Lupinus mutabilis explained

Lupinus mutabilis is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi (in Quechua II, pronounced tarhui), chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and pearl lupin.[1] Its nutrient-rich seeds are high in protein, as well as a good source for cooking oil. However, their bitter taste has made L. mutabilis relatively unknown outside the Andes, though modern technology makes it easier to remove the bitter alkaloids.[1] Like other species of lupin beans, it is expanding in use as a plant-based protein source.

Origin and dissemination

The origin of L. mutabilis has been identified in the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.[2] In this area, the greatest genetic variability in the world was found. The plant has been domesticated for more than 1500 years, mostly because of its high protein content.[1]

Biology

L. mutabilis is an annual plant. The stem is hollow and highly branched. Plant height reaches from NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet), depending on the environmental conditions and the genomic properties. Due to the high vegetative growth, species from northern South America are taller than species from the southern Andean region.[3] The genome contains 2n = 48 chromosomes and there is a high genomic variation, which leads to big differences in morphology. Several architectural types of L. mutabilis exist. Most common is the branching in V-form, this type has the highest biomass production. The basal branching type has the positive feature that its infructescence is at the same level. This species is preferably promoted because of its early ripening, stability and the homogeny seed quality.[3]

Morphology

The fruit is a 5to(-) long pod, depending on the amount of seed. One pod contains on average 2–3 seeds, but can have up to 9 seeds per pod. The thousand-seed weight (TSW) is around 200 g. Leaves are palmate and have a typical appearance: one leaf is divided in five to twelve leaflets, which have an oval or lanceolate form. The form is typical for Faboideaes. The corolla reaches 1to(-) and contains five petals. Variation in coloration is high and reaches from white to purple. The white coloration is recessive to purple. L. mutabilis has a strong taproot reaching 3m (10feet) length. Like all Leguminosae secondary roots build nodules containing bacteria for nitrogen fixation.[3]

Development

The growing cycle varies from 150 to 360 days, depending on the genotype, altitude and environmental conditions. Phenological phases are: emergence, first true leaf, formation of the raceme on the central stem, flowering, podding, pod ripening, and physiological maturity.[3]

Use

Human consumption

The bone-white seed contains more than 40% protein and 20% fat and has been used as a food by Andean people since ancient times, especially in soups, stews, salads and by itself mixed with boiled maize. Like other legumes, its protein is rich in the essential amino acid lysine. The distribution of essential fatty acids is about 28% linoleic acid (omega-6) and 2% linolenic acid (omega-3). It has a soft seed coat that makes for easy cooking. It may not have been more widely used because of its bitter taste, due to the alkaloid content. It contains unusually high amounts of sparteine, which make up nearly half of its alkaloid content. However, the alkaloids are water-soluble and can be removed by soaking the seeds for some days in water.[2] QAs are heat-stable toxins; cooking alone does not remove the alkaloids.[4] Like other species of lupin beans, chocho beans are expanding in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace.[5] [6]

Compounds

L. mutabilis contains 42% of protein and 18% fat in average.[3] The high fat content has allowed commercial oil pressing. The protein digestibility and nutritional value are reportedly similar to those in soybeans.

Contents in the seed:[7]

Ingredient Amount (%) Range
Protein 42.6 37.7 – 49.7
Oil 18.7 12.8 – 22.2
Fibre 6.27 4.29 – 7.51
Ash 3.69 3.10 – 4.24
Carbohydrates 27.3 23.7 – 29.9
Alkaloids 3.26 2.56 – 4.14

As with all Lupinus spp., L. mutabilis produces compounds called (BLADs). Also as with the rest of the genus it produces oligomers called BLAD-containing oligomers (BCOs). BCOs have a fungicidal action[8] with multiple MoAs. BCOs were previously classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) into group M 12, but are in group BM 01 (short for "Biological, Multiple modes of action").[9]

Wild populations of L. mutabilis contain toxic, bitter quinolizidine alkaloids. Cultivars also contain QAs but in much lower levels thanks to breeding programs begun in Germany in the 1930s.[10]

Green manure and soil improver

L. mutabilis is able to fix nitrogen from the air. Therefore, succeeding cultures can profit from NaNkg (-2,147,483,648lb) of nitrogen per hectare. Incorporation in the flowering stage leads to a higher quantity of organic matter and to an improved soil structure.[2]

Agricultural aspects

Soil and climate requirements

L. mutabilis is a crop for cool climates and exists mainly in valleys at high altitudes, such as the Andes at tropical latitudes. The crop can be grown at an altitude that ranges from NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet). The crop withstands exceptional levels of drought. Mature plants are resistant to frost, whereas seedlings are sensitive to low temperatures.[1]

Cultivation technique

Sowing

In traditional farming practices minimum tilling is done before sowing. 100to(-) of unselected seeds is sown.

Improved cultivation practices:

It is recommended to apply 80kg (180lb) phosphorus and 60kg (130lb) of potassium as fertilization before sowing. The sowing of 90kg (200lb) selected seeds in a distance of 60cmto(-)80cmcm (20inchesto(-)30inchescm), either by hand or by seed drill, follows. Plants germinate fast due to the high fat content in the seeds.[1]

Crop rotation aspects

Early varieties of L. mutabilis, with a growing period of about 150 days, can be cultivated in rotation with potatoes and cereals. Nematode disease of potato can be controlled by alkaloids when cultivated after L. mutabilis.[1]

Harvest

In traditional farming practices harvest occurs when plants have reached full maturity and the water content of seeds is between 8-12%.[3] From peasant plots average yield is about 500kgto(-)1000kgkg (1,100lbto(-)2,000lbkg) per hectare under suitable conditions yield reaches up to 3500kg (7,700lb) per hectare.[2]

Disease control

Alkaloids can act as a pesticide but breeding goals aim for a low alkaloid content. Therefore, other disease control methods must be applied. Since L. mutabilis is a low-input crop, disease control mainly is done by phytosanitary methods.[3] A reduction of soil born saprophytes can be reached by removing dry straw from the field. Instead of green manure the plant residues can be used as fuel. Seed borne diseases can be reduced by translocation of seed production and by the use of certificated seed.[3] If seed production is done by the cultivator, diseases can be controlled by reducing the number of infected seed and by a permanent control of diseases in the field. Another possibility is to treat seed with a fungicide prior to sowing.[3]

Breeding goals

Since species with low alkaloid content are already available a further step would be to make them more stable and low alkaloid content is inherited. Other breeding goals are tolerance to diseases and insects, improvement in yield, early maturing and synchronous ripening. Higher resistance could be reached by breeding a variety with high alkaloid content in leaves but not in the seeds.[1]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation . Washington, D.C. . National Academy Press . 1989 . 180–9 . 10.17226/1398 . 978-0-309-07461-2.
  2. Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective (1994). Ed.: J.E. Hernándo Bermejo and J. León; publ. in collab. with the Botanical Garden of Córdoba (Spain)
  3. Book: El cultivo y la utilización del tarwi: Lupinus mutabilis sweet . Rainer Gross . 1982 . Rome . Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación . 978-92-5-301197-1.
  4. Web site: Invisible KILLERS :: Health Focus: Toxins from Plants.
  5. Web site: Poinski . Megan . 2021-02-25 . Why chocho may be the next big plant-based protein . 2021-02-27 . FoodDive.
  6. Web site: 2020-09-07 . Strong Growth Predicted for Lupin Protein Market as Demand for Plant-Based Foods Increases . 2021-02-27 . vegconomist.
  7. http://de.scribd.com/doc/61824656/8/Composicion-quimica-y-valor-nutricional 2.1.2. Composición química y valor nutricional de Lupinus mutabilis
  8. Gulisano . Agata . Alves . Sofia . Martins . João Neves . Trindade . Luisa M. . Genetics and Breeding of Lupinus mutabilis: An Emerging Protein Crop . . . 10 . 2019-10-30 . 1385 . 1664-462X . 31737013 . 6831545 . 10.3389/fpls.2019.01385 . 204938901. free .
  9. Web site: FRAC Code List ©*2021: Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and mode of action (including coding for FRAC Groups on product labels) . March 2021 . FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) . 1–17. p.16
  10. . 100 . 0924-2244 . 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.042 . 51–66 . Kaiser . N. . Douches . D. . Dhingra . A. . Glenn . K. . Herzig . Philip Reed . Stowe . Evan C. . Swarup . S. . The role of conventional plant breeding in ensuring safe levels of naturally occurring toxins in food crops . 2020 . 216391401. free .