| Taruma | |
| State: | Guyana, formerly Brazil & Suriname |
| Region: | South of Aishalton |
| Speakers: | one family |
| Dateprefix: | as of |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Katembri–Taruma ? |
| Iso3: | tdm |
| Linglist: | qoi |
| Glotto: | taru1236 |
| Glottorefname: | Taruma |
Taruma (Taruamá) is a divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language.[2] [3] The people and language are known as Saluma in Suriname.[4]
Taruma is unclassified. It has been proposed to be distantly related to Katembri (Kaufman 1990), but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages (Campbell 2012).[5]
Taruma was spoken around the mouth of the Rio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southern Guyana. In the 1940s, the Taruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group.[6] [4] However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village of Marunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe. [7]
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chibchan, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Tupi, Arawa, Jivaro, Karib, Mura-Matanawi, Tukano, Yanomami, and Kwaza language families due to contact.[8]
The following table illustrates some of the aforementioned borrowing situations:[9]
| gloss | Taruma | Damana (Chibchan) | Katukina | Wapishana (Arawakan) | Arikapu | Proto-Tupian | Proto-Arawan | Proto-Jivaroan | Proto-Cariban | Mura | Proto-Tucanoan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| father | aide | ade | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| sister | aʧi | asi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| mouth | kukana | kəka | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| bird | zuri | suri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| snake | báhũ | - | paɡo | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| wood | u | - | -ʔu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| tick | piʤíʤi | - | piːʧiN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| tobacco | suma | - | uːba | suuma | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| bow | kobara | - | - | sumara | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| star | wire | - | - | wiiʐi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| go | maku | - | - | makʰu-n | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | |
| monkey | rumi | - | - | ruumi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| worm | pararu | - | - | pʰaʐaru | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| egg | dani | - | - | ʤani | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| chest | duku | - | - | ɗukʰuri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| flea | kuwaba | - | - | kʰuwaiɓa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| caiman | hiri | - | - | - | uhiri | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| deer | konia | - | - | - | kudi | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| dance (v.) | kabihwi | - | - | - | kəwi | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| eat | ko | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | |
| path | afe | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | |
| arrow | kupa | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | |
| salt | wuka | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | |
| deer | hiʧi | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | |
| axe | bade | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | |
| hi | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | ||
| forest | nukuda | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | |
| peccary | baki 'tapir' | - | - | - | - | - | - |
|
| - | - | |
| leaf | ʤuka | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | |
| sweet-potato | aɸi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - |
| |
| canoe | kanawa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | |
| hand | aɸũ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | |
| earth | dudu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | |
| poison | kʷima | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | |
| fire | hʷa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | hũai | - | |
| breast | iwa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | iiwe | - | |
| mountain | uwai | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | uwe 'forest' | - | |
| foot | apa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | apai | - | |
| tongue | njebena | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| |
| water | dja | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| |
| three | wikʲã | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| |
| woman | ɡumi- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
|
Similarities with Chibchan (especially with the Magdalena and Dorasque-Changena subgroups) may be due to the former presence of Chibchan speakers in the Northeast Amazons.[8] Similarities with Tucanoan suggest that Taruma had originated in the Caquetá basin.[8]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[10]
| gloss | Taruma | |
|---|---|---|
| one | oshiwai | |
| two | dzyowa | |
| three | mikyahahi | |
| head | a-dam | |
| eye | a-tsi | |
| man | gika | |
| water | za | |
| fire | fwa | |
| sun | hwa | |
| jaguar | dun | |
| house | duiya |
For a list of Taruma words from Jolkesky (2016),[8] see the corresponding Portuguese article.
. Lyle Campbell . Grondona . Verónica . Campbell . Lyle . 2012 . The Indigenous Languages of South America . Classification of the indigenous languages of South America . The World of Linguistics . 2 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 59–166 . 9783110255133.
. Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.