The importance of Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew lies in the fact that these words are the earliest recorded attestation of the Tamil language. At some point before 500 BCE, they were incorporated into the various writings of the Hebrew Bible. Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words originating from Old Tamil or the Dravidian languages in general, a number of them have competing etymologies, and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial. It is believed that Tamil's linguistic interaction with Biblical Hebrew, which belongs to the Afroasiatic languages, occurred amidst the wider international exchange of goods and ideas (e.g., the ancient spice trade) between merchants travelling throughout Eurasia via the Silk Road.
The incorporation of Tamil loanwords into the Hebrew language originally came about through the interactions of merchants from the Levant and South India. The mainstream view is that the beginnings of trade between the Mediterranean Basin and South India can be traced back to 500 BCE, when the word (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ζιγγίβερις), which was derived from the Proto-South Dravidian *cinki-ver (for "ginger"), first appeared in Ancient Greek.[1] This indicates South Indians possibly having been involved in trade with the various Mediterranean civilizations centuries earlier.[2] There is some evidence that trade between Greater India and the peoples inhabiting the Mediterranean may have been well established by 1500 BCE.[3] [4]
Due to its native speakers' location—in the critical path of trade between Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India—ancient Hebrew lexicon contains both cultural words that are common to many languages in the general area and loanwords from other languages, including Greek.[5] Some of these loanwords are present in the earliest transcripts of the Hebrew Bible from ancient Israel and Judah. By the mid-19th century, Christian missionaries trained in Biblical Hebrew noticed that there were words of Indian origin (Indo-Aryan and Dravidian) in biblical texts, including from the Tamil language.[6] Some of the loanwords were borrowed directly from Old Tamil into Biblical Hebrew. Others were borrowed via Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, Persian, and the South Arabian languages.[7] The period of these lexiconic borrowings range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.[7] [8] The dating of this borrowing depends on the acceptable ranges of dates for the compilation and redaction of the Books of Kings.
Most of the borrowed words had to do with items of trade that were unique to South India and thus lacked native names in Hebrew.[9] [10] According to Israeli linguists Chaim Menachem Rabin and Abraham Mariaselvam, the Tamil linguistic impact in Hebrew goes beyond just loanwords. The two languages' contact also influenced their poetic traditions and styles, such as those found in the Hebrew Song of Songs, which, according to Rabin and Mariaselvam, shows the influence of Cankam anthologies.[9] [10] [11]
In addition to serving as the earliest attestation of the Tamil language,[12] [13] Hebrew's Tamil loanwords are also an early attestation of the Dravidian languages, to which Tamil belongs. This was before Tamil was widely written, using the Tamil-Brahmi script and dated variously from 600 BCE to 200 BCE.[14] [15] Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words of Tamil, Old Tamil, or Dravidian origin, a number of them have competing etymologies and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial and disputed.[16] There is also a class of words that were borrowed ultimately from the Indo-Aryan languages, which are spoken in North India, but transmitted via Tamil.[7]
| Hebrew word | Meaning in Hebrew | Source language | Tamil word | Meaning in Tamil |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hebrew: תוכים | parrots but meant peacocks in the past | Tamil | Tamil: தோகை | feather[17] [18] [19] [20] |
Hebrew: אֲהָלִים | eagle-wood or agarwood | Tamil | Tamil: அகில் | agarwood[21] [22] |
Hebrew: כורכום | turmeric | probably Tamil but also possibly Sanskrit | Tamil: கூகை (Tamil: கூவை) | turmeric[23] |
Hebrew: ארמון | palace | probably Tamil but has competing etymologies | Tamil: அரண்மனை | palace[24] |
Hebrew: כד | jug | probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages | Tamil: கிண்டி | small vessel[25] |
Hebrew: ריג | weave | probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages | Tamil: ஒருக்கு | to draw out |
Hebrew: מִנִּית | rice | Tamil via Akkadian | Tamil: உண்டி | boiled rice[26] |
Hebrew: פנג | millet | Tamil via South Arabian | Tamil: உணங்கல் | millet |
Hebrew: בּוּץ | fine textile | Possibly related to Tamil, via South Arabian also possibly via Sanskrit. Already attested in Syrian and Akkadian inscriptions dating back to the 9th century BCE. | Tamil: பஞ்சு | cotton |
Hebrew: מסכן | wood | Tamil via Akkadian | Tamil: முசுக்கட்டை | mulberry tree |
Hebrew: פִטְדָה | topaz | Tamil or Dravidian | Tamil: பித்த | bile or yellow[27] |
Hebrew: קוף | monkey | probably Tamil but also possibly Sanskrit | Tamil: கவி | monkey[28] [29] [30] |
| Hebrew word | Meaning in Hebrew | Source language | Tamil word | Meaning in Tamil | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hebrew: אתרוג | yellow citron | Tamil via Persian | Tamil: மாதுளம், or alternatively, Tamil: நார்த்தங்காய் | pomegranate or citron[31] | |
Hebrew: אורז | rice | Tamil via South Arabian | Tamil: அரிசி | rice[32] [33] | |
Hebrew: נול | loom | probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages | Tamil: நூல் | thread | |
Hebrew: מנגו | mango | From English, via Portuguese originally from Tamil | Tamil: மாங்காய் | unripe mā (a species) fruit[34] |