A tank truck, gas truck, fuel truck, or tanker truck (American English) or tanker (British English) is a motor vehicle designed to carry liquids or gases on roads. The largest such vehicles are similar to railroad tank cars, which are also designed to carry liquid loads. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids that can be transported. Tank trucks tend to be large; they may be insulated or non-insulated; pressurized or non-pressurized; and designed for single or multiple loads (often by means of internal divisions in their tank). Some are semi-trailer trucks. They are difficult to drive and highly susceptible to rollover due to their high center of gravity, and potentially the free surface effect of liquids sloshing in a partially filled tank.[1]
Prior to tank distribution, oil was delivered in cans.[2] From the 1880s, it was distributed in horse-drawn tanks.[3] In 1910, Standard Oil started using motor tankers.[4] Anglo American Oil introduced underground tanks and delivery tankers to the UK in 1920.[5] Pickfords took over an oil tanker company in 1921 and soon had 1000impgal tankers, with 3600impgal by the mid 1930s.[6] Elsewhere, development was slower. For example, in New Zealand, SirRobert Waley Cohen, of British Imperial Oil, first proposed use of petrol tankers in 1925[7] and the first (200impgal) tanker from Auckland[8] to arrive in Hamilton was greeted by a brass band in 1927.[9]
Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity. Large trucks typically have capacities ranging from 5500to. In Australia, road trains up to four trailers in length (known as Quad tankers) carry loads in excess of . Longer road trains transporting liquids are also in use.
A tank truck is distinguished by its shape, usually a cylindrical tank upon the vehicle lying horizontally. Some less visible distinctions amongst tank trucks have to do with their intended use: compliance with human food regulations, refrigeration capability, acid resistance, pressurization capability, and more. The tanks themselves will almost always contain multiple compartments or baffles to prevent load movement destabilizing the vehicle.
Large tank trucks are used for example to transport gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum or natural gas to filling stations. They also transport a wide variety of liquid goods such as liquid sugar, molasses, milk, wine, juices, water, and industrial chemicals.
Tank trucks are constructed of various materials depending on what products they are hauling. These materials include aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steel, and fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP).
Some tank trucks are able to carry multiple products at once due to compartmentalization of the tank into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or, in some rare cases, more tank compartments. This allows for an increased number of delivery options. These trucks are commonly used to carry different grades of gasoline to service stations to carry all products needed in one trip.
Smaller tank trucks with a capacity under 3000USgal are typically used to deal with light liquid cargo within a local community. A common example is vacuum truck used to empty several septic tanks and then deliver the collected fecal sludge to a treatment site. These tank trucks typically have a maximum capacity of 3000USgal. They are equipped with a pumping system to serve their particular need.
Another common use is to deliver fuel such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG) to households, businesses, and industries. The smallest of these trucks usually carry about 1000USgal of LPG under pressure. Typically, LPG tank trucks carry up to 3,499 US gallons of product (usually liquid propane), on a 2-axle bobtail truck. 3,500 US gallons (13,200 L; 2,900 imp gal) and greater requires a 3-axle truck (tank wagon). Some companies use lightweight steel to carry more gallons on single-axle trucks. Notably, one U.S. manufacturer has built a 3,700 gallon tank truck, fitting it on a single axle.[10]
Tank trucks are also used to fuel aircraft at airports.