police retribution was brutal: 37 protesters were injured and 13 killed, including 3 women and a 13-year-old boy. One policeman was hacked to death by a mob after police had opened fire on protestors with tear gas and rubber bullets. Family members of the deceased villagers later claimed that the bodies had been mutilated during post-mortem examination.[47]

Supplies to Burma's military regime

In December 2006, Myanmar's chief of general staff, General Thura Shwe Mann, visited the Tata Motors plant in Pune.[48] In 2009, Tata Motors announced that it would manufacture trucks in Myanmar. Tata Motors reported that these contracts to supply hardware and automobiles to Burma's military were subsequently criticised by human rights activists.[49] [50]

Singur land acquisition

The Singur controversy[51] in West Bengal was a series of protests by locals and political parties over the forced acquisition, eviction, and inadequate compensation to those farmers displaced for the Tata Nano plant, during which Mamata Banerjee's party was widely criticised as acting for political gain. Despite the support of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) state government, Tata eventually pulled the project out of West Bengal, citing safety concerns. Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat, made land available for the Nano project.[52]

On 31 August 2016, in a historic judgement, the Honorable Supreme Court of India set aside the land acquisition by the West Bengal Government in 2006 that had facilitated Tata Motors' Nano plant, stating that the West Bengal government had not taken possession of the land legally, and were now required to repossess and return it to local farmers within 12 weeks without compensation.[53]

Dhamra Port, Odisha

The Port of Dhamara has received significant coverage, sparking controversy in India, and in Tata's emerging global markets.[54] The Dhamra port, an equal joint venture between Tata Steel and Larsen & Toubro, has been criticised for its proximity to the Gahirmatha Sanctuary and Bhitarkanika National Park by Indian and international organisations, including Greenpeace; Gahirmatha Beach is one of the world's largest mass nesting sites for the olive ridley turtle, and India's second largest mangrove forest, Bhitarkanika, is a designated Ramsar site, and critics claimed that the port could disrupt mass nesting at Gahirmtha beaches as well as the ecology of the Bitharkanika mangrove forest.[55] [56] Tata Steel employed mitigation measures set by the project's official advisor, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the company pledged to "adopt all its recommendations without exception" when conservation organisations asserted that a thorough environmental impact analysis had not been done for the project, which had undergone changes in size and specifications since it was first proposed.[57]

Proposed soda extraction plant in Tanzania

In 2007, Tata Group joined forces with a Tanzanian company to build a soda ash extraction plant in Tanzania.[58] Environmental activists oppose the plant because it would be near Lake Natron, and it has a very high chance of affecting the lake's ecosystem and its neighbouring dwellers,[59] jeopardising endangered lesser flamingo birds. Lake Natron is where two-thirds of lesser flamingos reproduce.[60] Producing soda ash involves drawing out salt water from the lake, and then disposing the water back to the lake. This process could interrupt the chemical makeup of the lake. 22 African nations signed a petition to stop its construction.

Epic Systems trade-secret case judgement

In April 2016, a U.S. Federal Grand Jury awarded Epic Systems a US$940 million judgement against Tata Consultancy Services and Tata America International Corp. Filed 31 October 2014; the suit charged that "6,477 unauthorized downloads could be used to enhance Tata's competing product, Med Mantra."[38] [61] [62] In 2017, U.S. District Court Judge William Conley reduced the Award to $420 million; the company states that the judgement is also being appealed, as "not supported by evidence presented during the trial and a strong appeal can be made to superior court to fully set aside the jury verdict.”[63]

2018 NCLT verdict

In July 2018, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), which "adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies,"[64] issued a verdict in the company's favor on charges of mismanagement leveled in 2016 by ousted chairman, Cyrus Mistry.[65]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Investors . Tata Group . 12 July 2024 .
  2. Web site: Tata Group History, Companies, Subsidiaries, & Facts Britannica . 2022-04-04 . www.britannica.com . en . 7 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201007040236/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tata-Group . live .
  3. Web site: 2018-04-09 . Tata Group . 2022-04-04 . Titan Corporate . 24 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124181146/https://www.titancompany.in/tata-group . live .
  4. Web site: List of Companies Investors Tata group . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215234150/https://www.tata.com/investors/companies . 2023-02-15 . 2023-01-08 . www.tata.com . en.
  5. Web site: Tata Group Stock Data . Tata Group . 2024-03-08 .
  6. Web site: List of Companies Investors Tata group . 2022-04-04 . www.tata.com . en . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204653/https://www.tata.com/investors/companies . live .
  7. Web site: Our Timeline: The Complete Story | Tata group. www.tata.com. 20 October 2021. 20 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020043116/https://www.tata.com/about-us/tata-group-our-heritage/Our-Timeline. live.
  8. Web site: Tata Group History, Companies, Subsidiaries, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 2020-03-20. 7 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201007040236/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tata-Group. live.
  9. Web site: Our Timeline: The Complete Story | Tata group .
  10. Web site: Here's a brief history of the Tata Group's six chairmen. 2020-07-31. www.businesstoday.in. 25 October 2016 . 27 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027054114/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/a-brief-history-of-the-tata-groups-six-charmen/story/238925.html. live.
  11. News: One more push. The Economist. 2020-07-31. 0013-0613. 31 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200831091728/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/07/21/one-more-push. live.
  12. Web site: World's cheapest car debuts in India . 2022-04-04 . HISTORY . en . 19 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220319093344/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/worlds-cheapest-car-debuts-in-india . live .
  13. News: Shinde. Shivani. 2021-12-27. Chandrasekaran lists 4 themes for Tata group, warns of Covid impact. Business Standard India. 2021-12-28. 28 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211228211511/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/chandrasekaran-lists-4-themes-for-tata-group-warns-of-covid-impact-121122700818_1.html. live.
  14. News: Supreme Court Stays NCLAT order restoring Cyrus Mistry as Chairman. 11 January 2020. The Economic Times. 14 January 2020. 16 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200316141936/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tata-vs-mistry-supreme-court-stays-nclat-order-favouring-cyrus-mistry/articleshow/73184138.cms. live. Rautray . Samanwaya .
  15. Web site: Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. . 2024-06-14 . ticker .
  16. Web site: Tatas' shopping spree: 27 in 6 years!. 24 August 2006. Rediff. 15 August 2015. 1 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150501114248/http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/24spec.htm. live.
  17. Web site: Tata Steel gives India a pound of UK. timesofindia-economictimes. 15 August 2015. 5 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051126/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-01/news/28480187_1_tata-steel-tata-corus-benjamin-steinbruch. live.
  18. News: Heather. Timmons. Tata Pulls Ford Units into Its Orbit. The New York Times. 4 January 2008. 21 June 2009. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193139/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/business/worldbusiness/04tata.html?sq=tata&st=cse&adxnnl=1&scp=7&adxnnlx=1238497443-4R16x3p9Aj5a8CErvf45bw. live.
  19. News: The rainbow effect . 4 May 2008 . 20 June 2015 . 8 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160508084156/http://www.tata.com/0_our_commitment/community_initiatives/overview.htm . live .
  20. News: India's Tata Group: Empowering marginalized communities . 4 May 2008 . 20 June 2015 . 14 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150514110353/http://www.synergos.org/globalgivingmatters/features/0503tatagroup.htm . live .
  21. News: U.S. and Indian philanthropists recognized for conviction, courage and sustained efforts . 4 May 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080926022720/http://www.carnegiemedals.org/news/2007medals.html . 26 September 2008 . dmy-all.
  22. Web site: MIT Tata Center: MIT Tata Center. tatacenter.mit.edu. 6 September 2015. 6 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000243/http://tatacenter.mit.edu/. live.
  23. Web site: Tata Centre for Technology & Design at IIT Bombay. 6 September 2015. 13 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160613193456/http://www.tatacentre.iitb.ac.in/tatacentre/. live.
  24. Web site: Tata Medical Center. 15 August 2015.
  25. Web site: Services . Hungama Digital . TATA STEEL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY JUBILEE PARK . 2024-06-08 . www.tatasteel.com . en.
  26. News: $50 million endowment from Tata trust bolsters Cornell ties to India, and to eminent alumnus. Cornell. USA. 17 October 2008. 11 June 2018. 13 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062603/http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/10/tata-trust-gives-50-million-endowment-cornell. live.
  27. Web site: Singh. D. K.. 2018-04-09. Tata Trusts accused of favouring Harvard over 'under-privileged' Indian universities. 2020-07-31. ThePrint. en-US. 30 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191230173813/https://theprint.in/economy/tata-trusts-accused-of-favouring-harvard-over-indian-universities/47919/. live.
  28. Web site: Tatas gift Rs220 crore to Harvard Business School – Mumbai – DNA . Dnaindia.com . 16 October 2010 . 2 February 2011 . 11 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192040/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_tatas-gift-rs220-crore-to-harvard-business-school_1453288 . live .
  29. Web site: Tata Hall. 2020-10-01. blink.ucsd.edu. 26 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143652/https://blink.ucsd.edu/sponsor/advancement/advancement-services/stewardship/named-buildings/Tata%20Hall.html. live.
  30. Web site: 2017-09-11. UC San Diego names new science center after Indian philanthropists. 2020-10-01. San Diego Union-Tribune. en-US. 13 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613115324/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-tata-building-20170911-story.html. live.
  31. Web site: Tata Institute for Genetics and Society Advances with Building Naming, Inaugural Chair Holders. 2020-10-01. ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. 15 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200915014805/https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/tata_institute_for_genetics_and_society_advances_with_building_naming_inaug. live.
  32. Web site: Carnegie Mellon and Tata Consultancy Services Break Ground on Global Research Facility in the U.S.. Carnegie Mellon University. 13 March 2020. 30 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030253/https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/april/tcs-hall-groundbreaking.html. live.
  33. Web site: 2017-11-13. Why Indian Super League got the Tata Group to review its football investment. 2020-07-31. Hindustan Times. en. 27 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210927163427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/why-indian-super-league-got-the-tata-group-to-review-its-football-investment/story-HDd9RfPZ1rsbrneNUp7ZjI.html. live.
  34. Web site: Pathak. Kalpana. 2020-03-28. Tata Group commits ₹1,500 crore to fight Covid-19. 2020-07-02. Livemint. en. 2 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200702213409/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tata-group-commits-1500-crore-to-fight-covid-19-11585403361686.html. live.
  35. Web site: Board of Trustees Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts. 2021-03-04. Tata Trusts. en. 26 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126022224/https://www.tatatrusts.org/about-tatatrusts/sdtt-board-of-trustees. live.
  36. Web site: Board of Trustees Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Allied Trusts. 2021-03-04. Tata Trusts. en. 26 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126023600/https://www.tatatrusts.org/about-tatatrusts/srtt-board-of-trustees. live.
  37. News: In India, a Clash at the Top of the Tata Empire Gets Ugly . The New York Times . 17 December 2016 . Anand . Geeta .
  38. News: US jury slaps $940 million fine on Tata group in trade secret case. 16 April 2016. The Times of India. 16 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416195148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/US-jury-slaps-940-million-fine-on-Tata-group-in-trade-secret-case/articleshow/51853815.cms. 16 April 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  39. Web site: Nityanand Jayaraman . CorpWatch : Stolen for Steel: Tata Takes Tribal Lands in India . Corpwatch.org . 24 May 2006 . 16 July 2010 . 1 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100601155706/http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13620 . live .
  40. https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/myanmar-ties/cid/747570?ref=search-page "Myanmar Ties." 8 December 2006. The Telegraph, Calcutta, India
  41. Web site: Nityanand Jayaraman . CorpWatch : Stolen for Steel: Tata Takes Tribal Lands in India . Corpwatch.org . 24 May 2006 . 16 July 2010 . 1 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100601155706/http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13620 . live .
  42. Web site: India's Independent Weekly News Magazine . Tehelka . 16 July 2010 . 6 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100106135311/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Op210209india_ethical.asp . live .
  43. Web site: Ansari visits Myanmar tomorrow, 3 MoUs to be signed . Zeenews.com . 4 February 2009 . 16 July 2010 . 6 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706105652/https://zeenews.india.com/ . live .
  44. News: Tata Group refutes charge of encroachment in Munnar . 25 October 2018 . Hindu Times . HT Media Limited . July 15, 2017 . 26 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064511/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/tata-group-refutes-charge-of-encroachment-in-munnar/story-MtBwdg9n5vQQAIAy8uQI5N.html . live .
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