| Babylonian Aramaic | |
| Nativename: | ארמית |
| Region: | Babylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq |
| Era: | ca. 200–1200 CE |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Semitic |
| Fam3: | Central |
| Fam4: | Northwest Semitic |
| Fam5: | Aramaic |
| Fam6: | Eastern Aramaic |
| Fam7: | Southeastern |
| Iso3: | tmr |
| Glotto: | jewi1240 |
| Glottorefname: | Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200–1200 CE) |
| Ancestor: | Old Aramaic |
| Script: | Babylonian Alphabet |
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.[1]
The language was closely related to other Eastern Aramaic dialects such as Mandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain, and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and of the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,[2] and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews. The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by Matthew Morgenstern.[3] (The vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Bible and the prayer book, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.)[4]
Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation, like Law French, rather than a vernacular mother tongue, and continued in use for these purposes long after Judeo-Arabic had become the languages of daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logical terms, such as (conclusive refutation) and (undecidable moot point), which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.
Like the other Judeo-Aramaic languages, it was written in the Hebrew alphabet.
| Independent personal pronouns[5] | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person, singular, common | |||
| Second person, singular, common | |||
| Third person, singular, masculine | |||
| Third person, singular, feminine | |||
| First person, plural, common | We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [6] | ||
| Second person, plural, masculine | It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a) You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b) | ||
| Third person, plural, masculine | We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [7] | ||
| Third person, plural, feminine |
| Copulative pronouns[8] | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person, singular, common | I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b) [9] | ||
| Second person, singular, common | You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b) [10] | ||
| Third person, singular, masculine | Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a) [11] which is it (Nid. 41b) [12] | ||
| Third person, singular, feminine | |||
| First person, plural, common | we are young (Baba Qama 92b) [13] | ||
| Second person, plural, masculine | You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b) [14] | ||
| Third person, plural, masculine | These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b [15] Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a) [16] Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b) [17] | ||
| Third person, plural, feminine | Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b) [18] all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b) [19] |
| Genitive pronominal suffix[20] | Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [21] [22] | First person, singular possessive. My | my person (jevamot 64b)[23] my position (ketuvot 77b)[24] | ||
| [25] [26] | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | your verse (chagiga 15)[27] | ||
| [28] [29] | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | your teacher (pesachim 24)[30] your beauty (Bava Metzia 84a) אמר ליה חילך לאורייתא אמר ליה שופרך לנשי | ||
| Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His | May his great name shall be blessed(Kaddish Shalem, 8th century) | |||
| Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her | She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[31] | |||
| [32] [33] | First person, plural possessive. Our | our land (shanhedrin 94)[34] | ||
| [35] [36] | Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your | Your men (Shabbat 140b)[37] | ||
| [38] [39] | Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your | your baldness (pesachim 110)[40] your crumbs (pesachim 110)[41] | ||
| [42] [43] | Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their | their clothes (Shabbat 133b) [44] from the men | ||
| [45] [46] | Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their | [47] about the women |
| Suffix + אִית | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| He is/exists[48] [49] | |||
| She is/exists [50] [51] | |||
| We are/exist [52] | |||
| You (pl. m.) are/exist[53] | |||
| You (pl. f.) are/exist[54] | |||
| They (m.) are/exist[55] [56] | |||
| They (f.) are/exist[57] [58] |
| Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה) [59] | on the one side ..., on the other side with precise intention for this judge this voice | ||
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[60] | this word/thing | ||
| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[61] | these words/things | ||
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[62] | (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (medial) | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That [63] [64] | His wife of that (man) | ||
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That [65] | that land that language | ||
| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those [66] [67] | Because of those reasons Those others have gone away, and these are others here | ||
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those [68] | (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא) [69] | (Berachot 6b) (any man, anybody, that man ) | |
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)[70] | (nedarim 50b) (That woman, who came before him ) | |
| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[71] [72] | ||
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[73] |
| Accusative pronominal suffix[74] | Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [75] | First person, singular, common | (Nedarim 62) he stole me he supervised me [76] נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ | |
| [77] | Second person, singular, masculine | ||
| Second person, singular, feminine | |||
| Third person, feminine, singular | |||
| Third person, masculine, singular | |||
| Third person, masculine, singular | |||
| [78] | First person, plural, common | ||
| second person, plural, masculine | |||
| second person, plural, feminine | |||
| [79] | Third person, plural, masculine | (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them [80] | |
| [81] | Third person, plural, feminine | (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences) [82] |
There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually function in a passive sense.[83] [84]
| Aramaic verb WROTE [85] | Hebrew verb parallel WROTE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא כְּתַבִית | אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי | ana k'tavit | ani katavti | I wrote | |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ | att' k'tavt | atta katavta | you (m.) wrote | |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ | att' k'tavt | att' katavt | you (f.) wrote | |
| הוּא כְּתַב | הוּא כָּתַב | hu k'tav | hu katav | he wrote | |
| הִיא כְּתַבָה | הִיא כָּתְבָה | hi k'tava | hi kat'va | she wrote | |
| אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן | אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ | anan k'tavinan | anu katavnu | we wrote | |
| אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם | attu k'tavitu | attem k'tavtem | you (m.pl.) wrote | |
| אינון כְּתַבוּ | הם כָּתְּבוּ | innun k'tavu | hem katvu | they (m.) wrote | |
| Aramaic verb CAME [86] | Hebrew verb parallel CAME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי אֲנָא אֲתַאי | אֲנִי בָּאתִי | ana ateti/ana atai | ani bati | I came | |
| אַתְּ אֲתֵית | אַתָּה בָּאתָ | at atet | ata bata | you (m.) came | |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ בָּאת | at ? | at bat | you (f.) came | |
| הוּא אֲתָא | הוּא בָּא | hu ata | hu ba | he came | |
| הִיא אֲתָת הִיא אֲתַאי הִיא אתיא | הִיא בָּאָה | i atat/atai/atjia | hi ba'a | she came | |
| אֲנָן אֲתַאן אֲנָן אֲתַן אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן | אָנוּ בָּאנוּ | anan atan/atenan | anu banu | we came | |
| אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ | אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם | atu atetu | atem batem | you (m.pl.) came | |
| אינון אֲתוּ | הם בָּאוּ | innun atu | hem ba'u | they (m.) came | |
| אינין אֲתַיָין אינין אֲתַאָן יאינין אתן | הן בָּאוּ | innin attajan | hen ba'u | they (f.) came | |
The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffix[87] and a passive participle with suffix:[88]
| Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix | Hebrew active participle WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא | אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב | katevna←katev+ana | ani kotev | I write | |
| כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ | אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב | katvat← katev+ata | ata kotev | you write | |
| כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים | katvinan←katvi+anan | anu kotvim | we write | |
| כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים | katvitu← katvi+atu | atem kotvim | you (pl.) write | |
| Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[89] | Hebrew active participle COME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא | אֲנִי בָּא | atena←ate+ana | ani ba | I come | |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה בָּא | atet← ate+at | ata ba | You come | |
| אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן | אָנוּ בָּאִים | atinan←atu+anan | anu ba'iim | we come | |
| Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY | Hebrew passive participle BUSY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא | אֲנִי עָסוּק | assiqna←assiq+ana | ani assuq | I am busy | |
| עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ | אַתָּה עָסוּק | assiqat← assiq+ata | ata assuq | you are busy | |
| עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן | אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים | assiqinan←assiqi+anan | anu assuqim | we are busy | |
| עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים | assiqitu← assiqi+atu | atem assuqim | you (pl.) are busy | |
| Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME | Hebrew infinitive /gerund | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| (לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא | (לָ)בוֹא | Lemeta/meteyi | la'vo | TO COME | |
| Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [90] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב | אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב | ana eikhtov | ani ekhtov | I will write | |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב | אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב | at tikhtov | ata tikhtov | You (m.sing.)will write | |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין | אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי | at tikhtevin | at tikhtevi | You (f.sing.) will write | |
| הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב | הוּא יִכְתּוֹב | hu likhtov | hu yikhtov | He will write | |
| הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב | הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב | hi tikhtov | hi tikhtov | She will write | |
| אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב | אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב | anan likhtov | anu nikhtov | We will write | |
| אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן | אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ | atu tikhtevu | atem tikhtevun | you (m.pl.) will write | |
| אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן | הם יכְתְּבוּ | innun likhtevun | hem yikhtevu | they (m.pl.) will write | |
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [91] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית | אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי | ana itk'tevit | ani nikhtavti | I was written | |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה | at itk'tavt | ata nikhtavta | you (m.s.) were written | |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ | at itk'tavt | at nikhtavt | you (f.s.) were written | |
| הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא נִכְתַבְ | hu itk'tev | hu nikhtav | it (m.) was written | |
| הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה | הִיא נִכְתְּבָה | hi itkatva | hi nikhteva | it (f.) was written | |
| אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ | anan itkatvinan | anu nikhtavnu | we were written | |
| אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם | atu itkatvitu | atem nikhtavtem | you (m.pl.) were written | |
| אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | הם נִכְתְּבוּ | innun itkatvu | hem nikhtevu | they (m.pl.) were written | |
| Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [92] | Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב | ana ekktev | ani ekkatev | I will be written | |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב | at tikktev | ata tikkatev | you (m.s.) will be written | |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין | אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי | at tikkatevin | at tikkatevi | you (f.s.) will be written | |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא יִכָּתֵיב | hu likktev | hu yikkatev | it (m.) will be written | |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הִיא תִכָּתֵיב | hi tikktev | hi tikkatev | it (f.) will be written | |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב | anan likktev | anu nikkatev | we will be written | |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ | atu tikkat'vu | atem tikkatvu | you (m.pl.) will be written | |
| אינון לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן | הם יִכָּתבוּ | innun likktevun | em ikkatvu | they (s.pl.) will be written | |
| אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן | הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה | innin likkt'van | en tikkatevna | they (m.pl.) will be written | |
|}
The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.
The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.
| Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [93] | Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית | אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי | ana qadeshit | ani qiddashti | I sanctified | |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ | at qadesht | ata qiddashta | You (m.s.) sanctified | |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ | at qadesht | at qiddasht | You (f.s.) sanctified | |
| הוּא קַדֵּיש | הוּא קִדֵּש | hu qaddesh | hu qiddesh | he sanctified | |
| הִיא קַדִּישָה | הִיא קִדְּשָה | hi qaddisha | hi qiddsha | she sanctified | |
| אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן | אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ | anan qaddeshnan | anu qiddashnu | we sanctified | |
| אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ | אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם | atu qaddeshtu | atem qiddashtem | You (m.pl.) sanctified | |
| אינון קַדִּישוּ | הם קִדְּשוּ | innun qaddishu | hem qiddshu | they (m.pl.) sanctified | |
| Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [94] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש | אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש | ana aqadesh | ani aqadesh | I will sanctify | |
| אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש | אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש | at teqadesh | ata teqadesh | You (m.s.) will sanctify | |
| אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | at teqadeshi | at teqadeshi | You (f.s.) will sanctify | |
| הוּא יְקַדֵּיש | הוּא יְקַדֵּש | hu yeqadesh | hu yeqadesh | he will sanctify | |
| הִיא תְקַדֵּיש | הִיא תְקַדֵּש | hi teqadesh | hi teqadesh | she will sanctify | |
| אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש | אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש | anan leqadesh | anu neqadesh | we will sanctify | |
| אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ | אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ | atu teqadshu | atem teqadshu | You (m.pl.) will sanctify | |
| אינון לְקַדְּשוּ | הם יְקַדְּשוּ | innun leqadshu | hem yeqadeshu | they (m.pl.) will sanctify | |
| אינין לְקַדְּשָן | הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה | innin leqadshan | hen teqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will sanctify | |
The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [95] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית | אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי | ana yiqqadashit | ani nitqadashti | I was sanctified | |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | at yiqqadasht | ata nitqqadasha | you (m.s.) were sanctified | |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ | at yiqqadasht | at nitqadasht | you (f.s.) were sanctified | |
| הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ | hu yiqqadash | hu nitqadash | it (m.) was sanctified | |
| הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה | הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | hi yiqqadasha | hi nitqadasha | it (f.) was sanctified | |
| אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן | אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ | anu yiqqadashinan | anu nitqadashnu | we were sanctified | |
| אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם | atu yiqqadashitu | innu nitqadashtem | they (f.) were sanctified | |
| אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ | הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ | innun yiqqadashitu | hem nitqadashu | they (m.) were sanctified | |
| Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [96] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - | אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ | אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ | ana eqqadash | ani etqadesh | I will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | at tiqqadash | ata titqadesh | you (m.s.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין | אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי | at tiqqadshin | at titqadshi | you (f.s.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hu liqqadash | hu yitqadesh | it (m.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hi tiqqadash | hi titqadesh | it (f.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ | anan liqqadash | anu nitqadesh | we will be sanctified | ||||||
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ | אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | atu tiqqadshu | atem titqadshu | you (m.pl.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן | הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | innun liqqadshun | hem yitqadshu | they (m.pl.) will be sanctified | ||||||
| אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן | הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה | innin liqqadshan | hen titqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will be sanctified | ||||||
The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.
| Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [97] | Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית | אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי | ana afqedit | ani hifqaḏti | I deposited | |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ | at afqedt | ata hifqaḏtta | you (m.s.) deposited | |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ | at afqedt | at hifqaḏett | you (f.s.) deposited | |
| הוּא אַפְקֵיד | הוּא הִפְקִיד | hu afqed | hu yifqid | he deposited | |
| הִיא אַפְקִידָה | הִיא הִפְקִידָה | hi afqidah | hi yifqidah | she deposited | |
| אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן | אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ | anan afqedinan | anu hifqadnu | we deposited | |
| אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם | atu afqeditu | atem hifqaḏtem | you (m.pl.) deposited | |
| אינון אַפְקִידוּ | הם הִפְקִידוּ | innun aphqidu | hem hifqidu | they (m.pl.) deposited | |
| Aramaic verb BROUGHT [98] | Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית | אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי | ana ajtet | ani heveti | I brought | |
| אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית | אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ | at aytet | ata heveta | you (m.s.) brought | |
| הוּא אַיְיתִי | הוּא הֵבִיא | hu ayti | hu hevi | he brought | |
| הִיא אַיְיתָא הִיא אַתָיְא הִיא אַתָאי | הִיא הֵבִיאָה | hi ayta | hi heviya | she brought | |
| אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא | אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ | anan aytena | anu hevenu | we brought | |
| אינון אַיְיתוּ | הם הֵבִיאוּ | innun aytu | em hevi'u | they (m.pl.) brought | |
| Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix [99] | Hebrew active participle BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא | אֲנִי מֵבִיא | maitena ←maite+ana | ani mevi | I bring | |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה מֵבִיא | maitet← maite+at | ata mevi | you bring | |
| מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן | אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים | maitinan←atu+maitu | anu mev'iim | we bring | |
| Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [100] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵד | אֲנִי אַפְקִיד | ana afqed | ani afqid | I will deposite | |
| אַתְּ תַפְקֵד | אַתָּה תַפְקִיד | at tafqed | ata tafqid | you (m.) will deposite | |
| אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי | אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי | at tafqedi | at tafqidi | you (f.) will deposite | |
| הוּא לַפְקֵד | הוּא יַפְקִיד | hu lafqed | hu yahqid | he will deposite | |
| הִיא תַפְקֵד | הִיא תַפְקִיד | hi tafqed | hi tafqid | she will deposite | |
| אֲנָן לַפְקֵד | אָנוּ נַפְקִיד | anan lafqed | anu nafqid | we will deposite | |
| אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ | אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ | atu tafqedu | atem tafqidu | you (m.pl.) will deposite | |
| אינון לַפְקְדוּ | הם יַפְקִידוּ | innun lafqedu | hem yafqidu | they (m.) will deposite | |
| Aramaic verb WILL BRING [101] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי | אֲנִי אָבִיא | ana ayite | ani avi | I will bring | |
| אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי | אַתָּה תָּבִיא | at tayite | ata tavi | you (m.) will bring | |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ תָּבִיאי | at ? | at tavi'i | you (f.) will bring | |
| הוּא לַיְיתֵי | הוּא יָבִיא | hu layite | hu yavi | he will bring | |
| הִיא תַיְיתֵי | הִיא תָּבִיא | hi tayite | hi tavi | she will bring | |
| אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי | אָנוּ נָבִיא | anan layite | anu navi | we will bring | |
| אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ | אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ | atu tayitu | atem tavi'u | you (m.pl.) will bring | |
| אינון לַיְתוּ | הם יָבִיאוּ | innun layitu | em yavi'u | they (m.) will bring | |
The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.
| Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [102] | Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation | - |
| הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב | הוּא הוּשַׁב | hu ittothav | hu hushav | it (m.s.) was refuted | |
| אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ | הם הוּשְׁבוּ | innun ittotvu | hem hushvu | they (m.pl.) were refuted | |
| מַלְכָּא [104] | המֶלֶךְ [105] | the king[106] |
| עָלְמָא [107] | העוֹלָם [108] | the world[109] |
| מְדִינְתָא [110] | המְדִינָה [111] | the state[112] |
| מְנָא הָא '''מִילְּתָא''' דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי [113] | מִנַּיִין '''מִלָּה''' זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים | the word/thing[114] |
| '''מַלְכֵי''' / מַלְכַיָּא [116] [117] | '''המְלָכִים''' [118] | the kings[119] |
| '''עָלְמֵי''' / עָלְמַיָּא [120] | '''העוֹלָמים''' [121] | the worlds[122] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי '''מִילֵּי''' [123] | מִנַּיִין '''המִילִּים''' האֵלֶּה | the words/things |
| Aramaic verb | Hebrew verb parallel | English translation |
| בע' [124] | רָצָה | ask, request, want and require |
| חז' [125] | רָאָה | see |
| עבד [126] | עָשָׂה | do/make |
| פלג [127] | חלק | divide |
| צרך [128] | צריך | necessity |
| את'[129] | בָּא | come |
| תנ' [130] | שנה | teach, learn, state, recite and repeat |
| תוב [131] | שוב | return |
| נפק [132] | יָצָא | go out |
| נחת [133] | יָרַד | go down |
| סלק [134] | עָלָה | go up |
| ילף [135] | למד | learn, teach |
| יתב [136] | יָשַׁב | to sit |
| זבן[137] | קָנָה/מָכַר | to buy/sell |
| הדר [138] | חָזַר | to return |
| סלק [139] | הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר | to remove |
| גלי [140] | גִּלָּה | to reveal |
| אסי [141] | רִפֵּא | to heal, cure |
| הוי [142] | הָיָה | he was |
| קום / קָאֵם [143] | הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד | to stand |
| עלל [144] | בָּא אֶל | to enter |
| קָאֵים (qa'em)[145] | – | "rising, standing, referring to"[146] |
| קָאֵים – קָא (qa) [147] | – | – [148] |
| מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן (mai qa mashma lan) [149] | מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ (ma mashma lanu) | "What new point is he teaching us "[150] |
| מַאי קָאָמַר (mai qa'amar)[151] | מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (ma hu omer) | "What does he mean "[152] |
| תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן (tanu rabanan)[153] | שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים (shanu khakhamim) | "the rabbis taught"[154] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mena hane mileji)[155] | מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (minajin ha-milim ha-ele) | "What is the source"[156] |
The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[157]