List of tallest buildings and structures in London explained

At 111m (364feet), St Paul's Cathedral was the tallest building in London from 1710 until it was eventually surpassed by the 118 metre (387 ft) Millbank Tower in 1963. This in turn was overtaken by the BT Tower at 177m (581feet) tall in 1964. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s several high-rise buildings were built, mostly in the western side of Central London and the City of London. In 1980, the 183 metre (600 ft) NatWest Tower (now Tower 42) was completed in the City of London. In 1991, One Canada Square was topped-out at 235m (771feet), becoming the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development.

The 2000s saw the beginnings of a boom in skyscraper building, mostly in the City of London and Canary Wharf. Since 2012, the tallest building in London has been The Shard at London Bridge, which was topped out at 309.6m (1,015.7feet). There are several tall buildings planned for the City and Canary Wharf, with further clusters emerging in other districts of London including: Stratford, the South Bank, Elephant and Castle, Vauxhall, Nine Elms, Islington, Lewisham as well as in places in Outer London such as Croydon.

As of 2022, there are 121 buildings or structures that are at least 100m (300feet) tall in the Greater London metropolitan area, with 24 of these being in the City of London and 27 being in the Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs district. The Greater London metropolitan area contains the second most skyscrapers of any city in Europe after Moscow. There are 56 skyscrapers in Greater London that reach a roof height of at least 150m (490feet).[1]

History

Medieval and early modern period

The history of tall structures in London began with the completion of the 270NaN0 White Tower, a part of the Tower of London, in 1098.[2] The first structure to surpass a height of 100m (300feet) was the Old St Paul's Cathedral. Completed in 1310, it stood at a height of 150m (490feet).[2] St Paul's was the world's tallest structure until 1311, when its height was surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln.[3] [4] It regained the title when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral fell in 1549.[4] [5] [6]

Although the spire of the Old St Paul's was destroyed by lightning in 1561, it still stood as the tallest structure in London,[6] while the world's tallest structure became Strasbourg Cathedral in Strasbourg, France.[7] [8] St Paul's was severely damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666.[9] The title of the tallest structure in London passed to Southwark Cathedral, which stands at a height of 50m (160feet) and no structure in London again rose above 100 metres until 1710, when the current St Paul's Cathedral was completed at 111m (364feet), becoming London's tallest building.[10] [2]

19th century

Few skyscrapers were built in London before the late 20th century, owing to restrictions on building heights originally imposed by the London Building Act of 1894, which followed the construction of the 14-storey Queen Anne's Mansions.[11] Though restrictions have long since been eased, strict regulations remain to preserve protected views, especially those of St Paul's, the Tower of London and Palace of Westminster, as well as to comply with the requirements of the Civil Aviation Authority.[12] [13]

1960s and 1970s

The lifting of height restrictions caused a boom in the construction of tall buildings during the 1960s.[14] St Paul's Cathedral remained as London's tallest building until it was overtaken in 1963 by the Millbank Tower at 118m (387feet),[2] [15] which in turn was overtaken by the BT Tower which topped out just one year later in 1964 at 177m (581feet) and officially opened in 1965 (then known as the Post Office Tower).[2] [16] [17] [18] One of London's first notable tall buildings was the 117m (384feet) Centre Point, completed in 1966.[19]

Others completed in the 1960s include: the Empress State Building at 100m (300feet) in 1961,[20] [21] the Shell Centre at 107m (351feet) in 1961,[22] [23] the London Hilton at 101m (331feet) in 1963,[24] [25] Portland House at 101m (331feet) in 1963,[22] [26] and Euston Tower at 124m (407feet) in 1970,[20] [27] all built on the west side of Central London. In 1969, St. Helen's at 118m (387feet) was completed in the City of London,[20] [28] along with Britannic House in 1967 at 122 metres (400 ft),[29] [30] but the latter was refurbished in 2000, increased to 127m in height and renamed Citypoint.[31] Cromwell Tower, completed in 1973, Lauderdale Tower, completed in 1974 and Shakespeare Tower, completed in 1976, all at 123m (404feet), were built as part of the Barbican Estate in the northern part of the City of London.[32] [33] [34]

1980s, 1990s and 2000s

The NatWest Tower, later renamed Tower 42, was completed in 1980, which at 183m (600feet) and 42 storeys, was considered the first "skyscraper" in the City of London.[35] Its height was controversial, being contrary to the previous height restrictions, it was the tallest building in the United Kingdom at the time and also the tallest cantilever building in the world.[35] Following an over ten-year gap, One Canada Square was completed in 1991 at 235m (771feet) and formed the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development,[35] which itself is part of the Isle of Dogs and can be considered the east-side of Central London. At 50 storeys, it became the tallest building in the United Kingdom.[35]

With the encouragement of Ken Livingstone who was Mayor of London from 2000 to 2008, a renewed trend for building tall was established in the 2000s.[36] [37] [38]

Following another over 10-year gap, 8 Canada Square and 25 Canada Square, both standing at 200m (700feet), were completed at Canary Wharf in 2002.[39] [40] Several others of a smaller height followed at Canary Wharf including: Heron Quays,[41] 40 Bank Street in 2003 at 153m (502feet),[41] 10 Upper Bank Street in 2003 at 151m (495feet),[41] and 25 Bank Street in 2004 at 153m (502feet).[41] In the City of London, The Gherkin was completed in 2003 at 180m (590feet),[42] Heron Tower in 2007 at 230m (760feet),[43] and the Broadgate Tower in 2008 at 165m (541feet).[44] [41] Notably, some of the awards given to 30 St Mary Axe include the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2003[45] and the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2004.[46]

2010s to present

Boris Johnson, who was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016, approved the construction of more skyscrapers in London.[47] [48] [49]

At the time of its completion in 2010, Strata SE1 was the tallest residential building in London.[50] The Shard topped out in 2012 at London Bridge and at 309.6m (1,015.7feet) remains London's tallest building.[51] In 2014, the 225m (738feet) tall 122 Leadenhall Street, nicknamed "the Cheesegrater", was completed in the City of London.[52] In September 2016, a refit was completed of the 111m King's Reach Tower, originally built in the 1970s, which included an 11-storey height increase to bring it up to 150m (490feet) tall and it was renamed the South Bank Tower.[53]

One Blackfriars, also located on the South Bank, topped out in 2017 at 163m (535feet).[54] [55] The Scalpel, at 190m (620feet) was completed in the City of London in 2018 and it was designed to protect views of St Paul's Cathedral.[56] Newfoundland Quay, at 220m (720feet) and Landmark Pinnacle at 233m (764feet) topped out in Canary Wharf in 2018 and 2019 respectively.[57] [58] One Park Drive at 205m (673feet) and South Quay Plaza at 215m (705feet) both also topped out at Canary Wharf in 2019.[59] [60] [61] 22 Bishopsgate, at 278m (912feet) topped out in the City of London in 2019,[62] after being approved by the current Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, in 2016.[2]

1 Undershaft, at 290m (950feet), also approved by Sadiq Khan in 2016,[2] is planned to form the centrepiece of the City of London's skyscraper cluster. It is the tallest skyscraper currently proposed for London and will only be exceeded in height by The Shard.[63] It will be built on the site of the aforementioned 1969 St Helen's building which will be demolished.[64] 100 Leadenhall, at 249m (817feet), and already nicknamed the "Cheesegrater 2", is also planned for the City of London.[65] Spire London, at 235m (771feet) is planned for Canary Wharf.[66] However, construction was halted after concerns that the building only had one escape stairwell for residents on the upper floors.[56] The tallest of the two Riverside South towers that have been planned for construction at Canary Wharf since 2008 would have exceeded that cluster's tallest building, One Canada Square, by 1 metre in height, but construction has been stalled since 2011.[67] [68] Construction has started on the 216m (709feet) tall Consort Place (previously called Alpha Square) also at Canary Wharf.[69]

There is another major skyscraper cluster emerging in the Vauxhall and Nine Elms districts of London.[70] [71] The first skyscraper to appear here was St George Wharf Tower at 181m (594feet) and which was completed in 2014.[72] The tallest tower planned for this cluster is the 200m (700feet) One Nine Elms City Tower.[73]

In 2019, Sadiq Khan blocked the construction of the 290 metre tall Tulip that would have been built in the City of London.[74] After an appeal was launched by the developers against Khan's decision, UK housing secretary Michael Gove rejected the proposal in November 2021.[75] [76]

Tallest buildings and structures

This list ranks externally complete London skyscrapers and free-standing towers that stand at least 100 m (327 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equals sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

RankNameImageHeight
FloorYearPrimary
use		Location Notes
1 310 / 1,016 01.087 2012 Mixed Tallest building in the UK.[77]
2 278 / 912 02.062 2019 Office Tallest building in the City of London.
3 One Canada Square235 / 771 02.050 1991 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of DogsTallest building in the Canary Wharf business district.
4 Landmark Pinnacle233 / 764 75 2020 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [78] [79]
5 230 / 756 04.046 2011 Office City of London Only 202m (663feet) at roof height, but includes a 28m (92feet) mast.
6 225 / 737 04.046 2014 Office City of London Nicknamed "The Cheesegrater".[80]
7 220 / 722 04.060 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
8 219 / 720 35.0N/A 1950 Transmitter Tallest structure in London completed in the 1950s.[81]
9 Aspen at Consort Place216 / 709 35.064 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Previously named Alpha Square[82] Approved April 2016. Topped out September 2023.[83]
10 215 / 705 68 2020 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [84] Approved in November 2014.[85] [86] [87]
11 205 / 673 57 2021 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [88] Wood Wharf A1 building. Application in December 2013 and approved in July 2015.[89]
12 8 Bishopsgate204 / 669 51 2023Office City of London Approved in 2017.[90] Construction commenced in March 2019.[91] Topped out in September 2022.[92]
13= 200 / 656 05.042 2002 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Also known as the HSBC Tower.[93] [94]
13= 25 Canada Square200 / 656 04.042 2002 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Also known as the Citigroup Tower.[95] [96] Currently undergoing refurbishment, to be completed in 2025.[97]
13= 200 / 656 58 2022 Residential Topped out.[98] [99]
16 Harcourt Gardens192 / 630 56 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [100] Initially rejected 12 May 2016, but granted planning permission in July 2016.
17 190 / 630 39 2018 Office City of London[101] [102]
18 Wardian London
(East Tower) 		187 / 614 55 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Application in January 2013,[103] approved in November 2014.
19 One West Point Tower 1 184 / 604 04.060 2022 Residential Part of the Portal West development.[104]
20 183 / 600 07.047 1980 Office City of London Tallest structure in London completed in the 1980s. Formerly known as the NatWest Tower.[105] [106]
21 The Madison 182 / 597 53 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Previously Meridian Gate. Approved in 2015.[107]
22 181 / 594 01.049 2013 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms The crown of the building includes a small wind turbine which helps to generate power for the building.[108] [109]
23 180 / 590 09.040 2003 Office City of London Formerly known as the Swiss Re Building. Nicknamed "The Gherkin".[110] [111]
24= 177 / 581 16.034 1964 Transmitter and Office Tallest building in London completed in the 1960s.[112] [113] Sold in 2024 to MCR Hotels.[114]
24= 177 / 581 53 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Planning application in 2014.[115] Topped out in 2020.[116]
26 172 / 563 40 2019 Office City of London[117]
27= Wardian London
(West Tower) 		168 / 552 50 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved in November 2014.
27= 168 / 552 50 2020 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out in 2020.
29 166 / 546 50 2018 Mixed Nicknamed "The Boomerang".[118]
30 164 / 539 14.035 2008 Office City of London [119] [120]
31= 161 / 528 51 2018 Residential [121] [122]
31= 161 / 528 43 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out.[123]
33 160 / 525 14.037 2014 Office City of London Nicknamed "The Walkie-Talkie".
34 One Thames Quay 158 / 518 14.048 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [124] The 180m scheme was rejected by Tower Hamlets Council but later approved by the Secretary of State. Topped out November 2024[125] [126]
35 156 / 513 22.032 2004 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [127] [128]
36 155 / 508 42 2018 Residential City Forum site.[129]
37 154 / 505 34 2022Office City of London [130] [131] Approved in 2015.[132]
38= 153 / 502 19.033 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [133] [134]
38= 153 / 502 20.033 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [135] [136]
40 152 / 499 36.0N/A 1964 Transmitter Croydon [137] [138]
41 151 / 495 23.032 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [139] [140]
42= 150 / 492 45 1972 / 2016 Residential South Bank Previously known as King's Reach Tower.[141] [142] Height increase from 108m (354feet) to 150.4m (493.4feet), completed in May 2016.[143] [144]
42= 150 / 492 43 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [145]
44= College Road Tower A 149 / 489 49 2022 Residential Croydon Topped out in November 2022. Europe's tallest modular building.[146] [147]
44= 149 / 489 46 2016 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [148] [149] [150] [151]
44= 149 / 489 46 2017 Residential Elephant & Castle[152] [153] [154]
47= Pan Peninsula
East Tower 		147 / 484 02.048 2008 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [155] [156]
47= One Bank Street147 / 482 28 2019 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Formerly known as Heron Quays West. Application submitted in December 2013.[157]
47=147 / 484 43 2010 Residential Elephant & Castle [158] [159] [160] The tallest residential building in London at the time of its completion.
50 Maine Tower (Harbour Central Block D) 144 / 472 42 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [161] [162] Topped out in 2020.
51= 143 / 469 42 2018 Residential Stratford [163]
51= 143 / 469 17.034 1974 Hospital Southwark Second tallest all-hospital building in the world. Tallest structure in London completed in the 1970s.[164] [165]
53 24 Marsh Wall
East Tower 		140 / 458 44 2010 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
54 139 / 456 35 2019 Residential [166] [167] Located at 88 Wood Lane, W12 0FD.
55 250 City Road, Tower 2137 / 454 36 2019 Residential Islington
56 136 / 446 44 2016 Residential Blackwall [168] [169] [170]
57 101 George Street 135.6 / 444 44 2019 Residential Upon completion was the world's tallest modular building.[171] [172]
58= One Bishopsgate Plaza 135 / 443 44 2020 Hotel City of London Located at 150 Bishopsgate, EC2M 4HX.
58= 135 / 443 37.0 N/A 1999 Ferris wheel South Bank The world's tallest Ferris wheel from 1999 to 2006.[173] [174]
60= 134 / 440 44 2015 Residential Croydon [175] [176]
60= Two Fifty One 134 / 440 42 2017 Residential Elephant & Castle [177] [178] [179] Formerly Eileen House.
62 Atlas Building134 / 438 40 2018 Residential Hackney 145 City Road. Replaced Crown House.
63= 133 / 436 42 2013 Residential Stratford [180]
63= 133 / 436 34.06 2007 Stadium Wembley Second-tallest stadium in the world.[181] [182]
65 130 / 428 10.023 2014 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [183] [184]
66= One West Point Tower 2 128 / 420 04.060 2022 Residential North Acton Part of the Portal West development.
66= 128 / 420 39 2017 Hotel Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [185] Tallest all-hotel building in the United Kingdom.[186]
66= Keybridge Lofts 128 / 420 37 2019 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [187] Upon completion was the UK's tallest brick residential tower.[188] Replaced former BT building called Keybridge House.[189] Topped out in 2020.[190]
66= 10 George Street (Wood Wharf E2) 128 / 420 35 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [191] Application in December 2013, approved in 2014.[192] [193] [194] Topped out in 2019.[195]
70 127 / 417 36 1967 / 2000 Office City of London Previously known as Britannic House (1967) at 122m tall, refurbished in 2000, increased height to 127m and renamed CityPoint.
71 Gladwin Tower 126 / 411 37 2019 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [196] [197] [198] Also known as Nine Elms Point. Completed in 2020.[199]
72= 125 / 410 29.026 2007 Office City of London [200] [201]
72= Harbour Central Block C 125 / 410 36 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [202] [203] Topped out in 2020.
74 124.6 / 408.8 36 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Planning application in 2014. Topped out in 2020.[204]
75= 124 / 406 37 2015 Residential Elephant & Castle [205] [206] Formerly St. Mary's. Completed in June 2016.[207]
75= 124 / 408 12.036 1970 Office Euston [208] [209]
77= 123 / 404 08.042 1973 Residential City of London [210] [211]
77= 123 / 404 06.043 1974 Residential City of London [212] [213]
77= 123 / 404 05.043 1976 Residential City of London [214] [215]
77= One Crown Place Tower 1 123 / 403 33 2020 Residential Shoreditch [216] Topped out in 2020.
81= Pan Peninsula
West Tower 		122 / 400 10.039 2008 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [217] [218]
81= 1 Casson Square (Southbank Place) 122 / 400 37 2018 Residential South Bank [219] [220] [221] Topped out in 2018.[222]
81= Stratosphere Tower 122 / 400 39 2017 Residential Stratford [223] [224] Formerly called Broadway Chambers.
81= Chelsea Waterfront West Tower 122 / 400 37 2019 Residential Chelsea Harbour Completed in 2019.[225]
81= Alta at Consort Place122 / 400 34 2023 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Nearing completion.[226] [227]
86 120 / 394 35 2017 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [228]
87 119 / 390 21.033 1963 Office Westminster [229] [230]
88 118 / 387 28.028 1969 Office City of London Formerly known as the Aviva Tower.[231] [232]
89= 117 / 385 15.035 1967 Residential West End [233] [234] Converted from office space to flats in 2015.[235]
89= Conington Road 117 / 385 15.034 2024 Residential Lewisham Tallest in Lewisham Town Centre.[236] [237] [238] Practical completion March 2024. [239]
89= 117 / 385 24.031 1961 Office Fulham Originally stood at a height of 100m (300feet) before a height extension in 2003.[240] [241]
92 Lexicon Tower
(aka Chronicle Tower) 		116 / 380 36 2015 Residential Islington [242] [243] [244] Located at 261 City Road.[245]
93= 115 / 37738 2022 Residential Shoreditch Topped out in 2021.[246] [247]
93= Rudolf Place 115 / 377 37 2021 Office/Student Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out in 2021.[248] [249]
93= 22 Ropemaker 115 / 377 27 2023 Office City of London Topped out in 2022.[250]
93= 115 / 377 37.02 2012 Viewing
platform 		Stratford [251]
97 Queen's Quarter Building 1 114 / 374 35 2021 Residential Croydon [252] [253] [254] Topped out in 2021[255]
97 Halo Tower Building 1 114 / 374 42 2013 Residential Stratford
98= Insignia Point 113 / 371 30 2018 Residential Stratford East Village E20, Site N08 Tower 2, completed in 2018.[256] [257]
98= 113 / 370 33.010 1953 Industrial Battersea [258] [259]
100 112 / 367 35 2013 Residential City of London Also known as Milton Court.[260] [261]
101 Manor Road Quarter 112 / 367 34 2024 Residential Canning Town Tower A. Part of new residential scheme in Canning Town. Topped out September 2023.[262] Topped out September 2023.
102 111 / 364 38.0N/A 1710 Religious City of London Tallest place of worship in London. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1700s.[263] [264]
103 Dollar Bay Tower 109 / 358 31 2016 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [265] [266]
104 108 / 354 13.036 2004 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [267] [268]
105= 107 / 351 30.026 1961 Office South Bank [269] [270]
105= One Crown Place Tower 2 107 / 351 29 2020 Residential Shoreditch Topped out in 2020.
107= Finsbury Tower 105 / 344 28 2021 Office [271]
107= 105 / 344 32.018 1999 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [272] [273]
107= Sky View Tower 105 / 345 35 2016 Residential Stratford [274] Tallest of the Capital Towers development.[275]
107= 105 / 344 34 2009 Residential
(student) 		City of London [276]
107= Pioneer Point North 105 / 344 31 2011 Residential Ilford [277] [278]
107= Lewisham Exchange Tower 105 / 344 33 2021 Residential/Student Topped out in 2021.
113= 104 / 340 31.026 1976 Office City of London [279] [280]
113= 104 / 340 25.029 2007 Residential Blackwall [281] [282]
115 Legacy Tower 103 / 338 33 2018 Residential Stratford [283] Completed in late 2018.
116= Upper Riverside Building 5 102 / 335 31 2020 Residential [284] [285] Topped out in 2020.[286]
116= 102 / 336 39.0N/A 1858 Government Westminster Tallest non-religious building in the world upon completion. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1800s.[287] [288]
116= Hurlock Heights102 / 336 31 2019 Residential Elephant & Castle Architectural height 102 m Tallest building in the Elephant Park Development.[289]
116= Westmark Tower102 / 336 30 2021 Residential Paddington Part of the West End Gate mixed used development scheme in Paddington.[290] [291]
120= 101 / 331 26.029 1963 Office Westminster [292] [293] Currently undergoing refurbishment, expected completion in 2025. [294]
120= 101 / 331 26.028 1963 Hotel West End
120= Skyline,
Woodberry Down 		101 / 331 31 2016 Residential Hackney [295]
120= One Angel Court 101 / 331 24 2017 Office City of London [296] Refurbishment of 97m (318feet) building.[297]
124= 100 / 328 26.027 1970 Office City of London [298] [299]
124= Urbanest King's Cross 100 / 328 26.027 2013 Residential [300]
124= Laurel Point 100 / 328 28 2018 Residential Stratford East Village E20, Site N08 Tower 1, completed in 2018.[301]
124= 4 Casson Square (Southbank Place) 100 / 327 29 2019 Residential South Bank [302] Topped out in 2018.[303]
* Indicates still under construction, but has been topped-out

Tallest under construction, approved and proposed

Under construction

This lists buildings that are under construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328feet. Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are listed above.

NameImageHeight
FloorsYear (est.)Primary useLocationNotes
40 Charter Street (Wood Wharf E4) 185.1 / 607 51 2027 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of DogsUpdated application approved in February 2022.[304] [305]
Vauxhall Square North 168 / 550 50 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [306] [307]
Vauxhall Square South 168 / 550 50 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms
Bankside Yards "Opus"166 / 545 50 2026 Residential South Bank Part of the Bankside Yards development.[308] [309] [310] [311] [312] [313] [314] [315]
50-60 Charter Street Tower 1 (Wood Wharf J3) 161 / 528 49 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved in February 2022.[316]
One Leadenhall158 / 518 36 2024 Office City of London [317] Application submitted August 2016. Approved January 2017.[318]
2–3 Finsbury Avenue156 / 511 38 Office City of London Proposed in 2015, slight design changes, resubmitted application in 2016 and approved in December 2021.[319]
Canada Water Building C4 “The Founding”150 / 492 40 Residential Canada Water [320] [321] [322]
Millharbour Village G3 142 / 466 45 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [323]
2 Trafalgar Way, Tower 1 138 / 451 48 2026 Residential Poplar Part of a new student accommodation development under construction near Blackwall.[324] [325]
The Mall137 / 449 34 Residential Walthamstow [326]
Chapter London Bridge 133 / 436 39 2025 Residential Southwark[327] Construction of a 39-storey student accommodation tower near London Bridge station. Approved in May 2019, with construction commencing in March 2022.[328] [329]
Millharbour Village West G2.1 126 / 413 37 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
Elephant and Castle Town Centre Tower 1 121 / 397 32 Residential Elephant & CastleTallest tower of Elephant and Castle Town Centre redevelopment. Application approved June 2021.[330] [331]
Sampson House B120 / 394 34 Residential South Bank Part of the Bankside Yards development.
Elephant and Castle Town Centre Tower 3 117 / 384 35 Residential Elephant & CastleElephant and Castle Town Centre redevelopment. Application approved June 2021.
Millharbour Village West G2.2 113 / 371 35 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [332]
Twelvetrees Park Tower 1 113 / 371 34 Residential West Ham [333]
Cassini Tower (White City Living) 112 / 367 35 Residential White City [334]
50-60 Charter Street Tower 2 (Wood Wharf J1) 112 / 367 34 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved in February 2022.
2 Trafalgar Way, Tower 2 110 / 358 36 2026 Residential Poplar Part of a new student accommodation development under construction near Blackwall.
Twelvetrees Park Tower 2 107 / 351 32 Residential West Ham
Millharbour Village West G4 102 / 334 32 Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs[335]

Approved

This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328feet.

NameImageHeight
FloorsYear (est.)Primary UseLocationNotes
294 / 965* 74 2030Office City of London Planning application submitted in February 2016.[336] Approved November 2016.[337] Updated proposal submitted January 2024[338]
55 Bishopsgate269 / 882* 63 2029 Office City of London Planning application approved July 2023.[339]
249 / 817 56 2026 Office City of London Planning application approved in July 2018.[340]
Riverside South Tower 1 237 / 778 45 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [341] [342] Build to ground level. On hold.
Spire London235 / 771 67 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs[343] Replaces two proposals on this site – Columbus Tower and Hertsmere Tower.[344] Application 8 October 2015, approved 2016[345] Currently on hold.[346] [347]
Ensign House 224 / 735* 56 2026 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved 17 February 2022.[348]
4 Portal Way Tower 1 203 / 666 55 Residential North Acton Approved 20 July 2016[349] [350]
One Portal Way Tower 1 196 / 643 56 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton.[351] Approved October 2023.[352]
18 Blackfriars Road "Office Building"191 / 627 48 Office Blackfriars [353] [354] This is the third proposal for this development site. Previous proposals included from 2008,[355] and 2016.[356] Approved May 2024. [357]
One Portal Way Tower 2 186 / 610 51 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton. Approved October 2023.
Riverside South Tower 2 186 / 610 37 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [358] [359] Built to ground level. On hold.
Vauxhall Cross Tower 1 185 / 606.9 53 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Approved in April 2020[360]
One Portal Way Tower 3 182 / 597 51 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton. Approved October 2023.
Cuba Street 172 / 564 52 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved after initial concerns by the London Fire Brigade suggesting the single staircase serving the upper floors being inadequate during emergency situations.[361] A second staircase was incorporated into the design and approved by Tower Hamlets council in March 2022.[362]
161 / 528 31 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of DogsHeron Quays West 1[363] [364] 10 Bank Street. Site preparation.
Wood Wharf B1 160 / 525 Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Application 19 December 2013. Approved 2014.
30 Marsh Wall 156 / 512 48 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of DogsNew student residential tower. Approved 31 March 2022 [365]
13–14 Appold Street 156 / 512 45 2019 Hotel Shoreditch [366] Approved 2015[367]
One Station Road 154/ 505 42 Residential Ilford Approved in 2019 by Redbridge council.[368] [369]
99 City Road 152 / 501 35 Office Islington Approved in September 2023 [370]
One Thames City N.10151 / 495 46 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms As per planning application of 2014.
18 Blackfriars Road "Stamford Building"151 / 495 44 Residential Blackfriars Proposal for a 40-storey residential tower at Blackfriars.[371] This is the third proposal for this development site. Previous proposals included from 2008, and 2016. Approved May 2024.
Vauxhall Cross Tower 2 151 / 495 42 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Approved in April 2020
7 Brannan Street (Wood Wharf F1)150 / 492 50 2028 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of DogsOutline application for a new student let tower in the new Wood Wharf development area.
150 / 492 42 Residential Paddington [372] Planned to be the tallest building in the City of Westminster. On hold.
50 Fenchurch Street 150 / 492 36 Office City of London Approved 14 May 2020[373]
56-58 Marsh Wall 147 / 482 46 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved April 2023.[374]
Bermondsey Place Building B4 143 / 469 44 Residential Southwark Formerly known as Malt Street regeneration.[375] The tower is the tallest of a new cluster of buildings, formed as part of the Old Kent Road regeneration scheme.[376]
Skipton House Tower 1 143 / 469 39 Residential Elephant & Castle Approved July 2016[377]
Doon Street Tower 140 / 459 43 Residential South Bank [378] On hold.
Stratford Island Tower 1 140 / 459 42 Residential Stratford [379] [380] Tallest building as part of redevelopment of Stratford Centre. Work expected to begin 2017.
54 Marsh Wall 140 / 459 39 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [381] Proposed 2014. New plans submitted and approved January 2017.[382]
Millharbour Village East G1.1 139 / 456 45 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
West End Gate 138 / 452 39 Residential Paddington West End Gate scheme on the site of the former Paddington Green Police Station. Approved March 2023.[383] [384]
70 Gracechurch Street 138 / 452 34 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development. Approved in February 2021.[385]
55 Gracechurch Street 130 / 426 30 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development in the City of London. Approved in January 2021.[386]
12–20 Wyvil Road 126 / 413 37 2020 Residential Vauxhall [387] [388] Old design Approved.[389] New scheme named Grand South application submitted 2016[390]
Vicarage Field Tower 1 125 / 410* 36 Residential Barking [391] Tallest tower of proposed Vicarage Field development in Barking. Approved 16 January 2017.[392]
Botanical House 124 / 407 36 2027 Residential Croydon Proposal for a new residential tower in Croydon. Approved November 2023.[393]
4 Portal Way Tower 2 123 / 403.5 45 Residential North Acton
Elizabeth House 123 / 403 29 Office South Bank Waterloo
Millharbour Village East G1.3 122 / 400 39 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [394]
Morden Wharf Tower 1122 / 400 36 Residential Greenwich Proposal for a new residential complex in Greenwich. New developer for project announced November 2023.[395]
Cherry Park Tower 1121 / 397* 39 2023 Residential Stratford Tallest building in Cherry Park scheme, Stratford, East London.[396]
IQL Park Place Tower 1120 / 394 35 2026 Residential Stratford Tallest planned building in the International Quarter cluster in Stratford.[397]
One Peninsula Square 120 / 393* 36 Residential Greenwich Peninsula Proposal for a new 820-room student residential tower in Greenwich Peninsula.[398] [399] Approved March 2024. [400]
Convoys Wharf Tower 1 116 / 380 40 Residential Deptford
115 / 378 35 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Phase one under way.
Ram Quarter Tower 113 / 371 36 Residential Wandsworth Part of the second Phase of the ram brewery development, not started yet.
Republic at East India Dock 110 / 360 36 Residential Blackwall Proposal for a mixed use development including a new student residential tower. Proposal approved by appeal after initially being rejected.[401] [402]
Edge London Bridge 109 / 357 27 Residential Southwark [403]
207–209 Shoreditch High Street 107 / 351 30 Hotel Shoreditch [404]
Westferry Printworks Tower 1 106 / 348 29 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved in April 2016 after public inquiry.[405] Demolition of current buildings ongoing.[406]
Skipton House Tower 2 106 / 348 25 Residential Elephant & Castle Approved July 2016
The Bellamy104 / 341 26 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Proposal for a new residential tower in Canary Wharf. Approved July 2022.[407]
Morden Wharf Tower 2103 / 338 30 Residential Greenwich Proposal for a new residential complex in Greenwich. New developer for project announced November 2023.
115-123 Houndsditch103 / 338 24 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development in the City of London. Approved December 2021.[408] [409]
Enderby Place Tower 1 102 / 334 29 Residential Greenwich

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

** Approximate figure.

Proposed

This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328feet. Once a planning application has been submitted, a decision by the relevant authority may take two or three years.

NameHeight
FloorsYear (Proposal)Notes
99 Bishopsgate 226 / 741 54 2023 Application 23/01122/SCOP. Scoping report proposal for the redevelopment of 99 Bishopsgate including the construction of a new 54 storey office tower in the City of London.[410]
North Quay Tower 1 222 / 728 67 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
North Quay Tower 2 212 / 696 61 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
North Quay Tower 3 203 / 666 47 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
One Park Place 199 / 653* 60 2021 Application PA/21/02292/A1. New proposal for a 60-storey residential tower in Canary Wharf.[411]
Vauxhall Cross Island 175 / 574* 53 2017
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 1 (Plot A2) 173 / 567* 50 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[412]
One East Point 170 / 558* 52 2021 Application PA/21/02373/NC. New proposal for a 52-storey residential tower in Canary Wharf on the site of the former Harbour Exchange Square.[413]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 1 167 / 548 49 2024 Application 23/02689/FUL. Proposal for two residential towers in Croydon.[414] Previous application was withdrawn by the developer in 2022.[415]
The Goodsyard Tower 1 166 / 545 46 2015 Decision on planning delayed in April 2016
Project Skylines 160 / 525* 48 2017 Tallest of the proposed buildings of scheme on the Isle of Dogs. Application PA/17/01597/A1
Stratford Waterfront Tower 1 160 / 525* 47 2016 [416] Two towers originally proposed at 47 stories. New plans will reduce height of towers. Part of the Olympic Park development.[417]
Stratford Waterfront Tower 2 160 / 525* 47 2016 Two towers originally proposed at 47 stories. New plans will reduce height of towers. Part of the Olympic Park development.
Borough Triangle Tower 1 158 / 518 46 2022 Application 22/AP/3149. Proposal for one of four towers with the tallest two over 100m.[418]
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 2 (Plot R2) 150 / 492* 41 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.
Borough Triangle Tower 2 149 / 489 42 2022 Application 22/AP/3149. Proposal for one of four towers with the tallest two over 100m.
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 3 (Plot A2) 148 / 485* 42 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.
85 Gracechurch Street 138 / 452 32 2022 Application 22/01155/FULEIA. Proposal for a 32-storey office tower in the City of London.[419]
82 West India Road 136 / 446 39 2016 [420] Residential tower.
East Village E20 Tower 1 135 / 443 36
East Village E20 Tower 2 135 / 443 36
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 4 (Plot A3) 130 / 426* 39 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.
1 Selsdon Way 123 / 403 38 2023 Scoping Application PA/23/00952/NC. Proposal for a new residential tower on the Isle of Dogs.
Mondial House 120 / 393* 35 2016 [421] 102 George Street, Croydon. Recommended for approval.[422] Replaces original proposal of 40 storeys.
One Lansdowne Road Tower 2 120 / 393* 34 2024 Application 23/02689/FUL. Proposal for two residential towers in Croydon. Previous application was withdrawn by the developer in 2022.
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 5 (Plot S2) 118 / 388 33 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.
Houndsditch Street117 / 384 232021Application submitted.[423]
One South Quay 116 / 350* 35 2020 Application PA/20/02649. Proposal for a mixed used development containing serviced apartments and a hotel.[424]
The Culinary Quarter Tower 1 110 / 361* 35 2016 2 Portal Way, Acton. Tallest of two towers proposed. Application 165950EIA.[425]
North Quay Tower 4 107 / 351 30 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
16–19 Hatfields/1-5 Paris Garden 110 / 361 24 2017 [426]
East Village E20 Tower 4 103 / 338 29

* Approximate figure.

Cancelled constructions

This lists proposals for the construction of buildings in London that were planned to rise at least 328feet, for which planning permission was rejected or which were otherwise withdrawn.

NameHeight
Floors*Year'Notes
386 92 1996 [427]
London Bridge Tower (Old Design) 366 87 2000 [428]
300 40 2008 [429] [430]
290 / 951 12 2025 Observation tower in the City of London. Approved 2 April 2019; then refused planning permission by Sadiq Khan on 15 July 2019.[431]
246 53 2002
237 65 2003 Proposal replaced by Hertsmere House
Elephant & Castle, Tower 1 228 55 2001 [432]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 1 227 / 744 69 2016 [433] [434] Approved 2012. Received funding in November 2015.[435] New plans submitted 2016,[436] Application withdrawn November 2022. Site was sold to a new developer in January 2023, and a new mixed-use development proposed in July 2023.
6–8 & 22–24 Bishopsgate Redevelopment (Original Design) 216 50 2002 [437]
New London Bridge House Redevelopment 211 50 2004 [438]
Stratford City Tower 210 50 [439]
Citypoint (Santiago Calatrava) 203 27 1997 [440]
Ropemaker Place Tower 200 38 2001 [441]
Elephant & Castle, Tower 2 182 35 2001 [442]
King's Cross Towers 1 & 2 180 44 1987 [443] [444]
159 / 522 26 [445] Aka Croydon Gateway.
The Blade, Paddington 150 44 [446] [447]
Skylines Village Block B1 148 / 486 45 2012 Application 7 March 2012. Rejected 2013[448]
20 Blackfriars Road tower 1 148 / 486 43 2016 Residential tower, replaced by 18 Blackfriars Road scheme[449]
Ram Brewery Tower 1, Wandsworth 145 / 476 42 2008 [450] [451] Rejected
The Leaf Block F, Ealing 138 49 [452]
Victoria Interchange Buildings 2 & 7 134 42 [453] [454]
Croydon Vocational Tower134 / 440 29 [455]
70–100 City Road Block A 131 / 430 39 2008 [456]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 2 129 / 423 39 2016 Approved 2012. Received funding in November 2015. New plans submitted 2016, rejected in 2016.[457] Application withdrawn November 2022. Site was sold to a new developer in January 2023, and a new mixed-use development proposed in July 2023.
Clapham Junction Towers 1 & 2 127 / 417 40 2008 [458] [459]
Bishops Place Building 1 126 / 414 32 2006 [460]
31 London Street 125 / 410 35 2015 [461] [462] The 'Paddington Pole'. Height was reduced from 254 m (833 ft). Replaced by a new design.
Chiswick Curve 120 / 394 32 2015 [463] Rejected January 2017.[464] Application submitted. Replaced two cancelled schemes – Octopus & Gateway Tower.
Meridian Tower, Greenwich 118 / 387 32 Greenwich Peninsula[465]
St. John's Tower, Stratford 116 / 381 30 [466]
1 Crown Place, Hackney 114 / 365 24 2009 [467] Application withdrawn
Brickfields Tower 108 / 355 30 2013 Planned for White City.[468] Cancelled after Imperial College purchased site.[469]
Walbrook Square Building 1 107 / 351 22 2006 [470] Redesigned
20 Blackfriars Road tower 2 105 / 344 23 2016 Office tower, replaced by 18 Blackfriars Road scheme
Trinity Building 3 100 / 328 25 2008 [471] Existing building to be refurbished
4–5 South Quay Square 100 / 328 30 2006 [472] Application withdrawn

Demolished buildings

This lists all demolished buildings in London that stood at least 328feet tall.

NameImageHeight
Floorsstyle= width:50px;" Year builtYear demolishedNotes
100 / 328 30 1967 2007 Designed by Richard Seifert, replaced by building 74m (243feet) tall.[473]
100 / 328 25 1976 2009 Replaced by The Shard.

Visions of skyscrapers

NameHeight
FloorsYearNotes
Mile High Eco Tower 1500 500 2007 [474] [475]
European Trade Centre Tower 1 5001112019
Citygate Ecotower 485 108 2002 [476]
Mallory Clifford Project 470 100 1998 [477] Aka Southwark Tower
Green Bird 442 83 1990 [478]
Wembley Park Tower 353 1890 [479]
Aldegate Tower 325 85 1989 [480]
Glass Tower 304 80 1852 [481]
Oakwood Tower 300 80 2016 [482] Made of wood, designed by PLP Architecture and Cambridge University for the City of London.
300 70 2004 [483]
The Three Spires 253 64 2009 [484] Three towers, the tallest of which was 253 m (830 ft)
Credit Suisse First Boston Building 250 50 1989 [485]
Glengall View Place 230 54 2006 [486] [487] Greenwich View Place
European Trade Centre Tower 2 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 3 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 4 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 5 230 53 2019
Cricklewood Tower 216 47 [488] [489]
80 & 88–104 Bishopsgate Redevelopment 214 50 [490]
Folgate Street (Project Cosmos) 50 [491]
Skyhouse 168 50 [492] [493] Originally 305m
165* 1865 [494]
Corporation of London Tower 150* 1944

* Estimated height.

Timeline of tallest buildings and structures

This lists free-standing structures that have at some point held the title of tallest structure in London.

NameImageLocationYears as tallestHeight
FloorsReference
1098–1310 (212 years)01.027 / 90 03.0N/A [495]
1310–1666 (356 years)07.0150 / 493 08.0N/A [496]
1666–1677 (11 years)02.050 / 163 04.0N/A [497]
City of London 1677–1683 (6 years)03.062 / 202 05.0N/A [498]
City of London 1683–1710 (27 years)04.072 / 236 06.0N/A [499]
City of London 1710–1939 (229 years)05.0111 / 365 07.0N/A
1939–1950 (11 years)06.0113 / 370 01.010
1950–1991 (41 years)08.0219 / 720 09.0N/A
1991–2012 (21 years)09.0236 / 771 02.050 [500]
Southwark 2012–present ( years) 310 / 1016 87 [501]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

A.This structure was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, allowing a shorter structure to become the tallest in the city.[502]

B.The exact height of the Old St. Paul's Cathedral remains unknown. Heights ranging between 140m (460feet) and 150m (490feet) have all been reported.[502] The spire was destroyed by fire in 1561.

C.If counting the tallest habitable floors in buildings, then the record would be held between 1961 and 1962 by the Shell Centre, at 107m (351feet) and having 26 floors; and before it by the Victoria Tower at 98.5m (323.2feet), completed in 1858 and having 14 floors.[503] [504]

D.If the Crystal Palace Transmitter is excluded as a "building", then the record was held by the "Post Office Tower" (later The British Telecom Tower) from 1962 to 1980, at a height excluding antenna of 177m (581feet) and containing 34 floors, and from 1980 to 1991 by Tower 42 at 183m (600feet).

Citations

References

External links

Notes and References

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  74. News: 16 July 2019 . Tulip tower: Mayor rejects plans for London skyscraper . . 31 December 2019.
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  81. Web site: Crystal Palace Transmitter . SkyscraperPage.com . 26 June 2008.
  82. Web site: Morby. Aaron. HK developer resubmits 65-storey Docklands tower. constructionenquirer.com. 27 April 2016.
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  411. Web site: 1 Park Place . Skyscrapercenter . 16 October 2022.
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  413. Web site: One East Point . Skyscrapercenter . 17 October 2022.
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  417. Web site: Richard. Waite. Major redesign for Olympicopolis to save St Paul's views. Architects Journal. 3 March 2017. 29 March 2017. en.
  418. Web site: Ing . Will . Maccreanor Lavington submits plans for south London housing towers . Architect's Journal . 13 October 2022 . 17 October 2022.
  419. Web site: Ing . Will . Woods Bagot to submit plans for skyscraper by Leadenhall Market . Architect's Journal . 10 August 2022 . 14 January 2023.
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  424. Web site: One South Quay . Skyscrapercenter . 16 October 2022.
  425. Web site: 2 Portal Way. 2portalway-consultation.com. 5 June 2017.
  426. Web site: 22 June 2017 . 24-storey tower proposed for Hatfields and Paris Garden. london-se1.co.uk. 15 December 2020.
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  428. Web site: London Bridge Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 18 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181018230246/http://skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=4689 . dead .
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  431. Web site: Mayor rejects 'unwelcoming, poorly designed' Tulip. 15 July 2019. 15 July 2019. The Architects' Journal.
  432. Web site: Elephant & Castle Main Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 18 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181018225300/http://skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3819 . dead .
  433. Web site: Lansdowne Road Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 8 December 2010 . 18 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018173744/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=5701 . dead .
  434. Web site: One Lansdowne Road . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 20 October 2013.
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  436. Web site: Morby. Aaron. Chinese builder backs £500m Croydon skyscraper Construction Enquirer. constructionenquirer.com. 2 May 2016.
  437. Web site: 6–8 Bishopsgate . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 20 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180120132445/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=89 . dead .
  438. Web site: New London Bridge House Redevelopment . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724073014/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=4816 . 24 July 2011 .
  439. Web site: Stratford City Tower . SkyscraperPage.com . 5 December 2010.
  440. Web site: Citypoint . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 27 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110527235612/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=62 . dead .
  441. Web site: Ropemaker Place Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 18 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018154041/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=63 . dead .
  442. Web site: Elephant & Castle Eco Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 8 November 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20051108201711/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3820 . dead .
  443. Web site: King's Cross Twin Towers 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091912/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=kingscrosstwintowersi-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 5 December 2010.
  444. Web site: King's Cross Twin Towers 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091930/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=kingscrosstwintowersii-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 5 December 2010.
  445. Web site: Ruskin Square Building BO1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021183841/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=croydongatewaybuildingbo1-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 21 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 22 August 2008.
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  447. Web site: Merchant Square (Residential Building) . SkyscraperPage.com . 22 August 2008.
  448. Web site: de Peyer. Robin. Skylines Village development rejected by planning committee. 27 April 2016.
  449. Web site: 20 Blackfriars – Southwark Tower, Building – e-architect. e-architect. 3 December 2016. 26 March 2009.
  450. Web site: Ram Brewery Tower 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091609/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=rambrewerytower1-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  451. Web site: Ram Brewery Tower 1 . SkyscraperNews.com . 5 December 2010 . 18 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018153746/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=5527 . dead .
  452. Web site: The Leaf Block F . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092001/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=ealingbroadwayleaf-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  453. Web site: Victoria Interchange Building 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092044/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=victoriainterchangetower1-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  454. Web site: Victoria Interchange Building 7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092103/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=victoriainterchangetower2-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  455. Web site: Croydon Vocational Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020121215/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=croydonvocationalcollege-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 20 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  456. Web site: 70–100 City Road Block A . https://web.archive.org/web/20070301064702/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=70100cityroadblocka-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 1 March 2007 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
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  458. Web site: Clapham Junction Tower 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091801/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=claphamjunctiontower1-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 5 December 2010.
  459. Web site: Clapham Junction Tower 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091815/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=claphamjunctiontower2-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  460. Web site: Bishops Place Building 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021194218/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bishopsplacebuilding2-london-unitedkingdom . dead . 21 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
  461. Web site: Our proposal . 18 December 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140924/http://31londonstreet.co.uk/our-proposal/ . 22 December 2015 .
  462. Web site: Paddington Place: 'Skinny Shard' proposals submitted to Westminster council . 18 December 2015.
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  464. Web site: Braidwood. Ella. Studio Egret West's Chiswick Curve refused planning. Architects Journal. 14 January 2017.
  465. Web site: Meridian Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 8 December 2012 . 18 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018174411/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=5637 . dead .
  466. Web site: St. John's Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091717/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetjohnstowers-london-unitedkingdom112 . dead . 26 October 2012 . Emporis.com . 27 June 2008.
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  468. Web site: Brickfields Tower . 21 August 2013. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130612033037/http://www.brickfieldsw12.com/ . 12 June 2013. dmy-all.
  469. Web site: Withers. Iain. Imperial moots joint venture for major scheme. Building. 21 May 2016.
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  475. Web site: Mile High Eco Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . 7 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007084310/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=852 . dead .
  476. Web site: Citygate Ecotower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072542/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=189 . 24 July 2011 .
  477. Web site: Mallory Clifford Project . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072314/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=188 . 24 July 2011 .
  478. Web site: Green Bird . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072326/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=187 . 24 July 2011 .
  479. Web site: Wembley Park Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072721/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=66 . 24 July 2011 .
  480. Web site: Aldegate Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072426/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=65 . 24 July 2011 .
  481. Web site: Glass Tower . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  482. News: PLP proposes London's first wooden skyscraper at Barbican. 8 April 2016. Dezeen. 5 September 2017. en-US.
  483. Web site: Vortex Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072557/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=60 . 24 July 2011 .
  484. Web site: The Three Houses . skyscrapernews.com . 24 November 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072259/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/news.php?ref=2020 . 24 July 2011 .
  485. Web site: Credit Suisse First Boston Building . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072809/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=4297 . 24 July 2011 .
  486. Web site: Glengall View Place . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  487. Web site: Glengall View Place . SkyscraperNews.com . 17 December 2010 . 28 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101128235136/http://skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=4690 . dead .
  488. Web site: Cricklewood Tower . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  489. Web site: Cricklewood Tower . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072940/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=116 . 24 July 2011 .
  490. Web site: 80 & 88–104 Bishopsgate Redevelopment . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  491. Web site: Folgate Street (Project Cosmos) . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  492. Web site: Skyhouse . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072633/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=110 . 24 July 2011 .
  493. Web site: Skyhouse . SkyscraperPage.com . 10 December 2010.
  494. Web site: Royal Courts of Justice . SkyscraperNews.com . 10 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724072747/http://www.skyscrapernews.net/buildings.php?id=4629 . 24 July 2011 .
  495. Web site: The Tower of London . SkyscraperPage.com . 6 July 2008.
  496. Web site: Old St. Paul's Cathedral . SkyscraperPage.com . 6 July 2008.
  497. Web site: Southwark Cathedral . SkyscraperPage.com . 30 June 2008.
  498. Web site: The Monument . SkyscraperPage.com . 30 June 2008.
  499. Web site: Church of St. Mary-Le-Bow . SkyscraperPage.com . 30 June 2008.
  500. Web site: Heron Tower . Member from SkyscraperPage.com . 13 April 2010.
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  503. House of Commons Information Office;The Palace of Westminster; Factsheet G11; General Series; Revised May 2009: Web site: Archived copy . 22 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113602/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/G11.pdf . 4 March 2007 .
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