Tajik alphabet explained

The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history: an adaptation of the Perso-Arabic script, an adaptation of the Latin script and an adaptation of the Cyrillic script. Any script used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet, which is written as Tajik: алифбои тоҷикӣ in Cyrillic characters, Tajik: الفبای تاجیکی with Perso-Arabic script and Tajik: alifboji toçikī in Latin script.

The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history, with Arabic being used first, followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan. The Bukhori dialect spoken by Bukharan Jews traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet but more often today is written using the Cyrillic variant.

Political context

As with many post-Soviet states, the change in writing system and the debates surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes. Although not having been used since the adoption of Cyrillic, the Latin script is supported by those who wish to bring the country closer to Uzbekistan, which has adopted the Latin-based Uzbek alphabet. The Persian alphabet is supported by the devoutly religious, Islamists, and by those who wish to bring the country closer to Iran, Afghanistan, and their Persian heritage. As the de facto standard, the Cyrillic alphabet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain the status quo, and not distance the country from Russia.

History

As a result of the influence of Islam in the region, Tajik was written in the Persian alphabet up to the 1920s. Until this time, the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered a dialect of the Persian language. The Soviets began by simplifying the Persian alphabet in 1923, before moving to a Latin-based system in 1927. The Latin script was introduced by the Soviet Union as part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the, at that time, largely illiterate population, from the Islamic Central Asia. There were also practical considerations. The regular Persian alphabet, being an abjad, does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik. In addition, the abjad is more difficult to learn, each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word.

The Decree on Romanisation made this law in April 1928. The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work by Turcophone scholars who aimed to produce a unified Turkic alphabet, despite Tajik not being a Turkic language. The literacy campaign was successful, with near-universal literacy being achieved by the 1950s.

As part of the "russification" of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.^[1] ^[2] The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.^[3]

The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state-language law. the de facto standard in use was the Cyrillic alphabet and, only a very small part of the population could read the Persian alphabet.

Variants

The letters of the major versions of the Tajik alphabet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also a comparative table below.

Persian alphabet

A variant of the Persian alphabet (technically an abjad) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic script, with the exception of Tajik: ا (alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks.

**The Tajik alphabet in Persian**
Tajik: ذ	Tajik: د	Tajik: خ	Tajik: ح	Tajik: چ	Tajik: ج	Tajik: ث	Tajik: ت	Tajik: پ	Tajik: ب	Tajik: ا
pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //d//	pronounced as //χ//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //tʃ//	pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //p//	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //ɔː//
Tajik: غ	Tajik: ع	Tajik: ظ	Tajik: ط	Tajik: ض	Tajik: ص	Tajik: ش	Tajik: س	Tajik: ژ	Tajik: ز	Tajik: ر
pronounced as //ʁ//	pronounced as //ʔ//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //ɾ//
	Tajik: ی	Tajik: ه	Tajik: و	Tajik: ن	Tajik: م	Tajik: ل	Tajik: گ	Tajik: ک	Tajik: ف	Tajik: ق
	pronounced as //j//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //v//	pronounced as //n//	pronounced as //m//	pronounced as //l//	pronounced as //ɡ//	pronounced as //k//	pronounced as //f//	pronounced as //q//

Latin

The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence. Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929. A slightly different version used by Jews speaking the Bukhori dialect included three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects:,, and . in particular represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative, a feature of the Bukhori dialect.^[4]

**The Tajik alphabet in Latin**
Tajik: A a\|italic=no	Tajik: B ʙ\|italic=no	Tajik: C c\|italic=no	Tajik: Ç ç\|italic=no	Tajik: D d\|italic=no	Tajik: E e\|italic=no	Tajik: F f\|italic=no	Tajik: G g\|italic=no	Tajik: Ƣ ƣ\|italic=no	Tajik: H h\|italic=no	Tajik: I i\|italic=no
pronounced as //æ//	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //tʃ//	pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //d//	pronounced as //eː//	pronounced as //f//	pronounced as //ɡ//	pronounced as //ʁ//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //i//
Tajik: Ī ī\|italic=no	Tajik: J j\|italic=no	Tajik: K k\|italic=no	Tajik: L l\|italic=no	Tajik: M m\|italic=no	Tajik: N n\|italic=no	Tajik: O o\|italic=no	Tajik: P p\|italic=no	Tajik: Q q\|italic=no	Tajik: R r\|italic=no	Tajik: S s\|italic=no
pronounced as //ˈi//	pronounced as //j//	pronounced as //k//	pronounced as //l//	pronounced as //m//	pronounced as //n//	pronounced as //ɔː//	pronounced as //p//	pronounced as //q//	pronounced as //ɾ//	pronounced as //s//
Tajik: Ş ş\|italic=no	Tajik: T t\|italic=no	Tajik: U u\|italic=no	Tajik: Ū ū\|italic=no	Tajik: V v\|italic=no	Tajik: X x\|italic=no	Tajik: Z z\|italic=no	Tajik: Ƶ ƶ\|italic=no	Tajik: ʼ\|italic=no
pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //u//	pronounced as //ɵː//	pronounced as //v//	pronounced as //χ//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //ʔ//

The unusual character Tajik: [[Gha|Ƣ]] is called Gha and represents the phoneme pronounced as //ʁ//. The character is found in Yañalif in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not widely used today, although its adoption is advocated by certain groups.

Cyrillic

The Cyrillic script was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin script that had been used since the October Revolution. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian alphabet were banned from the country. The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952.

**The Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic**
Tajik: А а	Tajik: Б б	Tajik: В в	Tajik: Г г	Tajik: Ғ ғ	Tajik: Д д	Tajik: Е е	Tajik: Ё ё	Tajik: Ж ж	Tajik: З з	Tajik: И и	Tajik: Ӣ ӣ
Tajik: а	Tajik: бе	Tajik: ве	Tajik: ге	Tajik: ғе	Tajik: де	Tajik: е (йэ)	Tajik: ё (йо)	Tajik: же	Tajik: зе	Tajik: и	Tajik: и-и заданок
	pronounced as //æ//	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //v//	pronounced as //ɡ//	pronounced as //ʁ//	pronounced as //d//	pronounced as //eː//	pronounced as //jɔː//	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //i//	pronounced as //ˈi//
Tajik: Й й	Tajik: К к	Tajik: Қ қ	Tajik: Л л	Tajik: М м	Tajik: Н н	Tajik: О о	Tajik: П п	Tajik: Р р	Tajik: С с	Tajik: Т т	Tajik: У у
Tajik: йи, и-и кӯтоҳ	Tajik: ке	Tajik: қе	Tajik: ле	Tajik: ме	Tajik: не	Tajik: о	Tajik: пе	Tajik: ре	Tajik: се	Tajik: те	Tajik: у
pronounced as //j//	pronounced as //k//	pronounced as //q//	pronounced as //l//	pronounced as //m//	pronounced as //n//	pronounced as //ɔː//	pronounced as //p//	pronounced as //ɾ//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //u//
Tajik: Ӯ ӯ	Tajik: Ф ф	Tajik: Х х	Tajik: Ҳ ҳ	Tajik: Ч ч	Tajik: Ҷ ҷ	Tajik: Ш ш	Tajik: Ъ ъ	Tajik: Э э	Tajik: Ю ю	Tajik: Я я
Tajik: ӯ	Tajik: фе	Tajik: хе	Tajik: ҳе	Tajik: че	Tajik: ҷе	Tajik: ше	Tajik: аломати сакта	Tajik: э	Tajik: ю (йу)	Tajik: я (йа)
	pronounced as //ɵː//	pronounced as //f//	pronounced as //χ//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //tʃ//	pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //ʔ//	pronounced as //eː//	pronounced as //ju//	pronounced as //jæ//

Before 1998, the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet contained 39 letters in the following order: Tajik: а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ғ ӣ қ ӯ ҳ ҷ (the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 6 additional letters as distinct letters at the end). The letters Tajik: ц, Tajik: щ and Tajik: ы were used only in loanwords; the letter Tajik: ь was used in the combinations Tajik: ье, Tajik: ьё, Tajik: ью, Tajik: ья (for pronounced as //jeː, jɔː, ju, jæ// after consonants) and in loanwords. The letters Tajik: ц, Tajik: щ, Tajik: ы, and Tajik: ь were officially dropped from the alphabet in the 1998 reform. Loanwords are now respelled using native Tajik letters: Tajik: тс after vowels, otherwise Tajik: с for Tajik: ц; Tajik: шч for Tajik: щ; Tajik: и for Tajik: ы; Tajik: ь is replaced by Tajik: й in Tajik: ье (also Tajik: ьи, ьо in loanwords), dropped otherwise (including Tajik: ьё, Tajik: ью, Tajik: ья). Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g. Tajik: г, Tajik: ғ and Tajik: к, Tajik: қ, etc. leading to the present order (35 letters): Tajik: а б в г ғ д е ё ж з и ӣ й к қ л м н о п р с т у ӯ ф х ҳ ч ҷ ш ъ э ю я. In 2010, it was suggested that the letters Tajik: е ё ю я might be dropped as well. The letters Tajik: е and Tajik: э represent the same sound, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. Tajik: Эрон, "Iran"). The sound combination pronounced as //jeː// is represented by Tajik: е at the beginning of words, otherwise by Tajik: йе.

The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet:

Description						Ч with descender
Letter				Ӯ		Ҷ
Phoneme	pronounced as //ʁ//	pronounced as //ˈi//	pronounced as //q//	pronounced as //ɵː//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //dʒ//

During the period when the Cyrillicization took place, Ӷ ӷ also appeared a few times in the table of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet.

Transliteration standards

The transliteration standards for the Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet are as follows:

Cyrillic	IPA	ISO 9 (1995) ¹	KNAB (1981) ²	WWS (1996) ³	ALA-LC ⁴	Allworth ⁵	BGN/PCGN ⁶
Tajik: А а	pronounced as //æ//	a	a	a	a	a	a
Tajik: Б б	pronounced as //b//	b	b	b	b	b	b
Tajik: В в	pronounced as //v//	v	v	v	v	v	v
Tajik: Г г	pronounced as //ɡ//	g	g	g	g	g	g
Tajik: Ғ ғ	pronounced as //ʁ//	ġ	gh	gh	ḡ	gh	gh
Tajik: Д д	pronounced as //d//	d	d	d	d	d	d
Tajik: Е е	pronounced as //jeː, eː//	e	e, ye	e	e	ye‐, ‐e‐	e
Tajik: Ё ё	pronounced as //jɔː//	ë	yo	ë	ë	yo	yo
Tajik: Ж ж	pronounced as //ʒ//	ž	zh	zh	ž	zh	zh
Tajik: З з	pronounced as //z//	z	z	z	z	z	z
Tajik: И и	pronounced as //i//	i	i	i	i	i	i
Tajik: Ӣ ӣ	pronounced as //ɘ//	ī	ī	ī	ī	ī	í
Tajik: Й й	pronounced as //j//	j	y	ĭ	j	y	y
Tajik: К к	pronounced as //kʰ//	k	k	k	k	k	k
Tajik: Қ қ	pronounced as //qʰ//	ķ	q	q	ķ	q	q
Tajik: Л л	pronounced as //l//	l	l	l	l	l	l
Tajik: М м	pronounced as //m//	m	m	m	m	m	m
Tajik: Н н	pronounced as //n//	n	n	n	n	n	n
Tajik: О о	pronounced as //ɔː//	o	o	o	o	o	o
Tajik: П п	pronounced as //pʰ//	p	p	p	p	p	p
Tajik: Р р	pronounced as //r//	r	r	r	r	r	r
Tajik: С с	pronounced as //s//	s	s	s	s	s	s
Tajik: Т т	pronounced as //tʰ//	t	t	t	t	t	t
Tajik: У у	pronounced as //u//	u	u	u	u	u	u
Tajik: Ӯ ӯ	pronounced as //ɵː//	ū	ū	ū	ū	ū	ŭ
Tajik: Ф ф	pronounced as //f//	f	f	f	f	f	f
Tajik: Х х	pronounced as //χ//	h	kh	kh	x	kh	kh
Tajik: Ҳ ҳ	pronounced as //h//	ḩ	h	ḩ	x	h	h
Tajik: Ч ч	pronounced as //tʃʰ//	č	ch	ch	č	ch	ch
Tajik: Ҷ ҷ	pronounced as //dʒ//	ç	j	j	č̦	j	j
Tajik: Ш ш	pronounced as //ʃ//	š	sh	sh	š	sh	sh
Tajik: Ъ ъ	pronounced as //ʔ//	'	'	'	'	"	'
Tajik: Э э	pronounced as //eː//	è	è, e	ė	è	e	ė
Tajik: Ю ю	pronounced as //ju//	û	yu	i͡u	ju	yu	yu
Tajik: Я я	pronounced as //jæ//	â	ya	i͡a	ja	ya	ya

Notes to the table above:

ISO 9 — The International Organization for Standardization ISO 9 specification.
KNAB — From the placenames database of the Institute of the Estonian Language.
WWS — From World’s Writing Systems, Bernard Comrie (ed.)
ALA-LC — The standard of the Library of Congress and the American Library Association.
Edward Allworth, ed. Nationalities of the Soviet East. Publications and Writing Systems (NY: Columbia University Press, 1971)
BGN/PCGN — The standard of the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use.

Hebrew

The Hebrew alphabet (an abjad like the Persian alphabet) is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara.^[5] ^[6] Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik.

**The Tajik alphabet in Hebrew**
גׄ	Tajik: ג׳	Tajik: ג	Tajik: גּ	Tajik: בּ	Tajik: ב	Tajik: אֵי	Tajik: אִי	Tajik: אוּ	Tajik: אוֹ	Tajik: אָ	Tajik: אַ
pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //tʃ//	pronounced as //ʁ//	pronounced as //ɡ//	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //v//	pronounced as //e//	pronounced as //i//	pronounced as //u//	pronounced as //ɵ//	pronounced as //ɔ//	pronounced as //a//
Tajik: מ ם	Tajik: ל	Tajik: כּ ךּ	Tajik: כ ך	Tajik: י	Tajik: טּ	Tajik: ט	Tajik: ח	Tajik: ז׳	Tajik: ז	Tajik: ו	Tajik: ה	Tajik: דּ	Tajik: ד
pronounced as //m//	pronounced as //l//	pronounced as //k//	pronounced as //χ//	pronounced as //j//	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //ħ//	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //z//	pronounced as //v//	pronounced as //h//	pronounced as //d//	pronounced as //z//
Tajik: תּ \|	Tajik: ת \|	Tajik: שׂ	Tajik: שׁ	Tajik: ר	Tajik: ק	Tajik: צ ץ	Tajik: פּ ףּ	Tajik: פ ף	Tajik: ע	Tajik: ס	Tajik: נ ן
pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //r//	pronounced as //q//	pronounced as //ts//	pronounced as //p//	pronounced as //f//	pronounced as //ʔ//	pronounced as //s//	pronounced as //n//

Samples

Tajik Cyrillic, Tajik Latin and Persian alphabet

Cyrillic	Latin	Persian	Hebrew	English Translation
Tajik: Тамоми одамон озод ба дунё меоянд ва аз лиҳози манзилату ҳуқуқ бо ҳам баробаранд. Ҳама соҳиби ақлу виҷдонанд, бояд нисбат ба якдигар бародарвор муносабат намоянд.	Tajik: Tamomi odamon ozod ba dunjo meojand va az lihozi manzilatu huquq bo ham barobarand. Hama sohibi aqlu viçdonand, bojad nisbat ba jakdigar barodarvor munosabat namojand.		תמאם אדמאן אזאד בה דניא מיאינד ואז לחאז מנזלת וחקוק בא הם בראברנד. המה צאחב עקל וג׳דאננד، באיד נסבת בה יכדיגר בראדרואר מנאסבת נמאינד.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into the Latin script appears as follows:

And the BGN/PCGN transliteration of the Cyrillic text:

Tajik Cyrillic and Persian alphabet

Vowel-pointed Persian includes the vowels that are not usually written.

Cyrillic	vowel-pointed Persian	Persian	vowel-pointed Hebrew	Hebrew
	Tajik: {{nq\|بَنی‌آدَم اَعضایِ یَک پَیکَرَند، که دَر آفَرینِش زِ یَک گَوهَرَند. چو عُضوی به دَرد آوَرَد روزگار، دِگَر عُضوها را نَمانَد قَرار. Tajik: {{nq\|[[Saadi Shirazi\|سَعدی]]	Tajik: {{nq\|بنی‌آدم اعضای یک پیکرند، که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند. چو عضوی به درد آورد روزگار، دگر عضوها را نماند قرار. Tajik: {{nq\|[[Saadi Shirazi\|سعدی]]	בַּנִי־אָדַם אַעְזָאי יַךּ פַּיְכַּרַנְד, כִּה דַר אָפַרִינִשׁ זִ יַךּ גַוְהַרַנְד. ג׳וּ עֻזְוֵי בַּה דַרְד אָוַרַד רוֹזְגָּאר דִגַּר עֻזְוְהָא רָא נַמָאנַד קַרָאר סַעְדִי.	בני־אדם אעזאי יך פיכרנד, כה דר אפרינש ז יך גוהרנד. ג׳ו עזוי בה דרד אורד רוזגאר דגר עזוהא רא נמאינד קראר סעדי.
	Tajik: {{nq\|مُردَه بُدَم، زِندَه شُدَم؛ گِریَه بُدَم، خَندَه شُدَم. دَولَتِ عِشق آمَد و مَن دَولَتِ پایَندَه شُدَم. Tajik: {{nq\|[[Rumi\|مَولَوی]]	Tajik: {{nq\|مرده بدم، زنده شدم؛ گریه بدم، خنده شدم. دولت عشق آمد و من دولت پاینده شدم. Tajik: {{nq\|[[Rumi\|مولوی]]	מֻרְדַה בֻּדַם זִנְדַה שֻׁדַם; גִּרְיַה בֻּדַם, כַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. דַוְלַתִ עִשְק אָמַד וּמַן דַוְלַתִ פָּאיַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. מַוְלַוִי	מרדה בדם זנדה שדם; גריה בדם, כנדה שדם. דולת עשק אמד ומן דולת פאינדה שדם. מולוי

Comparative table

A table comparing the different writing systems used for the Tajik alphabet. The Latin here is based on the 1929 standard, the Cyrillic on the revised 1998 standard, and Persian letters are given in their stand-alone forms.

Cyrillic	Latin	Modern Latin script	Persian	Phonetic value (IPA)	Examples
А а	A a	A a	اَ، ـَ، ـَه	pronounced as //a//	санг = سَنگ
Б б	B b	B b	ﺏ	pronounced as //b//	барг = بَرگ
В в	V v	V v	و	pronounced as //v//	номвар = ناموَر
Г г	G g	G g	گ	pronounced as //ɡ//	санг = سَنگ
Ғ ғ	Ƣ ƣ	Gh gh	ﻍ	pronounced as //ʁ//	ғор = غار, Бағдод = بَغداد
Д д	D d	D d	ﺩ	pronounced as //d//	модар = مادَر, Бағдод = بَغداد
Е е	E e	E e	ای، ـی	pronounced as //e//	шер = شیر, меравам = می‌رَوَم
Ё ё	Jo jo	Yo yo	یا	pronounced as //jɔ//	дарё = دَریا, осиёб = آسِیاب
Ж ж	Ƶ ƶ	Zj zj	ژ	pronounced as //ʒ//	жола = ژالَه, каждум = کَژدُم
З з	Z z	Z z	ﺯ، ﺫ، ﺽ، ﻅ	pronounced as //z//	баъз = بَعض, назар = نَظَر, заҳоб = ذَهاب, замин = زَمِین
И и	I i	I i; 'I, 'i (after vowel)	اِ، ـِ، ـِه؛ اِیـ، ـِیـ	pronounced as //i//	ихтиёр = اِختِیار
Ӣ ӣ	Ī ī	Yí yí	ـِی	pronounced as //ˈi//	зебоӣ = زیبائِی
Й й	J j	Y y	ی	pronounced as //j//	май = مَی
К к	K k	K k	ک	pronounced as //k//	кадом = کَدام
Қ қ	Q q	Q q	ﻕ	pronounced as //q//	қадам = قَدَم
Л л	L l	L l	ﻝ	pronounced as //l//	лола = لالَه
М м	M m	M m	ﻡ	pronounced as //m//	мурдагӣ = مُردَگِی
Н н	N n	N n	ﻥ	pronounced as //n//	нон = نان
О о	O o	O o	آ، ـا	pronounced as //ɔ//	орзу = آرزُو
П п	P p	P p	پ	pronounced as //p//	панҷ = پَنج
Р р	R r	R r	ﺭ	pronounced as //ɾ//	ранг = رَنگ
С с	S s	S s	ﺱ، ﺙ، ﺹ	pronounced as //s//	сар = سَر, субҳ = صُبح, сурайё = ثُرَیا
Т т	T t	T t	ﺕ، ﻁ	pronounced as //t//	тоҷик = تاجِیک, талаб = طَلَب
У у	U u	U u	اُ، ـُ؛ اُو، ـُو	pronounced as //u//	дуд = دُود
Ӯ ӯ	Ū ū	Uo uo	او، ـو	pronounced as //ɵ//	хӯрдан = خوردَن, ӯ = او
Ф ф	F f	F f	ﻑ	pronounced as //f//	фурӯғ = فُروغ
Х х	X x	X x	ﺥ	pronounced as //χ//	хондан = خواندَن
Ҳ ҳ	H h	H h	ﺡ، ه	pronounced as //h//	ҳофиз = حافِظ, ҳар = هَر
Ч ч	C c	Ch ch	چ	pronounced as //tʃ//	чӣ = چِی
Ҷ ҷ	Ç ç	J j	ﺝ	pronounced as //dʒ//	ҷанг = جَنگ
Ш ш	Ş ş	Sh sh	ﺵ	pronounced as //ʃ//	шаб = شَب
Ъ ъ	'	'	ء; ﻉ	pronounced as //ʔ//	таъриф = تَعرِیف
Э э	E e	E e	ای، ـی	pronounced as //e//	Эрон = ایران
Ю ю	Ju ju	Yu yu	یُ, یُو	pronounced as //ju//	июн = اِیُون
Я я	Ja ja	Ya ya	یَ, یَه	pronounced as //ja//	ягонагӣ = یَگانَگِی

References

Book: Badan, Phool . Dynamics of Political Development in Central Asia . 2001 . Lancers' Books .
Book: The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands. Ali. Banuazizi. Myron. Weiner . 1994 . Indiana University Press . 0253209188 .
Web site: TAJIKISTAN v. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS . Borjian . Habib . 27 July 2005 . Encyclopædia Iranica . 17 November 2012.
Book: Buyers, Lydia M. . Central Asia in Focus: Political and Economic Issues . illustrated . 2003 . Nova Publishers . 1590331532 .
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Book: Gall, Timothy L. . Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life. 4 of Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Asia and Oceania . Timothy L.. Gall. Jeneen. Hobby . 2, revised . 2009 . Gale . 978-1414448923 .
Book: Oil in the New World Order. Kate. Gillespie. Clement M.. Henry . illustrated . 1995 . University Press of Florida . 0813013674 .
Goodman, E. R. (1956) "The Soviet Design for a World Language." in Russian Review 15 (2): 85–99.
Book: Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women. Christa. Hämmerle. 18 of L'Homme Schriften. Reihe zur Feministischen Geschichtswissenschaft . 2008 . Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar . 978-3412201401 .
Book: Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Jacob M.. Landau. Barbara. Kellner-Heinkele . illustrated . 2001 . St. Martin's Press . 0472112260 .
Book: Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. Hafeez. Malik . reprint . 1996 . St. Martin's Press . 0312164521 .
Book: The Middle East: A History . William . Ochsenwald . William L. Ochsenwald . Sydney Nettleton . Fisher . 7, illustrated . 2010 . McGraw-Hill Education . 978-0073385624 .
Book: Parsons, Anthony . Central Asia, the last decolonization. Issue 4 of Occasional paper, David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies (London) . 1993 . David Davies Memorial Institute .
Siddikzoda . Sukhail . August 2002 . TAJIK LANGUAGE: FARSI OR NOT FARSI? . Media Insight Central Asia . CIMERA . 27 . 1–3 . 14 June 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195726/http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf . 13 June 2006 .
Book: Islam Outside the Arab World. David. Westerlund. Ingvar. Svanberg . 1999 . St. Martin's Press . 0312226918 .
Book: Winrow, Gareth M. . Turkey in post-Soviet Central Asia . Former Soviet South Project, Russian and CIS Programme (Royal Institute of International Affairs) . 1995 . Royal Institute of International Affairs . 0905031997 .
Book: Middle East Monitor, Volumes 20-23 . Contributor Middle East Institute (Washington, D.C.) . 1990 . Middle East Institute . 0312226918 .
Book: Report on the USSR., Volume 2, Issues 1-13 . Contributors RFE/RL, inc, RFE/RL Research Institute . 1990 . RFE/RL, Incorporated . 0312226918 .

External links

Notes and References

Book: Muborak Sharipova. One More War against Women: Historical and Socio-cultural Aspects of Violence against Women in Tajikstan. Hämmerle. Christa. https://books.google.com/books?id=c5kXyj82xfQC&pg=PA76. Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women. 2008. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. 978-3-412-20140-1. 67–94. Book: Landau. Yaʿaqov (Jacob) M.. https://books.google.com/books?id=arF2f10EQYUC&pg=PA125. Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Kellner-Heinkele. Barbara. 2001. University of Michigan Press. 978-0-472-11226-5. 125. Alphabet Change and Implementation.
Encyclopedia: Habib Borjian. Tajikstan V. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. 2005 . Encyclopædia Iranica.
Book: Vitaly Naumkin . Political and Security Linkages. Ehteshami. Anoushiravan. https://books.google.com/books?id=sgW_HEcULMYC&pg=PA219. From the Gulf to Central Asia: Players in the New Great Game. 1994. University of Exeter Press. 978-0-85989-451-7. 219.
Ido . Shinji . 2017-06-15 . The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift . Journal of Jewish Languages . en . 5 . 1 . 81–103 . 10.1163/22134638-12340078 . 2213-4638 . one of the ‘Bukharian’ alphabets proposed in the early 20th century contained a letter for /ħ/, namely ‹ⱨ›. . Brill Publishers. free .
Book: Gitelman, Zvi Y . A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present . 2001 . Indiana University Press . 9780253214188 . 203.
Изд-во Академии наук СССР . Вопросы языкознания . 1975 . 39 . Вопросы языкознания.