Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani explained

Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Succession:Emir of Qatar
Reign:25 June 2013 – present
Successor:Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani
Suc-Type:Deputy Emir
Predecessor:Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Reg-Type:Prime Minister
Regent:Abdullah bin Nasser
Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz
Mohammed bin Abdulrahman
Spouse:
    Issue:
    • Sheikha Al Mayassa
    • Sheikh Hamad
    • Sheikha Aisha
    • Sheikha Naylah
    • Sheikh Jassim
    • Sheikh Abdullah
    • Sheikha Rodha
    • Sheikh Joa'an
    • Sheikh Alqaqa'a
    • Sheikh Mohammed
    • Sheikha Moza
    • Sheikh Fahad
    • Sheikha Hind
    Issue-Link:
    1. Personal life
    Full Name:Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani
    House:Thani
    Father:Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
    Mother:Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned
    Birth Date:3 June 1980
    Birth Place:Doha, Qatar
    Module:
    Embed:yes
    Signature:TamimbinHamadAlThaniSignature.svg
    Royal Name:Emir of Qatar
    Dipstyle:His Highness
    Offstyle:Your Highness
    Altstyle:Sheikh

    Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (Arabic: تميم بن حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني|Tamīm bin Ḥamad bin Khalīfa Āl Thānī; born 3 June 1980) is Emir of Qatar, reigning since 2013.

    Tamim is the fourth son of former Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, born to his second spouse, Moza bint Nassir. He became heir apparent in 2003 when his older brother Sheikh Jassim renounced his claim to the throne. He became emir when his father abdicated in his favor in 2013.

    Tamim rules an authoritarian regime in Qatar.[1] He holds all executive and legislative authority in Qatar.[2] He has been involved in efforts to raise Qatar's international profile through hosting sports events such as the 2022 FIFA World Cup, as well as buying Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

    Early life and education

    Tamim bin Hamad was born on 3 June 1980 in Doha, Qatar. He is the fourth son of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, and second son of Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned, Hamad's second wife.[3] Tamim was educated at Great Britain's Sherborne School (International College) in Dorset,[4] and at Harrow School, where he sat his A-Levels in 1997.[4] He then attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, graduating in 1998.[3]

    Career

    Sheikh Tamim was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Qatar Armed Forces upon graduation from Sandhurst.[3] He became the heir apparent to the Qatar throne on 5 August 2003, when his elder brother Sheikh Jassim renounced his claim to the title.[4] [3] Since then he was groomed to take over rule, working in top security and economics posts.[5] On 5 August 2003, he was appointed deputy commander-in-chief of Qatar's armed forces.[3]

    Sheikh Tamim promoted sport as part of Qatar's bid to raise its international profile.[5] In 2005 he founded Oryx Qatar Sports Investments, which owns Paris Saint-Germain F.C. among other investments. In 2006, he chaired the organizing committee of the 15th Asian Games in Doha. Under his leadership, all member countries attended the event for the first time in its history. That year Egypt's Al Ahram voted Tamim "the best sport personality in the Arab world".[3] Under his guidance, Qatar won the rights to host the 2014 FINA Swimming World Championships and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Tamim is chairman of the National Olympic Committee.[3] [5] [6] At the 113th session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in February 2002, he was elected as a member of the IOC.[7] He headed Doha's bid for the 2020 Olympics.[3] The country hosted the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Qatar is estimated to have spent around $200 billion on infrastructure in preparation for the event.[8]

    The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) Evaluation Committee completed its tour to Doha in November 2020, and confirmed that the city will have much to offer for the Asian Games, and that they were satisfied with the prioritizing and support from Tamim.[9] [10] At the 39th General Assembly of the OCA, President Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah announced that Doha would host the 2030 Asian Games.[11]

    Sheikh Tamim heads the Qatar Investment Authority board of directors. Under his leadership, the fund has invested billions in British businesses. It owns large stakes in Barclays Bank, Sainsbury's, and Harrods. The fund also owns a 95% share[12] of Europe's fourth tallest building, the Shard, a skyscraper in London.[13]

    Tamim has also held a number of other posts, including:

    Reign

    On 25 June 2013, Tamim's father, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, revealed to close relatives and aides that he planned to step down as the Emir of Qatar.[16] [17] Tamim then became the Emir of Qatar after his father handed over power in a televised speech.[18] He was the first ruler, in a succession of three Qatari rulers from the Al Thani family, to ascend to power without a coup.[19] According to The Economist, of his siblings who had previously contended for the throne, "One played too much, the other prayed too much."[20] The transition of power went smoothly, as family members hold many of the nation's top posts.

    According to a diplomatic source close to the Al Thani family, Sheikh Tamim has "a strong personality" that allowed him to "establish himself within" the ruling House of Thani.[21] He became crown prince on 5 August 2003, after his brother Sheikh Jassim had stepped down.[22] Diplomats quoted by the BBC argued that Jassim, who served as crown prince for eight years, had hoped to expand his political powers. In 2003, Sheikh Jassim stepped down from the position of crown prince. According to Qatar News Agency Jassim sent a letter to his father saying, "The time is appropriate to step down and prepare for a successor".[23] In the letter, Jassim stated, "I did not want, as I have told you from the start, to be appointed as crown prince" and said that he had only accepted the position in October 1996 because of "sensitive circumstances".[24] According to a report by Stratfor, Jassim had no allies among the military forces or secret police at the time of the 2013 political transition, and thereby few chances to overturn Hamad's decree.[25]

    Domestic policy

    See also: Human rights in Qatar. Tamim rules an authoritarian regime.[26] He holds all executive and legislative authority in Qatar; political parties are forbidden, and elections are not free and fair.[27] The citizens of Qatar have limited political and civil rights.

    One of Tamim's first moves after coming to power was to merge bureaucracies, such as the Qatar National Food Security Program, which was incorporated into the Ministries of Economy and Agriculture. He lowered the budget of the Qatar Foundation and Qatar Museums Authority and other institutions.[28] [29]

    Since his accession to power, the government has expanded the roads around the capital, developed the new Doha Metro system, and completed the construction of a new airport, the Hamad International Airport.[30] During the Arab Spring, Tamim promised to establish a directive to lower the price of foodstuffs sold by companies working with the country's National Food Security Programme and anticipated social allowances and pension increases.[31]

    In his inaugural speech to the nation on 26 June 2013, Sheikh Tamim pledged to continue to diversify the country's economy away from hydrocarbons.[32]

    In 2014, Tamim passed new "cybercrime" legislation, which was said to be part of an agreement among Gulf states to criminalize online insults of the region's royal families.[33] The law outlawed the spreading of "false news" as well as digital material that violates the country's "social values" or "general order". The legislation made it illegal to incite, aid and facilitate the publication of offensive material. The law was criticized as being intended by the authoritarian regime to silence dissent in Qatar. [34]

    In the report published by the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor on 13 September 2020, it was declared that Article 19 in the International Declaration of Human Rights stipulates that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference." Similarly, Article 47 in the Constitution of Qatar stipulates that freedom of expression is guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in law.[35]

    In June 2013, Sheikh Tamim unveiled his new cabinet. Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah was named foreign minister.[36] Unlike previous appointees to this post, Al Attiyah was a non-royal.[37] Tamim made Hessa Al Jaber the first ever Minister of Information and Communications Technology in Qatar in 2013. She was the third female minister to be named to the cabinet.[38]

    In January 2016, Tamim made additional changes to his cabinet. He named a new foreign minister, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani,[39] moving the previous foreign minister, Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah, to the position of Minister of State for Defense Affairs.[40] Tamim also merged several ministries, including communication and transport, culture, youth and sports. Journalists have speculated reasons behind the cabinet changes. Some have come to the conclusion that the reorganization was either an economic move, meant to save the country money at a time where the falling price of gas has forced the country to scale back its workforce or for reasons of political stability.[41] Eurasia Group indicated in a report that the cabinet change aimed to increase efficiency in government operations and would not negatively impact political or economic stability.[42] According to others the appointments showed that Tamim was trying to make the government his own by bringing in a new, younger generation of ministers that were more loyal to him than to his father.[43]

    In August 2021, Tamim issued a decree to hold the first-ever legislative elections[44] to the Consultative Assembly of Qatar which were held on 2 October 2021.[45] [46] Eligibility for the vote was limited to persons ages 18 years and up who had a grandfather born in Qatar; candidates were required to be at least 30 years of age and of Qatari origin.[47] [48] Some members of the seminomadic Al Murrah tribe were barred from the election, causing discontent among some members of the tribe.[47] [48] Some members and supporters of the Al Murrah tribe were arrested after protesting the law.[48] After the vote controversy, Tamim pledged equal citizenship[49] and ordered legal amendments.[50]

    The Assembly's powers are limited. The body can only question the prime minister, who is appointed by the Emir of Qatar, on his policies if two-thirds of the members agree, which is unlikely given that one-third of the members are appointed by the Emir.[51]

    Labour rights

    During Tamim's rule, Qatar's abuse and exploitation of foreign migrant labors (mostly Indians and Nepalese) has been a subject of international controversy, in particular in the lead-up to the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[52] [53] [54]

    Two laws protecting workers' rights, which included clauses on maximum working hours and rights to annual leave, were passed by Sheikh Tamim in 2017.[55] The next year, Sheikh Tamim passed Law No. 13 of 2018, abolishing exit visas for roughly 95% of the country's migrant workers. The remaining 5% of workers, which amount to approximately 174,000 people, still require their employer's permission to exit the country. Amnesty International described the step taken by the emir as an "important first step towards meeting the authorities' promise to fundamentally reform the exploitative sponsorship system" but called on the government to follow through with more reforms.[56]

    In November 2017, Qatar and the International Labour Organization (ILO) started a technical cooperation programme to improve working conditions and labour rights.[57] [58] The ILO opened its first project office in Qatar in April 2018.[59] [60]

    Following the adoption on 30 August 2020 of Law No. 19 of 2020, migrant workers can now change jobs before the end of their contract without first having to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from their employer.[61] This new law, coupled with the removal of exit permit requirements earlier in the year, effectively dismantles the "kafala system" of sponsorships,[61] although elements of the system remained.[62] In March 2021, Qatar implemented a monthly minimum wage of 1,000 riyals (USD 275) for all workers, making it the first country in the region to do so.[63] [64]

    Legislative election

    On 29 July 2021, Sheikh Tamim signed Law No. 6 of 2021 for the conduct of first legislative (Shura Council) election in Qatar and fifth in the Gulf cooperation Council (GCC). The law was first approved in a 2003 constitutional referendum but was never enforced.[65] [66] Of the 45 seats of the Shura Council, two-third (30 seats) is elected while the Emir appoints the remaining 15 members of the council giving this minority group and his cabinet overwhelming power of decision making on issues of defense, foreign policy and other critical issues of the state.[67] The elected Shura Council members are vested with powers to draft laws, approves state budgets, debates major issues and provides advice to the ruling emir. This law was widely criticized by international rights groups for the exclusion of naturalized Qatari citizens and other groups. On 2 October 2021, the first ever election held in Qatar recording 63.5 per cent voter turnout[68] but with protests by disenfranchised groups.[69] [70] Qatari officials tagged the election "experiment".[71]

    Foreign policy

    The young Emir's transition to power was welcomed by leaders across the world, who expected Tamim to continue the work in the footsteps of his father and increase Qatar's role in vital international affairs, including the Syrian crisis and Darfur agreement.[72]

    Analysts said he would be tasked with overseeing substantial upgrades to the national infrastructure, which have recently gotten underway. While some view Tamim as more religious than his father, most analysts expect him to retain his father's largely pragmatic habits of governing – using Islam to further objectives where useful, but not pushing strictly Islamic agenda items such as outlawing alcohol. In 2020, the Qatari government condemned "populist rhetoric inciting the abuse of religions" and "hate speech based on belief, race or religion."[73] From 2020 onward, Qatar took gradual steps to remove hateful or violent content from school textbooks.[74] [75] In his inaugural speech to the nation, Tamim vowed that he would continue to pursue a central role for Qatar in the region but that he will not "take direction" in foreign affairs.[76] He committed to the "highest possible level of integration" with his Gulf neighbors.[77]

    In May 2022, Tamim met in Iran with Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi. the Emir of Qatar expressed satisfaction with his second visit to Iran and pointed to the prominent position of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution in the Islamic world and said: The crimes of the Zionist regime in Palestine are horrible and we must all stand against the events in Palestine. Tamim also discussed the solution to the problems of the countries in the region, including Syria, Iraq and Yemen, and also mentioned the economic relations between Iran and Qatar: The Economic Committee between the two countries has become active, and we hope that economic cooperation will significantly improve by next year.[78]

    In late October 2013, a few months after taking charge, Sheikh Tamim took a regional tour of the Gulf. Even before his accession to power, he formally represented his father at the annual Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Summit in Bahrain in December 2012 and welcomed delegates to the Arab League Summit in Doha in March 2013.[31]

    Working in a government security post, he promoted stronger ties with Saudi Arabia, a neighbour and often contentious rival to Qatar.[79] Tamim considers Qatar's rivalry with Saudi Arabia unproductive, as has been the case in the so far unsuccessful attempt to build a cohesive Syrian opposition. Despite this, Tamim worked within the GCC to support the Syrian opposition.[80]

    Qatar has also provided aid through loans and investments to the democratically elected Ennahdha Party in Tunisia,[81] and to parties in Yemen and Morocco.

    Relations with Gulf and North Africa countries

    Since the 2011 Arab Spring, Qatar vied for with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates for influence in the Middle East and North Africa, including in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia.[82] Qatari support for Islamist causes and for organizations that oppose the absolute rule of the Gulf's hereditary rulers provoked tensions with the GCC countries.[83]

    In March 2014, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain withdrew their ambassadors to Qatar for nine months; diplomatic relations were restored nine months later, following the November 2014 Riyadh Agreement.[82] [84] [85]

    The officially cited reason for the 2014 diplomatic crisis was Qatar's alleged refusal to ratify the agreements of non-interference in domestic policy within the GCC in December 2013,[84] but the underlying causes was a long-term degeneration in Qatar's relationships with other Arab states, precipitated by Qatari's backing of Islamists during Arab Spring revolts.[84] [85] Qatar and Turkey supported the Egyptian government of Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood, while the other Gulf Arab statements supported the military coup that ousted Morsi from power.[85] As part of the 2014 agreement, Qatar expelled seven senior Muslim Brotherhood figures and agreed to stop al-Jazeera broadcasts critical of the Egyptian government.[85] The 2014 agreement was vague and lacked verification provisions, however, and both sides later claimed that the other had breached the agreement.[82]

    On June 5, 2017, the Qatar diplomatic crisis began, with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, and Bahrain severing diplomatic ties to Qatar and blockading Qatar,[82] citing Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood, its continued harboring of key Muslim Brotherhood figures within Qatar, and support for the International Union of Muslim Scholars, the Brotherhood's clerical affiliate, which is linked to Hamas.[86] In January 2020, following a summit in Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia, Qatar reconciled with its neighbors, with a statement issued at the conclusion of the statement signed by Saudi Arabia, members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Egypt, although the statement did not specifically address the rift or its causes.[86] In January 2021, the Emir signed an agreement ending the 43-month air, land and sea blockade of Qatar by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt. The nations reopened their land border and airspace to Qatar.[82]

    India

    Sheikh Tamim has maintained a strong relationship with the Indian government; he met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi several times and had multiple phone calls with him.[87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]

    Egypt

    Qatar heavily invested in loans and aid to Egypt during the Muslim Brotherhood's government.[31] According to documents obtained by Al Arabiya, Qatar had agreed to stop providing support to the Muslim Brotherhood.[94] In August 2013, Qatar joined a U.S.-led attempt to mediate the escalating tension between the Muslim Brotherhood and the military.[31] Speaking at Georgetown University during his first visit to the United States, Tamim reiterated that Qatar will not interfere in Egypt although he condemned what happened in Egypt after the 2013 coup.[95] Since Mohamed Morsi's removal from office, the new government has turned down Qatari offers for financial aid.[96] Qatar's continued support for the Muslim Brotherhood resulted in a diplomatic rift between Doha and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates in 2014, culminating in the withdrawal of the latter three countries' ambassadors in March of that year.[97] Qatar has continuously denied allegations of support for the Muslim Brotherhood,[98] with the Foreign Minister stating in 2017: "In Egypt, when the Muslim Brotherhood assumed power, some linked this to Qatar's support, even though nearly 70 percent of the assistance program provided by Qatar was during the era of Essam Sharaf, during the period of the military council".[99] In June 2016, former president of Egypt Mohamed Morsi was given a life sentence for accusations of passing state secrets to Qatar.[100] [101]

    On 20 January 2021, Qatar and Egypt agreed to resume diplomatic relations.[102] In March 2021, during a visit to Cairo, Qatari foreign minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani handed over Sheikh Tamim's invitation for Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[103] Sheikh Tamim named the Qatari ambassador to Egypt in July 2021[104] and met with el-Sisi in Baghdad on 28 August 2021.[105] On 24 June 2022, Tamim met with el-Sisi in Cairo. They discussed diplomatic and economic relations[106] after Qatar and Egypt had signed investments contracts worth more than US$5 billion in March 2022.[107]

    Qatar allegedly provided a financial boost to Morsi's Freedom and Justice Party, and Brotherhood opponents allegedly argued that Morsi's narrow election victory was achieved through Qatari funding.[108] After Morsi's election, Qatar contributed a total of US$5.5 billion to the Muslim Brotherhood administration. Qatar has repeatedly denied that it supports the Muslim Brotherhood, saying it supports "the legitimate peoples and governments elected whatever the ideology of the ruling group as long as it works on the prosperity and welfare of its people."[109] Tamim himself has also repeatedly denied that Qatar supports extremists.[110]

    Some countries and regional analysts have claimed that Qatar has supported a spectrum of Islamist groups around the region. Especially since the beginning of the Arab Spring upheaval in 2011, the country has provided diplomatic and medical initiatives, and warnings to Islamist groups. There have also been claims that the Qatar-based pan-Arab satellite television channel Al Jazeera promoted the narratives of the Islamist parties and causes supported by Qatar, thereby contributing to the electoral success of some of these movements during national polls. However, Al Jazeera maintains that it was under pressure because "it is the most transparent, balanced and unbiased of all Arab channels".[111] The channel previously hosted a talk-show, "al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh" ("Shariah and Life"), featuring the controversial Brotherhood-associated Egyptian cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi.[112]

    On 1 November 2023, Qatar facilitated an agreement among Egypt, Israel, and Hamas. This agreement, in collaboration with the U.S., allowed for the safe evacuation of civilians from the besieged Gaza.[113] In February 2024, Hamas proposed a deal with the mediation of Qatar and Egypt, aiming for the release of all Israeli hostages in Gaza and hundreds of Palestinians held in Israeli prisons, along with an end to the conflict.[114] However, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu declined the proposal.[115] Furthermore, the humanitarian actions of Emir Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani and Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani received accolades from global leaders like US Secretary Antony Blinken,[116] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,[117] US President Joe Biden,[118] and the EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs Josep Borrell. On 23 May 2024, the U.S. official William J. Burns, the C.I.A. director leading American negotiation efforts for a Gaza cease-fire, plans to visit Europe for discussions with Israeli and Qatari and Egyptian leaders to reinvigorate talks on halting the conflict and releasing hostages.[119]

    Syria

    Qatar called for a military intervention by Arab countries to end the bloodshed in Syria in 2012.[120] Analysts expected that he would have been under immediate pressure to reduce Qatar's support for the rebels in the Syrian Civil War, which Tamim had previously supported.[121] In fact, Sheikh Tamim took a step back after taking charge, primarily in response to the irritation voiced by Western powers at Qatar's operation to arm Syrian rebel groups which had been directed haphazardly.[37] However, Qatar has continued to provide support to Syrian opposition groups, with Tamim declaring in a speech to the UN in September 2020 that Qatar would continue to support efforts to achieve justice and hold accountable perpetrators of atrocities, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in Syria.[122] Recently, under the aegis of a joint initiative with Saudi Arabia and Turkey promoted by Sheikh Tamim, Qatar has provided Syrian rebels with new weapons and forged a new opposition coalition in Syria known as "Army of Conquest".[123] The Sheikh has also renewed his country's support for the Syrian people's demands for justice and freedom during a meeting with the chief of the Syrian National Coalition Khaled Khoja and his delegation in April 2015.[124]

    There have been rumors that Qatar looked at the Brotherhood in Syria as a natural Islamist ally to deliver its policy aims in the region. The Financial Times claimed in a report that Qatar provided Syrian rebels financial support of US$1 billion, saying that "people close to the Qatar government" claimed that the real amount is close to 3 billion dollars. Furthermore, there have been rumors that Qatar is using its funding to develop networks of loyalty among rebels and allegedly to set the stage for Qatar's influence in the post-Assad era, although these rumors are unconfirmed.

    Syrian rebel group Al-Rahman Legion is supported by Qatar.[125] Since 2017, Qatari-backed Al-Rahman Legion has been fighting Saudi Arabian-backed Jaysh al-Islam rebel coalition.[126]

    On May 7, 2023, Sheikh Tamim unexpectedly left the Arab League summit before Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's scheduled speech.[127] In September 2022, in an interview with the French news outlet Le Point, he highlighted that the factors that resulted in Syria's suspension from the Arab League in 2011 continue to be significant as the regime has been attributed to a prolonged period of conflict within the country, resulting significant refugee crisis on a global scale.[128] According to various reports, the Assad regime has been accused of employing distressing torture methods and shelling civilians.[129]

    Qatar and Western countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations, have expressed opposition to Bashar al-Assad's reinstatement into the Arab League. Their concerns primarily revolve around safeguarding the well-being and security of Syrian refugees across the Middle East.[130]

    Russia

    On 13 October 2022, Tamin met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana. At the time, Putin was a political pariah over Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Tamin praised Putin, saying he was "proud" of the relationship between Qatar and Russia.[131] [132]

    Turkey

    Tamim signed a military cooperation agreement with Turkey during an official visit to the country in December 2014. The agreement aims to promote cooperation in military training and the defense industry, and allows for the deployment of the Turkish Armed Forces to Qatar and the Qatari military to Turkey.[133]

    On 2 December 2015, Tamim signed a number of agreements with president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Cooperative agreements in education, maritime transport and correspondence pacts between intelligence agencies were signed.[134] An agreement was also reached by Turkey to purchase liquefied natural gas from Qatar over a lengthy duration.[135] The two leaders also announced the planned creation of a Turkish military base in Qatar; a first for Turkey in the Persian Gulf.[136] [137]

    In August 2018, Qatar pledged $15 billion investment in Turkey, during currency crisis amid a diplomatic standoff with US. The investment package was announced after Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani met President Erdoğan in Ankara, on 15 August 2018.[138] [139]

    On 6 December 2021, Sheikh Tamim received President Erdogan for a state visit in Doha. During the two-day visit, they signed 15 agreements regarding culture, economy, defense and security. In addition, several Memoranda of Understanding were signed between the countries' ministries.[140] Sheikh Tamim and President Erdogan also agreed to extend the $15 billion currency swap agreement between Qatar and Turkey.[141]

    On 4 December 2023, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Sheikh Tamim chaired the 9th meeting of the Turkey-Qatar Supreme Strategic Committee; and signed 12 cooperation agreements in various fields.[142]

    United Kingdom

    In October 2014, Sheikh Tamim met UK Prime Minister David Cameron and Queen Elizabeth II on his first official visit to the UK. Qatar and the UK anticipated a Qatari-British Economic Forum to explore mutual investment opportunities.[143] Up to and during this meeting The Telegraph newspaper launched a campaign to urge Cameron to discuss Qatar's funding of Islamic extremists with Tamim. Stephen Barclay, the Conservative MP, repeatedly called for transparency in Britain's dealings with Qatar and said it was "essential" for Mr Cameron to raise the issue of terror finance. "I welcome the fact that the Prime Minister is meeting with the Emir," he said. "As part of these discussions it is essential that the issue of financing Sunni tribes in Syria and Iraq is raised."[144]

    In July 2018, Sheikh Tamim and UK Prime Minister Theresa May signed a letter of intent between the governments of Qatar and the United Kingdom. Both agreed to exchange information and intelligence on terrorism, to cooperate in the areas of law enforcement related to terror activities and security of the transport sector, including airports and aviation, and to fight financial crime.[145] [146] [147] Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar houses the Royal Air Force's operational headquarters in the Middle East. It is host to the RAF's No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group. The group provides command and control to the four Expeditionary Air Wings which support Operation Kipion and Operation Shader.[148]

    The UK government has turned to Qatar to seek a long-term gas deal to ensure a stable supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the UK.[149] Prime Minister Johnson asked Tamim for help during a meeting at the UN General Assembly in September 2021.[150] [151]

    Sheikh Tamim and Sheikha Jawaher attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II on 19 September 2022, and the coronation of King Charles III on 6 May 2023, both held at Westminster Abbey, London.[152] [153]

    Europe

    Tamim met French president François Hollande twice in 2014 and 2015. In the latter meeting, they signed an agreement for the sale of Rafale jets to Qatar.[154] [155]

    Tamim met French president Emmanuel Macron twice in 2017.[156] [157] [158] In the latter meeting, they signed commercial contracts worth more than US$14 billion.[159] During their 2018 meeting, Tamim thanked Macron for his support for Qatar in the Gulf crisis.[160] [161] They met again in 2021.[162] [163] [164] In 2024, Macron and Tamim signed a €10 billion agreement on investment in the French economy.[165]

    In May 2022, during his first visit to Europe after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Emir signed energy and investment projects with several countries, including Spain[166] [167] and Germany,[168] [169] and for the first time spoke at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos.[170] [171]

    In March 2024, Qatar facilitated a reconciliation between Russia and Ukraine, reuniting children with their families who were separated during the conflict.[172] [173] Russia returned six children to Ukraine with the assistance of Qatari mediators in May 2024.[174] In June, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited Qatar and met with Tamim Zelenskyy expressed gratitude for Qatar's assistance in the return of Ukrainian children. Zelenskyy also highlighted the importance of Qatar's support for the Ukrainian Peace Formula, which held in June 15 and June 16.[175]

    United States

    In July 2014, Tamim renewed the defence agreement with the U.S. and confirmed Qatar's cooperation with the U.S. in the Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) at Al Udeid Air Base.[176]

    After visiting U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House in February 2015,[177] Tamim wrote an editorial saying the U.S.-Qatari "strategic partnership has deepened in recent years, in spite of the regional unrest" and reiterated his commitment to support a more comprehensive approach to the strategic challenges facing the Middle East.[178]

    Sheikh Tamim has been a personal friend of U.S. President Donald Trump prior to the latter's presidency. He visited the United States several times during Trump's presidency and has held bilateral meetings at the White House in Washington, D.C.

    Tamim in particular played a role in the mediation with Taliban leaders, with whom he initiated contacts under his father's government. The United States requested the establishment of a Taliban office in Doha. In June 2013, the Taliban opened their first official overseas office in the Qatari capital as part of the long-standing attempt to broker a long-term Afghan peace agreement.[179] In June 2015, Qatar successfully mediated efforts to free four Tajikistan soldiers kidnapped in December 2014 in Afghanistan by a Taliban group.[180]

    In July 2017, the US and Qatar signed a memorandum of understanding to combat the financing of terrorism.[181] Same year, then U.S. secretary of state Rex Tillerson stated that "The emir of Qatar has made progress in halting financial support and expelling terrorist elements from his country".[182]

    In July 2019, Sheikh Tamim visited the U.S. to meet President Donald Trump, who hosted him at a state dinner attended by Robert Kraft, Christine Lagarde, and others.[183] [184]

    On an August 2021 telephone conversation, U.S. President Joe Biden thanked Tamim for Qatar's support regarding the US evacuations from Afghanistan,[185] which according to Biden, the airlifts "would not have been possible without the early support from Qatar".[186] [187] Sheikh Tamim visited Biden at the White House on a visit to Washington, D.C., on 31 January 2022.[188] He was the first leader from the Gulf Cooperation Council to visit the White House since Biden took office.[189] They discussed bilateral relations, stability of global energy supplies,[190] the situation in Afghanistan,[191] and peace in the Middle East.[192] Biden called Qatar a "good friend and reliable and capable partner", and announced the designation of Qatar as a major non-NATO ally.[193] [194]

    Qatar hosted the historic signing of a peace deal between the US and the Taliban in February 2020 which called for the full withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.[195] Beginning in September 2020, Qatar has hosted the peace talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban to end decades of war in the country.[196]

    Qatar mediated a deal between the United States and Iran, which saw the release of five prisoners in each country and the unfreezing of US$6 billion of Iranian funds in September 2023, which had been frozen due to sanctions imposed by the United States.[197] [198] U.S. President Biden thanked Sheikh Tamim and Qatari officials for their role in the mediation as well as establishing a "Humanitarian channel" for Iran.[199]

    UAE

    In January 2019, a Reuters investigation revealed that a team of former US government intelligence operatives working on behalf of the United Arab Emirates had hacked the iPhones of activists, diplomats and foreign leaders, including Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[200] Beginning in 2016 the spying tool, code named 'K4RM4', enabled the UAE to monitor hundreds of individuals identified as potential critics of, or threats to, the Emirati government and its ideology. The hacking unit using the tool, known as 'Project Raven', was based in Abu Dhabi and composed of local security officials and former US intelligence operatives working for the UAE's intelligence services. Ex-Project Raven operatives described how Karma was able to remotely gain access to iPhones, including that of Sheikh Tamim's, by uploading numbers or email addresses into an automated targeting system. According to Reuters the phones of Sheikh Tamim's brother as well as several associates were also hacked by the Project Raven team.[201]

    Israel

    In 1996, Qatar established trade relations with the State of Israel, the first amongst all nations of the Arabian Peninsula and has continued to maintain its "working relationship" with Israel.[202] But in 2021, Qatar abstained from entering diplomatic agreement with state of Israel brokered by the United States.[203] It stated that it would normalize diplomatic ties when Israel commits to the Arab Peace Initiative.[204] In May 2021, it was reported that Qatar had within a period of 10 years provided over $3 billion in aid to Gaza and West Bank with Israeli approval. In 2022, Israeli military officials were secretly dispatched to Qatar's Al-Udeid air base, forward operating headquarters of all US forces in the Middle East, also known as CENTCOM as part of a security reshuffle.[205] On 10 June 2022, FIFA announced that Israeli nationals would be allowed entry into Qatar during the World Cup tournament.[206]

    Personal characteristics and views

    Sheikh Tamim is described as friendly, confident, and open by those who know him. He is also described as savvy, careful, and conservative.[79] In addition, he is considered to be a pragmatist, and to have "excellent relations" with the West, including the United States and France.[5] [79]

    Political analysts expected Tamim to be more conservative and risk-averse than his father.[79] Because Tamim is very close to the Muslim Brotherhood,[207] preserving a national identity grounded in Islamic traditional values has been Tamim's first priority.[79]

    A sketch of Tamim entitled Tamim al-Majd (Tamim the Glorious) by advertiser Ahmed al-Maadheed became extremely popular as a nationalistic symbol in Qatar following the beginning of the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis.[208] [209]

    Personal life

    In total he has thirteen children born between 2006 and 2020; seven sons and six daughters, from three wives.

    Tamim participates in competitive sport. He has been filmed playing badminton and bowling with former Egyptian military chief Mohamed Hussein Tantawi.[3] He has a strong interest in history and his nation's heritage.[5] He is fluent in Arabic, English and French.[79]

    Succession

    The permanent constitution of the state of Qatar published in 2005 dictates that the rule is hereditary and limited to descendants of Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. The order of succession in Qatar is determined by appointments within the House of Al Thani.[211]

    The former Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, appointed his fourth son, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani as heir apparent on 5 August 2003, after his older son Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (who held the position between 1996 and 2003) renounced his rights to the throne in favour of Sheikh Tamim.[212]

    Honours

    National

    Foreign

    Awards

    Notes and References

    1. Book: Yom, Sean . Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa: Development, Democracy, and Dictatorship . 2019-10-30 . Routledge . 978-0-429-75639-9 . en.
    2. Web site: 22 March 2023 . Qatar: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20230927005332/https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2022 . 27 September 2023 . 22 March 2023 . Freedom House . en.
    3. News: Profile: Qatar Emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Khalifa Al Thani . 25 June 2017 . BBC . 25 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130627182707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23046307 . 27 June 2013 . live.
    4. News: Sheikh Tamim's biography . Qatar News Agency . https://web.archive.org/web/20130509112526/http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar/Heir_Apparent/Pages/default.aspx . 9 May 2013.
    5. News: Qatar's Sheikh Tamim: 33-year-old groomed for power . AFP . 25 June 2013 . 25 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140227190954/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5htPpfymY16NhjQ2uMXevlkb0P9xQ?docId=CNG.afefc1a5cc994e46ec54e8cf3b663698.691 . 27 February 2014 . dead.
    6. Web site: Vision, Mission and History . Qatar Olympic Committee . 15 June 2021.
    7. Web site: Welcome to the Issue . Kluge . Volker . International Society of Olympic Historians . 15 June 2021.
    8. News: Qatar's $200 Billion Dash to World Cup Hits a Construction Cliff . 2019-07-04 . Bloomberg . 2021-04-20 . en.
    9. Web site: Doha 2030 vows amazing Asian Games as OCA Evaluation Team concludes tour . The Peninsula . 14 November 2020 . 19 June 2021.
    10. Web site: Doha 2030 bid plans impress Evaluation Committee . . 13 November 2020 . 19 June 2021.
    11. Web site: Doha wins bid to host Asian Games 2030; Riyadh to stage 2034 edition . The Peninsula . 17 December 2020 . 21 June 2021.
    12. News: Neate . Rupert . 2012-06-27 . Qatar nurtures its City assets: from the Shard to Glencore shares . 2024-01-21 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
    13. News: Qatar's Sheikh Tamim: 33-year-old groomed for power . 2013-06-25 . Fox News . 2021-01-19 . en.
    14. Web site: The Emir . Qatar e-Government . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150420003609/http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/about-qatar/theemir . 20 April 2015 . live.
    15. Web site: HH Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani . The Olympic Movement . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110628/http://www.olympic.org/hh-sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani . 8 December 2015 . live.
    16. Web site: 24 June 2013 . Sheikh Tamim to take over as Emir of Qatar . https://web.archive.org/web/20150715031239/http://www.justhere.qa/2013/06/sheikh-tamim-named-emir-of-qatar/ . 15 July 2015 . 6 December 2015.
    17. News: Breaking News: Crown Prince Tamim to be handed the helms of leadership. Qatar Chronicle. 25 June 2013 . 16 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131211030238/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/politics/31898/breaking-news-crown-prince-tamim-to-be-handed-the-helms-of-leadership/ . 11 December 2013.
    18. News: Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim . 25 June 2013 . BBC . 25 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130625005221/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870 . 25 June 2013 . live.
    19. News: Ballout . Mohammad . Will Qatar's Emir Abdicate in August? . 28 June 2013 . As Safir . 11 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130618194912/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/06/qatar-emir-abdicate-august.html . 18 June 2013.
    20. News: Qatar's new emir: A hard act to follow . The Economist . 27 June 2013 . 15 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170609074153/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21580197-remarkable-emir-bows-out-hard-act-follow . 9 June 2017 . live.
    21. Web site: Qatar's 33-year-old Crown Prince Tamim: Groomed for power . Ahram Online . 30 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061136/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/2/0/74856/World/0/Qatars-yearold-Crown-Prince-Tamim-Groomed-for-powe.aspx . 8 December 2015 . live.
    22. News: H.H. Sheikh Jassim Bin Hamad Al Thani . 2019-04-10 . iloveqatar . 2021-04-20 . en.
    23. News: New crown prince for Qatar . 2003-08-05 . . 2021-04-20 . en.
    24. News: Emir names Sheikh Tamim crown prince . 2003-08-06 . . 2021-04-20 . en.
    25. Web site: Succession Change in Qatar: Setting the Stage for Instability? . Stratfor . 30 July 2015.
    26. Book: Yom, Sean . Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa: Development, Democracy, and Dictatorship . 2019-10-30 . Routledge . 978-0-429-75639-9 . en.
    27. Web site: Qatar: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report . 2021-04-06 . Freedom House . en.
    28. Web site: Qatar's finances to take hit from falling oil prices. Peter Kovessy . 26 October 2014 . 28 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208215843/http://dohanews.co/qatars-finances-take-hit-falling-oil-prices/ . 8 December 2014 . live.
    29. Book: Kamrava, Mehran . Qatar: Small State, Big Politics (updated version). Cornell University Press . 26 May 2015 . 8 . 978-0-8014-5430-1 . 28 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160502123358/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDitCQAAQBAJ . 2 May 2016 . live.
    30. Web site: Focus turns to domestic policy under Qatar's new emir . The National . 30 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131456/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/focus-turns-to-domestic-policy-under-qatars-new-emir . 8 December 2015 . live.
    31. Web site: Foreign policy implications of the new emir's succession in Qatar . 1 August 2013 . 30 July 2015 . Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre . Coates Ulrichsen . Kristian . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070142/http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/fab4833491f90f58bfade9f50c71e4bc.pdf . 24 September 2015 .
    32. News: Qatar's new emir replaces prime minister . . 26 June 2013 . 30 July 2015 . 0307-1766 . Simeon . Kerr . https://web.archive.org/web/20160207093351/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/193af872-de2e-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#axzz3d5dN9SmO . 7 February 2016 . live.
    33. Kovessy, Peter (25 June 2015). "Two years on, how Qatar has (and hasn't) changed under Sheikh Tamim" . Doha News. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    34. Kovessy, Peter (5 October 2014). "Former minister: Qatar's cybercrime law result of GCC security pact" . Doha News. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    35. Web site: Monitor . Euro-Med Human Rights . Qatar: Reforms must include the right to assembly and association . 2024-07-30 . Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor . en-US.
    36. News: 2013-06-26 . Qatar's new Emir Sheikh Tamim unveils new cabinet . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-12-31.
    37. Web site: Hammond . Andrew . 1 February 2014 . Qatar's leadership transition: like father, like son . https://web.archive.org/web/20140327081212/http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR95_QATAR_BRIEF_AW.pdf . 27 March 2014 . 30 July 2015 . European Council on Foreign Relations.
    38. Web site: 2013-06-26 . New Emir appoints female Cabinet member in Qatar government shake-up . 2020-12-31 . Doha News . en-US.
    39. News: 2016-01-27 . Qatar Reshuffles Cabinet, Appointing New Foreign and Defense Ministers . en-US . . 2021-01-16 . 0099-9660.
    40. Web site: Minister of State for Defence Affairs . 2021-01-16 . Government Communications Office . en-US.
    41. Ünal, Ali (29 January 2016). "Qatari cabinet reshuffle not signal of change" . Daily Sabah Mideast. Turkuvaz Communication and Publication Corporation. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    42. Web site: Ünal . Ali . 2016-01-30 . Qatari cabinet reshuffle not signal of change . 2021-01-17 . Daily Sabah . en.
    43. Fitch, Asa and Summer Said (27 January 2016). "Qatar Reshuffles Cabinet, Appointing New Foreign and Defense Ministers" . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    44. Web site: 2021-08-22 . Qatar sets Oct. 2 for first legislative elections . 2021-08-23 . . en.
    45. News: 14 October 2021 . Analysis Qatar's first elected parliament may have more power than other Persian Gulf legislatures. Here's why. . en-US . Washington Post . 2021-11-07 . 0190-8286.
    46. News: Mills . Andrew . Barrington . Lisa . 2021-10-03 . Qatar's first legislative elections see 63.5% voter turnout . en . . 2021-11-07.
    47. Web site: Controversy in Qatar over electoral law's exclusion of tribe - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East . 2021-11-11 . www.al-monitor.com . 10 August 2021 . en.
    48. Web site: 2021-09-09 . Qatar: Election Law Exposes Discriminatory Citizenship . 2021-11-11 . Human Rights Watch . en.
    49. Web site: 26 October 2021 . Qatar emir pledges 'equal citizenship' after vote controversy . 2021-11-11 . . en.
    50. Web site: 2021-10-26. Amir Tamim orders 'legal amendments' to promote equality among Qataris at first Shura Council session. 2021-11-11 . Doha News. en-US.
    51. Web site: Qatari elections: A PR stunt or a step toward democracy?. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210824193240/https://www.dw.com/en/qatari-elections-a-pr-stunt-or-a-step-toward-democracy/a-58970500 . 2021-08-24 . 2021-11-07 . DW.COM . en-GB.
    52. Web site: Pokharel . Aimee Lewis, Pramod Acharya,Sugam . 2022-11-17 . 'Our dreams never came true.' These men helped build Qatar's World Cup, now they are struggling to survive . CNN . en.
    53. News: Panja . Tariq . Sharma . Bhadra . 2022-11-16 . The World Cup's Forgotten Team . en-US . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
    54. News: Pete Pattisson . Pramod Acharya . 'Dark days in Qatar': Nepali workers face bitter legacy of World Cup debts. The Guardian. December 20, 2022.
    55. Web site: 25 August 2017 . Qatar: Two new laws on migrant workers signal degree of progress but major gaps remain . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183432/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/7002/2017/en/ . 13 February 2019 . 13 February 2019 . Amnesty International.
    56. Web site: 5 September 2018 . Qatar: Partial abolition of 'exit permit' lifts travel restrictions for most migrant workers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124034/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/09/qatar-exit-system-reform-first-step/ . 13 February 2019 . 13 February 2019 . Amnesty International.
    57. News: 2017-11-08 . ILO Governing Body welcomes Qatar's commitment to bolster migrant worker rights . en . International Labour Organization . 2021-06-11.
    58. News: 2017-10-27 . Technical cooperation between ILO and Qatar on workers rights; threat of Commission of Inquiry eases . en . Centro de Información sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos . 2021-06-11.
    59. News: 2019-10-17 . New labour laws in Qatar benefiting migrant workers a 'momentous step forward': ILO . en . UN News . 2021-06-11.
    60. News: 2018-04-30 . ILO inaugurates its first project office in Qatar . en . International Labour Organization . 2021-06-11.
    61. Web site: 1 September 2020 . New employment law effectively ends Qatar's exploitative kafala system . 29 October 2020 . the Guardian . en.
    62. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/qatar-labour-reform-unfinished-and-compensation-still-owed-as-world-cup-looms/ Qatar: Labour reform unfinished and compensation still owed as World Cup looms
    63. News: 2021-03-19 . Qatar's new minimum wage enters into force . 2021-06-11 . International Labour Organization . en.
    64. News: 2021-03-20 . Qatar extends minimum wage to all . 2021-06-11 . Arab News . en.
    65. News: 2021-07-29 . Qatar approves electoral law for first legislative polls . en . . 2022-08-02.
    66. Web site: Qatar's emir approves electoral law for first legislative vote . 2022-08-02 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
    67. Web site: 2021-07-29 . Qatar approves electoral law for first legislative polls . 2022-08-02 . Arab News . en.
    68. News: Qatar's First Legislative Elections See 63.5% Voter Turnout .
    69. Web site: Qatar conducts its first legislative council vote . 2022-08-02 . The New Indian Express. 3 October 2021 .
    70. Web site: 2021-10-02 . Polls open in Qatar's first legislative elections . 2022-08-02 . The Indian Express . en.
    71. News: Qatar's first elected parliament may have more power than other Persian Gulf legislatures. Here's why. .
    72. Web site: Emir HH Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad receives accolades from across the World . Qatar Chronicle . 30 June 2013 . 16 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143849/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/politics/32338/emir-hh-sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-receives-accolades-from-across-the-world/ . 8 December 2015.
    73. Web site: Qatar condemns hate speech based on religion, race, belief . 2021-03-23 . . 7 October 2020.
    74. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/qatar-removes-some-antisemitic-violent-material-from-school-textbooks-report-688088 Qatar removes some antisemitic, violent material from school textbooks - report
    75. https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-712845 Qatari textbooks making slow progress on removing antisemitism - IMPACT-se
    76. Web site: Qatar's new leader replaces long-serving Prime Minister . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . 4 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180810142645/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/qatars-new-leader-replaces-long-serving-prime-minister . 10 August 2018 . live.
    77. News: Qatar's new emir replaces prime minister . 4 August 2015 . . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20160207093351/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/193af872-de2e-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#axzz3d5dN9SmO . 7 February 2016 . live.
    78. Web site: 13 May 2022 . The Arab world should step in against the crimes of the occupying regime . https://web.archive.org/web/20231206204916/https://www.leader.ir/en/content/25764/The-Leader-met-with-the-Emir-of-Qatar-and-his-accompanying-delegation . 6 December 2023 . 6 December 2023 . The Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran.
    79. News: New emir seen as savvy and affable but untested at the top . Simeon Kerr . 4 August 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143725/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ca3c97de-dd66-11e2-892b-00144feab7de.html#axzz2XFxYmrA7 . 24 September 2015 . live.
    80. Web site: 9 December 2015 . Syria and Yemen top the agenda at Gulf leaders' summit . 2021-02-10 . . en.
    81. Web site: 6 June 2015 . Qatar fund creates 20,000 jobs in Tunisia . https://web.archive.org/web/20150810164441/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/342205/qatar-fund-creates-20-000-jobs-in-tunisia . 10 August 2015 . The Peninsula.
    82. News: Kristian Coates Ulrichsen. 8 January 2021 . Saudi Arabia just lifted Qatar's 43-month blockade. How did this rift end? . The Washington Post.
    83. News: 2 November 2014 . Qatar pares support for Islamists but careful to preserve ties . . live . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210215/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/02/us-mideast-crisis-qatar-insight-idUSKBN0IM07B20141102 . 24 September 2015.
    84. Web site: 9 February 2015 . Qatar's foreign policy, the challenges in the MENA region . Mediterranean Affairs . 4 August 2015 . 22 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041718/http://www.mediterraneanaffairs.com/en/events/qatar-s-foreign-policy-the-challenges-in-the-mena-region.html . dead .
    85. Ian Black, Qatar-Gulf deal forces expulsion of Muslim Brotherhood leaders, The Guardian (September 16, 2014).
    86. Web site: Omran Salman. 3 February 2021 . Will Qatar's Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood Change after Gulf Reconciliation? . Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
    87. News: Qatar has big investment plans for India . Indrani Bagchi . Times of India . 25 March 2015 . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150401163445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qatar-has-big-investment-plans-for-India/articleshow/46682401.cms . 1 April 2015 . live.
    88. News: Modi holds bilateral with Qatar Emir, meets other leaders . 2019-09-23 . Outlook . 2021-01-19 . en.
    89. News: Phone call between Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and His Highness Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani, Amir of the State of Qatar . 2020-05-26 . . 2021-11-04 . en.
    90. News: Covid-19: PM Modi talks to leaders of Qatar, Egypt and Austria . 2020-05-26 . . 2021-11-04 . en.
    91. Web site: 2021-04-27 . Amir, Indian PM discuss ways to fight Covid-19 . 2021-05-22 . . ar.
    92. Web site: 2021-04-28 . Amir directs sending urgent medical assistance to India . 2021-05-22 . .
    93. News: Amir directs sending urgent medical assistance to India . 2021-04-29 . . 2021-12-02 . en.
    94. Web site: Will Qatar's Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood Change after Gulf Reconciliation? The Washington Institute . 2024-05-24 . www.washingtoninstitute.org . en.
    95. Web site: Qatar Amir: Denial of Freedom Led Arab Youth to Terrorism . Georgetown University . 27 February 2015 . 4 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150804043342/http://www.georgetown.edu/news/sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani-speaks-2015.html . 4 August 2015 . live.
    96. Web site: Qatar's Regional Ambitions and the New Emir . Middle East Institute . Fatiha Dazi-Héni . 9 May 2014 . 4 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150916012708/http://www.mei.edu/content/article/qatar%E2%80%99s-regional-ambitions-and-new-emir . 16 September 2015 . live.
    97. News: 3 Gulf Countries Pull Ambassadors From Qatar Over Its Support of Islamists . . David D. Kirkpatrick . 5 March 2014 . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185543/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/world/middleeast/3-persian-gulf-states-pull-ambassadors-from-qatar.html?_r=0 . 7 September 2015 . live.
    98. Web site: al-Ziabi . Jamil . 2015-02-22 . Qatari FM: We do not support the Muslim Brotherhood . 2021-01-23 . Al-Monitor . en.
    99. Web site: 2017-05-17 . "We don't, won't and didn't support the Muslim Brotherhood," Qatar FM tells Arab News . 2021-01-23 . Arab News . en.
    100. News: Mohammed Morsi: Egypt's former president given life in spying case . 19 June 2016 . BBC News . 18 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041331/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36567761 . 30 August 2018 . live.
    101. News: Hendawi . Hamza . Egyptian court sentences 2 Al-Jazeera employees to death . 30 September 2017 . Associated Press News . 18 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170930181320/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2016/Egyptian_court_sentences_2_Al-Jazeera_employees_to_death/id-74b1debcd2b24a9db4d16868a8116d32 . 30 September 2017 . live.
    102. News: Egypt and Qatar have 'agreed to resume diplomatic relations' . 2021-01-20 . . 2021-12-02 . en.
    103. Web site: 2021-05-25 . Sheikh Tamim invites Egypt's Sisi to visit Qatar . 2021-09-05 . Doha News Qatar . en-US.
    104. Web site: 2021-07-29 . Qatar names ambassadors to Egypt and Libya, says emir's office . 2021-09-05 . . en.
    105. Web site: 2021-08-28 . Egypt's Sisi and Qatar's Tamim meet for the first time since reconciliation . 2021-09-05 . . en.
    106. Web site: 2022-06-24 . Qatar's Emir arrives in Cairo to meet Egypt's President . 2022-06-30 . Arab News . en.
    107. News: 2022-03-29 . Egypt, Qatar sign $5 billion in investment deals . en . . 2022-06-30.
    108. Web site: Christoph Lehmann . 12 July 2013 . Scramble for Foreign Political Influence over Egypt, Between Gulf – Iran – USA/EU, IMF and BRICS . https://web.archive.org/web/20150630133547/http://nsnbc.me/2013/07/12/scramble-for-foreign-political-influence-over-egypt-between-gulf-i/ . 30 June 2015 . 4 August 2015 . NSNBC International.
    109. Web site: Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Warns of the Risks of Fake News on Global Security . 29 October 2020 . mofa.gov.qa.
    110. News: Krever . Mick . 25 September 2014 . Qatar's Emir: We don't fund terrorists . CNN .
    111. News: Bakr . Amena . 2 July 2014 . Defiant Al Jazeera faces conservative backlash after Arab Spring . en . . 29 October 2020.
    112. Web site: 27 September 2005 . SPIEGEL Interview with Al-Jazeera Host Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: "God Has Disappeared" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150717065324/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel-interview-with-al-jazeera-host-yusuf-al-qaradawi-god-has-disappeared-a-376954.html . 17 July 2015 . 4 August 2015 . Spiegel Online International.
    113. Web site: 2023-11-01 . Egypt opens Rafah crossing for foreign nationals and injured Palestinians . 2024-05-24 . POLITICO . en-GB.
    114. News: McKernan . Bethan . Beaumont . Peter . 2024-02-07 . Netanyahu rejects Gaza ceasefire deal and says victory is 'within reach' . 2024-05-24 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
    115. News: Nakhoul . Samia . Mills . Andrew . Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . Pamuk . Humeyra . Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . Pamuk . Humeyra . 2024-02-07 . Netanyahu calls Hamas ceasefire proposal 'delusional' but Blinken sees scope for progress . 2024-05-24 . Reuters . en.
    116. Web site: Secretary Antony J. Blinken With Qatari Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Mohammed Bin Abdulrahman Al Thani At a Joint Press Availability .
    117. Web site: Canada to continue work with Qatar to release hostages held by Hamas, PM Trudeau says . .
    118. Web site: Netanyahu calls Hamas ceasefire proposal 'delusional' but Blinken sees scope for progress .
    119. Web site: CIA director to travel to Europe in effort to revive Gaza hostage-ceasefire talks .
    120. News: Krause-Jackson . Flavia . Gaouette . Nicole . Qatari Leader Calls for Arab-Led Intervention in Syria . 4 August 2015 . Bloomberg Business . 25 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222035/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-25/qatari-leader-calls-for-arab-led-intervention-in-syria . 24 September 2015 . live.
    121. News: Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding-Smith . 17 May 2013 . How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution . . live . 26 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160902095457/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html . 2 September 2016.
    122. Web site: 2020-09-24 . Emir of Qatar: 'We will continue to support efforts to hold war criminals in Syria accountable' . 2021-02-10 . Middle East Monitor . en-GB.
    123. News: Ignatius . David . A new cooperation on Syria . 4 August 2015 . The Washington Post . 12 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150816010212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-new-cooperation-on-syria/2015/05/12/bdb48a68-f8ed-11e4-9030-b4732caefe81_story.html . 16 August 2015 . live.
    124. Web site: Qatari Emir renews support for Syrian revolution . Middle East Monitor . 4 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150726095406/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/18219-qatari-emir-renews-support-for-syrian-revolution . 26 July 2015. live.
    125. "In face of Ghouta defeat, Syrian rebels blame each other ". Reuters. 26 March 2018.
    126. "Gulf crisis seen widening split in Syria rebellion ". Reuters. 14 June 2017.
    127. Web site: Qatar says will not normalize with Assad's regime . 2023-08-25 . www.rudaw.net.
    128. Web site: Qatar's amir leaves Arab League summit before Assad's first speech since suspension over war crimes . 19 May 2023 .
    129. Web site: Syrian President Bashar al Assad attends Arab League summit after 12-year ban . 2023-08-25 . Sky News . en.
    130. News: 2023-05-19 . Syria: Dismay and fear as Bashar al-Assad returns to Arab fold . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-08-25.
    131. News: Qatar emir thanks Putin for support in organizing World Cup . Associated Press . 13 October 2022.
    132. News: Ingle . Sean . 2022-10-13 . Qatar's emir thanks Vladimir Putin for 'great support' over World Cup . en-GB . The Guardian . 0261-3077.
    133. Web site: Motivation behind recent military agreement with Qatar remains a mystery . Sunday's Zaman . Muhsin Karagülle . 9 May 2015 . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151205131822/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_motivation-behind-recent-military-agreement-with-qatar-remains-a-mystery_380227.html . 5 December 2015.
    134. Web site: Qatar, Turkey sign several agreements . . 3 December 2015 . 7 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151207015057/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/360834/qatar-turkey-sign-several-agreements . 7 December 2015.
    135. Web site: Turkey, Qatar sign liquefied natural gas agreement . Daily Sabah . Serdar Karagöz. 2 December 2015. 7 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151207141844/http://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2015/12/02/turkey-qatar-sign-liquefied-natural-gas-agreement . 7 December 2015 . live.
    136. News: Turkey 'to establish military base in Qatar' . . 2 December 2015 . 7 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151206225803/http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/turkey/turkey-to-establish-military-base-in-qatar-1.1630691 . 6 December 2015 . live.
    137. News: 5 October 2021 . Pandora Papers: Qatar ruling family avoided £18.5m tax on London super-mansion . BBC News .
    138. Web site: Qatari emir vows $15bn Turkey investment after Erdogan meeting . 29 October 2020 . . en.
    139. News: 3 October 2021 . Pandora Papers: Secret tax havens of world leaders, celebrities revealed . Deutsche Welle .
    140. Web site: Turkey, Qatar sign 15 agreements to boost bilateral cooperation - Turkey News. 2021-12-29. Hürriyet Daily News. 7 December 2021 . en.
    141. News: 2021-12-07. No boost in Qatari funds to Turkey, amid economic turmoil. en. . 2021-12-29.
    142. Web site: Turkey, Qatar sign 12 agreements, issue joint declaration after high strategic committee meeting .
    143. News: Black . Ian . Emir of Qatar aims to paint positive image of country on UK visit . 4 August 2015 . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005611/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/27/emir-of-qatar-uk-visit . 26 September 2015 . live.
    144. Mendick, Robert; Ross, Tim and Mark Hollingsworth (25 October 2014). "David Cameron urged to press Emir of Qatar on terror funds" . The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    145. News: Amir, UK PM discuss ways to strengthen strategic ties . 2018-07-24 . . 2021-06-11 . en.
    146. News: Amir, UK Prime Minister discuss strategic relations . 2018-07-24 . . 2021-06-11 . en.
    147. News: 4 October 2021 . Who has been named in the Pandora Papers? . .
    148. News: UK forces in the Middle East region . 2020-01-15 . UK Parliament . 2021-06-11 . en.
    149. News: Why Boris Johnson's Qatar gas plan is a cop out . . 17 November 2021.
    150. News: UK asks Qatar to become gas 'supplier of last resort' amid energy crisis . Doha News . 7 November 2021.
    151. News: UK seeks long-term gas deal with Qatar, asks to become 'supplier of last resort' -FT . . 6 November 2021.
    152. Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral: Arab Royals Pay Their Respects Ahead of The Ceremony . 2022-09-19 . Harper's Bazaar . 2022-10-24 . en.
    153. The Best Fashion from Foreign Royals Attending King Charles's Coronation . 2023-05-06 . Harper's Bazaar . 2023-05-15 . en.
    154. News: 24 June 2014 . Qatari Emir visits France . 22 January 2022 . Arabian Business.
    155. Web site: Qatar agrees to buy 24 Rafale fighter jets from France. 2022-01-22. www.aljazeera.com. en.
    156. Web site: 2017-09-15. Qatar emir meets Merkel, Macron on first foreign tour since crisis. 2022-01-22. France 24. en.
    157. Web site: 2017-12-08 . Joint Communique Qatar-France on the occasion of the visit to Qatar of the President of the French Republic . 2022-01-22 . elysee.fr .
    158. Web site: 2017-12-07 . Emir holds talks with French President; Macron in Qatar for official visit . 2022-01-22 . thepeninsulaqatar.com . en.
    159. Web site: 2017-12-08. Qatar, France sign deals worth $14bn. 2022-01-22. Gulf Times.
    160. Web site: 2018-07-06 . Amir hails strong ties between Qatar and France . 2022-01-23 . .
    161. Web site: Amir, French president discuss ways to enhance Qatar-France bilateral relations . 2022-01-23 . Qatar-Tribune . 7 July 2018 . en-US.
    162. Web site: 2021-12-05. Qatar-France ties seeing continuous progress in all fields. 2022-01-23. thepeninsulaqatar.com. en.
    163. Web site: 2021-12-04 . Macron thanks Qatar for Afghan evacuations . 2022-01-23 . France 24 . en.
    164. News: 4 October 2021 . Where are the 336 politicians in the Pandora papers from? . The Business Standard .
    165. Web site: 2024-02-28 . Qatar in pledge to invest billions in France by 2030 . 2024-04-10 . euronews . en.
    166. News: 2022-05-18 . Qatar to invest $5 bln in Spain's EU-funded recovery, Emir says . en . Reuters . 2022-10-10.
    167. Web site: Spain receives Qatar's emir amid global energy crisis . 2022-10-10 . www.aa.com.tr.
    168. Web site: 2022-05-21 . Qatar, Germany sign energy deal . 2022-10-10 . Middle East Monitor . en-GB.
    169. Web site: Nadine Schmidt . 2022-05-20 . May 20, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news . 2022-10-10 . CNN . en.
    170. Web site: 2022-05-23 . Davos updates Urgent need in Afghanistan is saving economy . 2022-10-10 . AP NEWS . en.
    171. Web site: Davos 2022: Qatar says world must resolve 'forgotten or ignored' conflicts . 2022-10-10 . World Economic Forum . en.
    172. Web site: Russia releases five children out of thousands to Ukraine after mediation from Qatar . 2024-03-29 . Sky News . en.
    173. Web site: Russia, Ukraine Exchange Children with Qatar's Mediation . 2024-03-29 . caspiannews.com . en.
    174. Web site: Times . The Moscow . 2024-05-22 . Russia Returns 6 Children to Ukraine With Qatar's Mediation . 2024-06-20 . The Moscow Times . en.
    175. Web site: Ukraine's Zelenskyy arrives in Qatar for talks on returning children held by Russia . 2024-06-20 . www.aa.com.tr.
    176. Web site: Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations . Congressional Research Service . Christopher M. Blanchard . 4 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150328213133/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31718.pdf . 28 March 2015 .
    177. Web site: Statement by the Press Secretary on the Visit of His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al Thani of Qatar . 20 February 2015 . 28 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170216144702/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/02/20/statement-press-secretary-visit-his-highness-sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-al-t . 16 February 2017 . . . live.
    178. News: Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani . Qatar's Message to Obama . 4 August 2015 . . 24 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160719004608/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/opinion/qatars-message-to-obama.html?_r=0 . 19 July 2016 . live.
    179. Web site: 20 June 2013 . Q&A: Afghan Taliban open Doha office . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180712150601/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22957827 . 12 July 2018 . 22 June 2018 . BBC.
    180. Web site: 14 June 2015 . Qatari mediation succeeds in releasing 4 kidnapped Tajiks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150804232120/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2446630&language=en . 4 August 2015 . 4 August 2015 . Kuwait News Agency.
    181. News: Finn . Tom . 2017-07-12 . U.S., Qatar sign agreement on combating terrorism financing . en . . 2021-01-25.
    182. Web site: DiChristopher . Tom . Tillerson praises Qatar for fighting terrorism, undercutting Saudi coalition . 2022-08-25 . CNBC . 11 July 2017 . en.
    183. Web site: Trump Invites Business Leaders (Including Robert Kraft) to Meet With Qatari Emir . 8 July 2019 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032338/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/08/us/politics/trump-robert-kraft-qatar.html . 9 July 2019 . live.
    184. Web site: Joint Statement from the President of the United States Donald J. Trump and His Highness Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani, Amir of the State of Qatar . 9 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120201551/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-president-united-states-donald-j-trump-highness-sheikh-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani-amir-state-qatar/ . 20 January 2021 . . . live.
    185. News: Biden thanks Qatar's emir for help in Afghanistan -White House . 2021-08-21 . . 2023-02-20. en.
    186. Web site: Siddiqui. Tamila Varshalomidze,Usaid. Kabul evacuations resume after hours-long delay. 2021-11-23 . . 21 August 2021 . en.
    187. Web site: 2021-08-21 . Biden thanks Qatar for 'generous support' on evacuating US nationals from Kabul . 2021-11-23 . Hindustan Times . en.
    188. News: Amir to meet President Biden on January 31 . 2022-01-26 . . 2022-02-15 . en.
    189. Web site: Quinn . Colm . Biden Hosts Qatari Leader to Talk Gas Supplies, Afghanistan . 2022-07-26 . Foreign Policy . en-US.
    190. News: 2022-01-26 . Qatar's Ruler to Visit Biden and Discuss Global Energy Supplies . en . Bloomberg.com . 2022-07-26.
    191. Web site: Qatar agrees with Taliban on resuming Afghanistan evacuations . 2022-07-26 . www.al-monitor.com . February 2022 . en.
    192. Web site: House . The White . 2022-01-31 . Remarks by President Biden and His Highness Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani, Amir of the State of Qatar Before Bilateral Meeting . 2022-07-26 . The White House . en-US.
    193. Web site: US will designate Qatar as major non-NATO ally, Biden tells emir . 2022-07-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
    194. News: Shear . Michael D. . 2022-01-31 . Biden Designates Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-07-26 . 0362-4331.
    195. News: Dadouch . Sarah . George . Susannah . Lamothe . Dan . U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan . en-US . . 2021-03-14 . 0190-8286.
    196. Web site: 2020-09-12 . Afghan peace talks open in Doha, 19 years after 9/11 triggered war . 2021-03-14 . CNBC . en.
    197. 2023-09-18 . Why the U.S.-Iran Prisoner Swap Matters . 2023-10-03 . Time . en.
    198. News: 2023-09-18 . Iran prisoner swap: US citizens freed in $6bn deal . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-10-03.
    199. Web site: On Iran's Release of Unjustly Detained U.S. Citizens . 2023-10-03 . United States Department of State . en.
    200. News: Exclusive: Ex-NSA cyberspies reveal how they helped hack foes of UAE . en . . 29 October 2020.
    201. News: 2019-01-30 . Special Report: Inside the UAE's secret hacking team of U.S. mercenaries . en . Reuters . 2023-01-03.
    202. Rabi . Uzi . 2009 . Qatar's Relations with Israel: Challenging Arab and Gulf Norms . Middle East Journal . 63 . 3 . 443–459 . 10.3751/63.3.15 . 20622930 . 144536068 . 0026-3141.
    203. Web site: staff . T. O. I. . Qatari foreign minister rules out normalization with Israel . 2022-08-25 . www.timesofisrael.com . en-US.
    204. Web site: 2021-01-09 . Qatar: 'We will normalise relations with Israel after it commits to Arab Peace Initiative' . 2022-08-25 . Middle East Monitor . en-GB.
    205. Web site: Israeli military officials sent to Qatar as US works to bolster security cooperation . 2022-08-25 . Middle East Eye . en.
    206. Web site: 2022-06-10 . Israel says deal allows citizens to travel to Qatar World Cup . 2022-08-25 . France 24 . en.
    207. News: Qatar readies for leadership shuffle as PM prepares to step down . 27 June 2013 . The Daily Star . 11 June 2013 . Doha . https://web.archive.org/web/20140828020029/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Qatar+readies+for+leadership+shuffle+as+PM+prepares+to+step+down.-a0333343839 . 28 August 2014 . live.
    208. News: . 4 August 2017 . 'Tamim the Glorious' enthrals Qatar . . In the capital Doha, Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani's face is everywhere, thanks to a silhouette of the ruler's profile and the slogan "Tamim al-majd" — Arabic for "Tamim the Glorious" — on bumpers, shop windows, concrete walls and mobile phone cases..
    209. Schanzer . Jonathan . Koduvayur . Varsha . 14 June 2018 . Kuwait and Oman Are Stuck in Arab No Man's Land . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075406/http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/14/kuwait-and-oman-are-stuck-in-the-arab-no-mans-land/ . 18 June 2018 . 19 June 2018 . A young artist's sketch of the Qatari emir, titled Tamim the Glorious, has become a symbol of this new nationalism..
    210. Web site: HH the Heir Apparent's wife attends "Homeland of Freedom And Peace" operetta . . 15 December 2011 . 6 December 2015 . https://archive.today/20130204053311/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/latest-news/175908-hh-the-heir-apparents-wife-attends-qhomeland-of-freedom-and-peaceq-operetta.html . 4 February 2013.
    211. Web site: 2022 . The State and the Basis of its Rule . 11 July 2022 . Al Meezan . State of Qatar.
    212. News: 5 August 2003 . New Qatar crown prince named . BBC News . 17 March 2021.
    213. Web site: ODM of Qatar: Collar of Independence . 2021-06-19 . www.medals.org.uk.
    214. Web site: ODM of Qatar: Collar of Merit . 2021-06-19 . www.medals.org.uk.
    215. Web site: Portal . 6 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150420003609/http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/about-qatar/theemir . 20 April 2015 . live.
    216. News: Bolsonaro condecora líderes do Oriente Médio antes de viagem à região. noticias.uol.com.br. 2021-11-12. pt.
    217. News: Amir awarded Chadian National Order of Merit . 2022-08-13 . . 2022-08-19 . en.
    218. News: HH The Amir And Croatia President hold Official Talks . 2017-04-23 . Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar . 2022-12-29 . en.
    219. News: Qatari Emir and Croatian President hold talks . 2017-04-24 . Emirates News Agency . 2022-12-29 . en.
    220. News: Registro Oficial N°359 . 2018-10-31 . Registro oficial de Ecuador . 2022-11-18 . en.
    221. News: Al-Thani, l'émir qui rachète la France . 2011-06-30 . Le Point . 2022-11-18. fr.
    222. Web site: Quirinale . 22 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224651/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=244590 . 8 April 2014 . live .
    223. News: Major local events in Kuwait in 2013 . 2013-12-24 . Kuwait News Agency . 2022-11-18. en.
    224. News: His Majesty, Emir of Qatar exchange honours . 2021-11-22 . . 2021-12-21.
    225. News: New vistas for Qatar-Oman historic ties . 2021-11-22 . . 2021-12-21 . en.
    226. Web site: President Alvi confers Pakistan's highest civil award on Emir of Qatar . 23 June 2019 . DAWN.COM . en . 23 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624005632/https://www.dawn.com/news/1489946 . 24 June 2019 . live.
    227. News: Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Peru . Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 2022-07-11.
    228. https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/emir-kataru-z-wizyta-w-polsce,88667 Prezydent
    229. News: Real Decreto 367/2022 . 2022-05-11 . . 2022-05-13 . en.
    230. News: Collar of Honour. wawards.org . 2022-03-10 . en.
    231. News: Sudanese President Presents Medal of Honor to HH The Amir . 2014-04-02 . . 2022-03-10 . en.
    232. News: Sudan receives $1bn deposit from Qatar . 2014-04-03 . . 2022-03-10.
    233. Web site: Webdo . 3 April 2014 . 30 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330225204/http://www.webdo.tn/2014/04/03/lemir-du-qatar-decore-president-pied-nez-marzouki-ses-detracteurs/ . 30 March 2019 . live .

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani".

    Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.