Dioscorea Explained

Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.[1] [2] [3] [4] It was named by the monk Charles Plumier after the ancient Greek physician and botanist Dioscorides.

Description

Wild Yam (Dioscorea) is a vine that is invasive, deciduous, and herbaceous. This species is native to Asia, though, in the U.S., it is commonly found in Florida. They can grow over 60feet in length.[5] Wild yams are an important crop, as they have been used to prevent menstrual cramps, stomach cramps, and general pain for centuries. During the 1950s scientists found that the roots of wild yams contained diosgenin which is a plant-based estrogen; diosgenin is hypothesized to aid in chemical defense against herbivores. This was used to create the first birth control pills during the 60s.[6] In addition, some Dioscorea species are rich in nutrients and antioxidants. This is beneficial in rural areas where the plant is native because it enriches the diets of individuals who live in the area.[7] These plants grow best near canopy gaps in woodlands and rainforests. Dioscorea uses vining behavior which is useful in tropical habitats because Dioscorea grow under canopies and need to latch onto different surfaces in order to grow upwards and acquire resources.[8]

Cultivation and uses

Several species, known as yams, are important agricultural crops in tropical regions, grown for their large tubers. Many of these are toxic when fresh, but can be detoxified and eaten, and are particularly important in parts of Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

One class of toxins found in many species is steroidal saponins, which can be converted through a series of chemical reactions into steroid hormones for use in medicine and as contraceptives.

The 1889 book "The Useful Native Plants of Australia" records that Dioscorea hastifolia is "One of the hardiest of the yams. The tubers are largely consumed by the local aborigines for food. (Mueller)."[9]

Mechanism

Although the mechanism of Dioscorea vine behavior is unknown, it is likely that Dioscorea acts similarly to vines in terms of growth and movement behavior. Vines have a touch-sensitive component that allows them to locate and latch onto a supporting base. They use nearby plants, rocks, trees, and structures for physical support. Their touch receptors allow them to reach out and sense objects. Vines seek out these surfaces by sending out shoots to assess the area. This behavior is dependent on the species, but these shoots typically move in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, induced by circadian rhythms.[10] When the vine makes contact with an object, the tendril shoot will coil around the object; this is a reaction called thigmotropism.  This tendril can control the amount of tension and squeeze the object to stay attached to it and prevent falling. Leaf growth is typically postponed until the relative stem has secured support. When leaf growth is delayed, shoot growth is hastened. Some vines produce an adhesive on their stems that contain calcium to better latch onto structures. A gradient is produced and the calcium exits cells to spread over stems. Furthermore, Dioscorea is a twiner, this means that the plant undergoes circumnutation which is a helical movement that allows stems to wrap around objects. In order for this mechanism to take place, endodermal cells, plasmodesmata, the plasma membrane, epidermal cells, calcium, potassium, chloride, and proton pumps are required.[11] The SCR gene is also crucial for twining to occur.[12]

Experiment

In 2009, an experiment was conducted to address the mechanism of force generation in the twining plant, Dioscorea bulbifera. To do this, the authors used a mechanical pole that measured the squeezing force of the twining vine. Plants were grown in a greenhouse setting, and once the shoots of the plants started "circumnutating," a pole was introduced to allow for twining around the object. Authors found that the amount of force being applied to the pole when the vine is twining is due to the stretching of the stipule. The forces of the bending and twisting motion of D. bulbifera did not generate a measurable force.  In addition, this experiment indicates that stipules are not the only driving force for tension in vines and that they contribute to increased squeezing force later in development.[13]

Overall, Dioscorea has a vining mechanism that allows it to obtain nutrients while living under a canopy; it has evolved to do this by seeking out surfaces to climb and latch onto. Vines, like Dioscorea, have touch-sensitive components that allow them to specialize in this behavior.

Cuisine

The Alangan Tribe of Mangyan in the Island of Mindoro in the Philippines, locally known as Karot/Nami; Uses this type of tuber as an alternative of rice. Mangyan people typically soak it for 3 days, wash it in the running streams, dried for 2 days, and soak for 2 hours before cooking like a typical rice.

[14]

Accepted species (613), subspecies, and varieties

The genus includes the following species and subspecies:

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

The closely related genus Tamus is included in Dioscorea by some sources,[16] but is maintained as distinct by others.[17] For Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin, see Tamus communis.

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. apps.kew.org. en-GB. 2017-01-23.
  2. Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Yams and their allies: 1-65. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. Wilkin, P. & Thapyai, C. (2009). Flora of Thailand 10(1): 1-140. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
  4. Web site: Dioscorea communis [Tamaro]]. luirig.altervista.org. it. 2017-01-23.
  5. Web site: This is my first test on FB . 2022-05-31 . MISIN . en-US.
  6. Web site: Wild yam Information Mount Sinai - New York . 2022-05-31 . Mount Sinai Health System . en-US.
  7. Kumar . Sanjeet . Das . Gitishree . Shin . Han-Seung . Patra . Jayanta Kumar . 2017 . Dioscorea spp. (A Wild Edible Tuber): A Study on Its Ethnopharmacological Potential and Traditional Use by the Local People of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India . Frontiers in Pharmacology . 8 . 52 . 10.3389/fphar.2017.00052 . 28261094 . 5306286 . 1663-9812. free .
  8. Web site: Dioscorea spp. . 2022-05-31 . www.fs.fed.us.
  9. Book: J. H. Maiden . 1889 . The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania . Turner and Henderson, Sydney .
  10. Web site: Characteristics of Vines . 2022-05-31 . Sciencing . en.
  11. Stolarz . Maria . May 2009 . Circumnutation as a visible plant action and reaction: physiological, cellular and molecular basis for circumnutations . Plant Signaling & Behavior . 4 . 5 . 380–387 . 10.4161/psb.4.5.8293 . 1559-2324 . 2676747 . 19816110.
  12. Isnard . S. . Silk . W. K. . 2009-07-01 . Moving with climbing plants from Charles Darwin's time into the 21st century . American Journal of Botany . en . 96 . 7 . 1205–1221 . 10.3732/ajb.0900045 . 21628270 . 0002-9122.
  13. Isnard et al. 2009.
  14. iJuander et al. 2022.
  15. Wilkin . Paul . Paul Wilkin . Annette Hladik . Odile Weber . Claude Marcel Hladik . Vololoniana Jeannoda . Dioscorea orangeana (Dioscoreaceae), a new and threatened species of edible yam from northern Madagascar . Kew Bulletin . 64 . 3 . 461–468 . September 2009 . 1874-933X . 10.1007/s12225-009-9126-2 . 2009KewBu..64..461W . 43183514 .
  16. , search for "Tamus"
  17. , p. 854

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