List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan explained
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, has 112 diplomatic missions across the world . Due to the One-China policy held by the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, other states are only allowed to maintain relations with one of the two countries.[1] As most countries have changed their recognition to the latter over time, only 13 of Taiwan's diplomatic missions have official status, consisting of twelve embassies and one consulate-general.[2] This makes Taiwan one of the few countries in the world that has resident embassies in all of the states with which it has formal diplomatic relations.[3]
Despite these barriers, 59 United Nations members maintain relations with Taiwan on an unofficial basis.[3] In addition, Taiwan has informal relations with Somaliland, a state that is not internationally recognized by any other country, including China.[4] [5] To serve these locations and other places throughout the world, 92 semi-official representative offices are utilized for matters that would otherwise be handled by embassies or consulates. Their heads are still appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, making them de facto missions.[6] Owing to pressure from the People's Republic, most of these offices cannot operate under either the country's official or common name, using the name of the capital Taipei instead to avoid addressing Taiwan's political status.[7] There have recently been two notable exceptions to this; the offices in Somaliland (opened 2020) and Lithuania (2021) use "Taiwan" in their names.[8] [9] [6] [10] Taiwan also maintains permanent missions to the European Union and the World Trade Organization, with the latter under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu".[11]
Taiwan has also established informal representation in China's two Special Administrative Regions. In Hong Kong, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong provides services similar to a consulate,[12] while relations to Macau are handled by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau.[13] In addition, under a mechanism established in 2010, the Taiwanese government is directly represented in negotiations with its Hong Kong counterpart by the Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council (ECCC), with the latter operating a similar office in reciprocation.[14] Taiwan also maintains unofficial diplomatic exchanges with China using the Straits Exchange Foundation, but the organization does not have a physical presence in the mainland as of 2020.[15]
Diplomatic missions
Official
De facto
Multilateral organizations
Former
style="background:#FDD;" | Mission closed due to withdrawal of official diplomatic recognition |
| Same as above, but an unofficial office was set up to succeed it that is still in operation |
|
Country! scope="col" Region | City | Mission | Opened | Closed | Notes | |
---|
Bangladesh | Asia | Dhaka | Embassy (de facto) | 2004 | 2009 | Reassigned to representative office in India | [70] |
| Europe | Minsk | Embassy (de facto) | 1996 | 2006 | Reassigned to representative office in Russia | [71] |
| Africa | Cotonou | Embassy | | 1965 | | |
| Americas | La Paz | Embassy (de facto) | 1990 | 2009 | | [72] [73] |
| Africa | Gaborone | Embassy | | 1974 | | |
Burkina Faso | Africa | Ouagadougou | Embassy | | 2018 | | [74] |
| Asia | Phnom Penh | "Military mission" | 1972 | 1975 | | [75] |
Embassy (de facto) | 1994 | 1997 | | [76] |
| Africa | Bangui | Embassy | | 1964 | | |
| Americas | | | 1947 | 1980 | Initially legation, promoted to embassy in 1961 | |
| Consulate-general | 1972 | 1980 | Initially consulate, promoted to consulate-general in 1979 | |
Consulate (de facto) | 1980 | 1991 | | |
| Americas | San José | Embassy | | 2007 | | [77] |
| Americas | Roseau | Embassy | | 2004 | | [78] |
Dominican Republic | Americas | Santo Domingo | Embassy | | 2018 | | [79] |
| Americas | Guayaquil | Consulate (de facto) | 1974 | 1998 | | |
| Americas | San Salvador | Embassy | | 2018 | | [80] |
| Africa | Libreville | Embassy | | 1974 | | |
Gambia | Africa | Banjul | Embassy | | 1974 | | |
1996 | 2013 | | [81] [82] |
| Europe | Athens | Embassy | 1929 | 1972 | Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1947 | |
| Americas | Tegucigalpa | Embassy | 1957 | 2023 | Started as legation, promoted to consulate in 1962, then embassy in 1965 | [83] |
San Pedro Sula | | 1997 | 2023 | | [84] |
Japan | Asia | Taihoku | Consulate-General | 1930 | 1945 | | |
Nagasaki | Consulate | 1912 | 1970 | Japan broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1972, when two years after the closure of the consulate in Nagasaki. | [85] |
Kiribati | Oceania | Bairiki | Embassy | 2004 | 2019 | | [86] [87] |
Latvia | Europe | Riga | Consulate-general | 1992 | 1994 | | |
| Africa | Monrovia | Embassy | 1957 | 2003 | Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1960 | [88] [89] |
| Africa | Tripoli | Embassy (de facto) | 1980 | 1997 | | [90] |
2008 | 2011 | Closed due to the First Libyan Civil War | [91] [92] |
| Europe | Luxembourg | Embassy (de facto) | 1975 | 2002 | Reassigned to representative mission in Belgium/EU | [93] |
North Macedonia | Europe | Skopje | Embassy | 1999 | 2001 | | [94] [95] |
| Asia | Macau | Embassy (de facto) | 1945 | 1966 | Special commissariat | [96] [97] |
| Africa | Antananarivo | Embassy | 1960 | 1972 | Formerly a consulate-general before Madagascar's independence | |
Malawi | Africa | Lilongwe | Embassy | | 2008 | | [98] |
| Oceania | Aiwo | Embassy | 1980 | 2024 | Originally consulate-general, promoted to embassy in 1990, closed due to breaking off of relations between 2002-2005 and since 2024. | |
| Americas | Managua | Embassy | 1930 | 2021 | Originally consulate-general, promoted to legation in 1955 and then embassy in 1965, closed due to breaking off of relations in 1985-1990 and since 2021. | [99] |
| Africa | Niamey | Embassy | | 1974 | | |
| Africa | Abuja | Embassy (de facto) | 2001 | 2018 | Ultimately temporary relocation of Lagos office | [100] [101] |
Norway | Europe | Oslo | Embassy (de facto) | 1980 | 2017 | Reassigned to representative mission in Sweden | [102] |
| Americas | Panama City | Embassy | | 2017 | | [103] |
Colón | Consulate-general | | 2009 | | [104] |
| Africa | Kigali | Embassy | | 1972 | | |
Peru | Americas | Lima | Embassy | 1911 | 1971 | Continuation of Qing embassy opened in 1875 | |
Saudi Arabia | Asia | Jeddah | Consulate (de facto) | | 2017 | Reassigned to main office in Riyadh | |
São Tomé and Príncipe | Africa | São Tomé | Embassy | | 2016 | | [105] |
Solomon Islands | Oceania | Honiara | Embassy | | 2019 | | [106] |
South Africa | Africa | Pretoria | Embassy | 1976 | 1998 | Succeeded by unofficial representative office | |
Johannesburg | Consulate | 1912 | 1998 | Continuation of a Qing-era consulate, succeeded by unofficial representative office | [107] |
Consulate (de facto) | 1998 | 2009 | | |
Cape Town | Consulate | 1973 | 1998 | | |
| Africa | Dakar | Embassy | | 1964 | | |
| Europe | Zürich | Embassy (de facto) | 1973 | 2007 | Merged with Bern office | |
Lausanne | Consulate (de facto) | 1979 | 1994 | Moved to Bern | |
| Africa | Lomé | Embassy | | 1972 | | |
| Oceania | Nukuʻalofa | Embassy | | 1998 | | [108] |
| Americas | Montevideo | Embassy | 1957 | 1988 | | [109] |
Embassy (de facto) | 1992 | 2002 | Closure in 2002 intended to be temporary, no record since Reassigned to representative mission in Argentina | [110] |
United States | Americas | Washington, D.C. | | 1912 | 1978 | Continuation of Qing legation, promoted to embassy in 1935 | [111] [112] [113] |
Chicago | Consulate | 1930 | 1979 | | |
Kansas City | Consulate | 1974 | 1978 | | [114] |
Consulate (de facto) | 1985 | 2015 | Moved to Denver | |
Venezuela | Americas | Caracas | Embassy (de facto) | 1974 | 2009 | | [115] | |
See also
References
General bibliography
External links
Notes and References
- News: 2020-09-11. What is the 'One China' policy?. BBC News. 10 February 2017. 9 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109041259/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-38285354. live.
- Web site: Key Findings – 2024 Global Diplomacy Index . live . 28 February 2024 . 29 February 2024 . Lowy Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20240228040642/https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/key_findings .
- Shattuck. Thomas J.. The Race to Zero?: China's Poaching of Taiwan's Diplomatic Allies. Orbis. 64. 2. 2020. 334–352. 0030-4387. 10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.003. 32292214. 7102519. free.
- Web site: Nick. Aspinwall. 2020-09-06. 10 July 2020. Taiwan Throws a Diplomatic Curveball by Establishing Ties With Somaliland. The Diplomat. 8 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200908093919/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/taiwan-throws-a-diplomatic-curveball-by-establishing-ties-with-somaliland/. live.
- Web site: Adrianna. Zhang. 2020-09-06. 6 July 2020. Taiwan-China Diplomatic Competition Comes to Somaliland. Voice of America. 20 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820045944/https://www.voanews.com/africa/taiwan-china-diplomatic-competition-comes-somaliland. live.
- Web site: Emerson. Lim. 2020-09-10. Name of Taiwan's office in Somaliland significant: MOFA. 18 August 2020. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 19 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819120611/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202008180013. live.
- Web site: 2023-01-02. Why isn't 'Taiwan' in the name of most Taipei missions?. 14 August 2021. South China Morning Post.
- Web site: Taipei Trade Office in Fiji renamed - Taipei Times . 29 March 2023 .
- Web site: Taiwan gets back 'Republic of China' office name from Fiji: MOFA - Focus Taiwan . 28 March 2023 .
- Web site: Thomas J.. Shattuck. 2020-09-06. China-Taiwan Competition over Somaliland and Implications for Small Countries. 28 August 2020. Foreign Policy Research Institute. 2 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222131/https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/08/china-taiwan-competition-over-somaliland-and-implications-for-small-countries/. live.
- Taiwan's WTO Membership and its International Implication. Steve. Charnovitz. Steve Charnovitz. Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy. 1. 2. 2006. 19 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155018/https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1436&context=faculty_publications. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-11. Three in Taiwan's Hong Kong office forced out over 'one-China' declaration. Chris. Lau. Gary. Cheung. 17 July 2020. South China Morning Post. 18 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200718101149/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/3093705/head-taiwans-hong-kong-office-two-colleagues-forced-leave-after. live.
- Web site: 2020-10-27. Rising Beijing-Taipei tensions also taking a toll in Macau-Taipei relations. 24 September 2020. Nelson. Moura. Macau News Agency.
- Web site: 2020-09-12. Different era and mood for 'little dragons' talks. 20 April 2010. South China Morning Post. 11 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611194742/https://www.scmp.com/article/711898/different-era-and-mood-little-dragons-talks. live.
- Web site: Shannon. Tiezzi. 2020-09-06. 12 February 2014. Taiwan, Mainland China Agree to New Communication Mechanism. The Diplomat. 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222192714/https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/taiwan-mainland-china-agree-to-new-communication-mechanism/. live.
- News: 2020-12-26. Taiwan offers 24 international scholarships for Belizean students. 29 January 2013. The San Pedro Sun. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155019/https://www.sanpedrosun.com/education/2013/01/29/taiwan-offers-24-international-scholarships-for-belizean-students/. live.
- Web site: 2019-09-20. 2020-12-22. Antecendents. Background. es. Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Guatemala. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155026/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/gt_es/post/11.html. live.
- Book: Alexander, Colin R.. https://books.google.com/books?id=aQK4BgAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+embassy+haiti+1960&pg=PT43. Haiti. China and Taiwan in Central America: Engaging Foreign Publics in Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan. 2014. 9781137480101. 25 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155028/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQK4BgAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+embassy+haiti+1960&pg=PT43. live.
- Web site: 2020-10-05. 2020-12-05. About Us. Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155027/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/va_en/post/9.html.
- Web site: 2018-04-07. 2020-12-26. About the Embassy. Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Palau. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155042/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/pal_en/post/20.html.
- Web site: 2020-09-22. 2020-12-20. Ambassador's Welcome Message. Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Saint Christopher and Nevis. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155039/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/kn_en/post/2814.html.
- Web site: 2020-12-20. 2007-05-01. Taiwan, St. Lucia resume diplomatic ties. Taiwan News. Central News Agency. live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155040/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/440797.
- News: Lin. Chia-nan. 2020-12-20. Representative office in Belarus closed by MOFA. 8 August 2019. Taipei Times. 3. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155051/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/08/08/2003720133. live.
- Web site: 2020-10-09. 2020-12-03. Informaciones Generales. General Information. es. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Argentina. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155017/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/ar_es/post/7519.html. live.
- Book: Albinski, Henry S.. https://books.google.com/books?id=esT-P4oEkrUC&q=canberra&pg=PA33. Taiwan and Hong Kong in Australian External Policy Perspective. Australia and China: Partners in Asia. 1996. Colin. Mackerras. Colin Mackerras. Macmillan Education Australia. Melbourne. 9780732941864. 26 December 2020. 9 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201101/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=esT-P4oEkrUC&lpg=PA33&ots=F8Dr06HWVR&dq=taipei%20market%20service%20canberra&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=canberra&f=false. live.
- News: Chang. Yun-Ping. 2020-12-26. Fourth representative office opens in Australia. 18 December 2005. Taipei Times. live. 5. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155019/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/12/18/2003284889.
- Web site: 2020-02-22. 2020-12-16. Welcome message from Representative SUN. Taipei Trade Office in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155017/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/bahr_en/post/185.html. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-25. 2020-12-26. Organizations. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Vancouver. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155022/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/cayvr_en/post/4.html. live.
- Web site: 2023-12-28. Taiwan opens 4th representative office in Canada. Hu. Yu-li. Yeh. Joseph. 5 December 2023. Focus Taiwan.
- 2020-12-09. New Progress in Taiwan-Hong Kong Relations: Taiwan's Hong Kong Office to be Renamed and its Functions and Status Upgraded. 7 June 2013. Mainland Affairs Council. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155024/https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=4F4015F83BD0E00B&sms=E828F60C4AFBAF90&s=685CB3EB7C7AB2F7&Create=1. live.
- News: Yimou. Lee. 2020-12-03. Hong Kong demands Taiwan officials sign 'one China' document for visa renewal, source says. Reuters. 17 July 2020. 6 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201006235101/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-security-taiwan-idUSKCN24I0UM. live.
- Book: Anne-Marie. Brady. Anne-Marie Brady. New Zealand, the Pacific and China: The Challenges Ahead. Looking North, Looking South: China, Taiwan, And The South Pacific. https://books.google.com/books?id=A7XFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198. Brady. 2 August 2010. World Scientific. 978-981-4465-09-0. 198. 24 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155031/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7XFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198. live.
- Web site: Emerson. Lim. 2020-12-15. Taiwan opens annex representative office in southern France. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 14 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155027/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202012140025. live.
- Web site: 2017-01-16. 2020-09-24. About the Mission. Taipei Representative Office in Greece. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 27 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027182903/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/gr_en/post/6.html. live.
- News: Chen. Melody. 2020-12-03. Taiwan to open a Bangladesh office. 28 February 2004. Taipei Times. live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155042/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/02/28/2003100417.
- Web site: 2020-12-03. 2012-06-08. Taiwan's second office in India to open later this year. Taiwan News. Central News Agency. live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155029/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/1941541.
- Web site: 2020-12-19. 21 December 2015. Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya opened December 21. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155046/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&sms=5B9044CF1188EE23&s=EEEB5D3E13C0D8D5. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-19. China watches as ties grow between Taiwan, Israel. Taipei Times. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 20 February 2006. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155044/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/02/20/2003293800. live.
- Web site: 2019-01-05. 2020-12-19. Chi Siamo. Who we are. it. Taipei Representative Office in Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155030/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/ar_es/post/7519.html. live.
- Web site: 2023-12-28. Taiwan launches new representative office in Milan. 18 October 2023. Taipei Times. Central News Agency.
- Web site: 2023-01-03. Taiwan reopens rep office in Ivory Coast to boost bilateral trade: MOFA - Focus Taiwan. focustaiwan.tw. 13 November 2022 .
- Book: Chiu, Hungdah. https://books.google.com/books?id=3YgR77AzwuEC&q=%22Association+of+East+Asian+Relations%22&pg=PA24. The International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China. 24. The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners. Steven W.. Mosher. Steven W. Mosher. 978-0-88738-893-4. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick. 2007. 1989, 1992. 25 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155032/https://books.google.com/books?id=3YgR77AzwuEC&q=%22Association+of+East+Asian+Relations%22&pg=PA24. live.
- Book: Japan–China Relations in the Modern Era. Ryosei. Kokubun. Ryosei Kokubun. Yoshihide. Soeya. Akio. Takahara. Shin. Kawashima. Keith. Klurak. 53. 31 March 2017. Taylor & Francis. 9781351857949. 23 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155057/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japan_China_Relations_in_the_Modern_Era/pCUlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sino-Ryukyuan+Cultural+and+Economic+Association+2006&pg=PA53&printsec=frontcover. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-23. Chang. Yun-ping. Taiwan to set up its first Okinawa TECRO office. Taipei Times. 31 May 2006. 1. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155036/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/05/31/2003310890. live.
- Recent Japan-Taiwan Relations and the Taiwan Situation. July 2013. Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). 14. 23 December 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133205/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/taiwan/pdfs/japan-taiwan_relations.pdf. live.
- Web site: 2020-02-19. 2020-09-24. About the Mission. Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 31 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191231010334/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/lv_en/post/17.html. live.
- Web site: Agencies. 2021-11-22. China condemns opening of Taiwan office in Lithuania as 'egregious act'. 19 November 2021. the Guardian.
- News: Ko. Shu-ling. 2020-12-26. Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on. 10 September 2002. Taipei Times. 3. 8 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708172345/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505. live.
- News: 2020-12-26. TECO in Myanmar opens doors in Yangon: ministry. 29 March 2016. Taipei Times. 3. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155047/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/03/29/2003642701. live.
- Web site: 2020-07-27. 2020-12-13. An Introduction of Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155036/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/nz_en/post/299.html.
- Web site: 2019-01-23. 2020-12-13. About us. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Auckland. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155036/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/nzakl_en/post/246.html.
- Web site: 2020-02-19. 2020-12-04. About Us. Taipei Trade Office in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 31 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191231010334/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/lv_en/post/17.html.
- Web site: 2020-03-19. 2020-12-23. Organisation. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Papua New Guinea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155042/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/pg_en/post/227.html.
- Book: Rigger, Shelley. https://books.google.com/books?id=LUEk7loaxCgC&dq=taiwan+office+moscow&pg=PT303. Russian, China and Taiwan in the Yeltsin Era. 24. Shelley Rigger. The Future Of China-Russia Relations. James. Bellacqua. 978-0-8131-2563-3. University Press of Kentucky. Lexington. 2010. 20 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155049/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Future_of_China_Russia_Relations/LUEk7loaxCgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=taiwan+office+moscow&pg=PT303&printsec=frontcover. live.
- China and the Gulf Crisis. Yitzhak. Shichor. Problems of Communism. 88. November–December 1991. XL. 6. 23 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155056/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Problems_of_Communism/5obw10eDdrYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=taiwan+embassy+riyadh+opening&pg=PA88&printsec=frontcover. live.
- Web site: Sylvia. Teng. 2020-12-16. 25 August 2020. Taiwan to open representative office in Aix-en-Provence in Southern France. Taiwan News. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155049/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3994524. live.
- Taipei and South Africa reach agreement on "framework for new relations". 22 December 1997. Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific. 3113. 5. 28685680. 23 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155114/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_of_World_Broadcasts/KgBXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-17. 2020-12-26. Hakkımızda. About Us. tr. Taipei Economic and Cultural Mission, Ankara. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155058/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/tr_tr/post/884.html.
- Web site: 2017-06-08. 2020-12-10. About the Commercial Office of Taipei. The Commercial Office of Taipei, Dubai, U.A.E.. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155048/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/dxb_en/post/29.html.
- Web site: 2019-12-30. 2020-12-10. About us. Taipei Representative Office in the U.K., Edinburgh Office. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155135/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/ukedi_en/post/9.html.
- Web site: 2020-07-28. 2020-12-20. About Us. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Boston. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155049/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/usbos_en/post/11.html.
- Web site: 2020-07-09. 2020-12-20. About TECO. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Chicago. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155303/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uschi_en/post/6.html.
- Web site: 2016-12-31. 2020-12-20. About us. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Denver. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155058/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/usden_en/post/12.html.
- News: Jojo Santo. Tomas. 2020-12-23. 10 October 2020. Taiwan reopens Taipei Economic and Cultural Office on Guam. Pacific Daily News. 27 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027182943/https://api.permutive.com/v2.0/events?enrich=false&sdkp=false&k=359ba275-5edd-4756-84f8-21a24369ce0b. live.
- Web site: 2019-09-13. 2020-12-22. TECO in Honolulu. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Honolulu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). live. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155059/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/ushnl_en/post/11.html.
- Daily Report: China. 230. Commentary on Bush, China's Reunification. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 65. 30 November 1988. 26 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155103/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Daily_Report/LZ2pX7VypuwC. live.
- Web site: Proclamation Presented in Recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 108th National Day. 10 October 2019. Dean J.. Trantalis. Dean Trantalis. Government of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 26 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155247/https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/home/showdocument?id=40129. live.
- Web site: 2020-07-23. 2020-12-19. Introduction. Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155238/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/be_en/post/13.html. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-30. 2020-12-19. History. Permanent Mission of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to the World Trade Organization. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155055/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/wto_en/post/10.html. live.
- News: Foreign ministry closes its rep office in Bangladesh . The China Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405010935/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2009/07/01/214399/Foreign-ministry.htm. 5 April 2017. 10 September 2020. dead. 1 July 2009.
- News: Chang. Yun-ping. 2020-09-11. Representative office in Belarus closed by MOFA. 4 January 2006. Taipei Times. 18 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111118134438/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/01/04/2003287324. live.
- Web site: Maubo. Chang. 25 May 2009. 2020-09-11. Plans to open offices in three ASEAN states unchanged: MOFA. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152532/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/200905250014. live.
- (November 8, 1990, Thursday). Bolivia PRC embassy not consulted over Taiwan's trade office. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts.
- News: Thiam. Ndiaga. Jess Macy. Yu. 2020-09-10. Taiwan says will 'not cower' as loses second ally in a month amid China pressure. Reuters. 24 May 2018. 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512122216/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-taiwan-idUSKCN1IP1J7. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-26. Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia. Wilson Center. Lin Hsiao-ting. Hsiao-ting. Lin. April 2016. 21 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190721163834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-11. Taiwan still wants to open trade office in the Kingdom. 21 November 2019. Khmer Times. Jose Rodriguez T.. Senase.
- Web site: Huang. Jewel. 2020-09-11. Costa Rican leader slams Taiwanese financial aid. 9 June 2007. Taipei Times. 28 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100628112811/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/06/09/2003364461. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-14. Melody. Chen. Nation loses diplomatic ally Dominica. 31 March 2004. Taipei Times. 13 January 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060113021237/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/03/31/2003108510. live.
- Web site: Dominican Today. 1 May 2018. 2020-09-10. After 72 years of ties, Dominican embassy in Taiwan to close in 30 days. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152559/https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2018/05/01/after-72-years-of-ties-dominican-embassy-in-taiwan-to-close-in-30-days/. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-10. 21 August 2018. The R.O.C. government has terminated diplomatic relations with El Salvador with immediate effect in order to uphold national dignity. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152600/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=0DB8435E0E11485D. live.
- Military Rule in the Gambia: An Interim Assessment. John A.. Wiseman. 932. Third World Quarterly. Taylor & Francis. December 1996. 17. 5. 10.1080/01436599615182. 3993237. 13 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155109/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993237. live.
- Web site: Chiachen. Hsieh. Y. L.. Kao. 19 November 2013. 2020-09-10. ROC to close embassy in Gambia in one month: MOFA. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152558/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201311190026. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-19. Productiva relación. Productive relationship. es. 8 June 1991. Noticias de Taiwan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155029/https://noticias.nat.gov.tw/news.php?unit=92&post=77563. live.
- Web site: 2019-07-02. 2020-12-19. Acerca del Consulado. About the Consulate. es. Consulate General of the Repúblic of China (Taiwán), San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155027/https://www.taiwanembassy.org/shan_es/post/7.html. live.
- Web site: 辦事處簡介 - 台北駐大阪經濟文化辦事處福岡分處 Fukuoka Branch, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Osaka.
- Book: The Europa World Year Book 2004. Europa Publications. London. 2455. 978-1-85743-255-8. 45th. II. 2004. 12 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155123/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Europa_World_Year_Kazakhstan_Zimbabw/gP_-8rXzQs8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=2004+taiwan+embassy+opening+tarawa&pg=PA2455&printsec=frontcover. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-10. Taiwan cuts ties with Kiribati amid soaring China pressure. 20 September 2019. AsiaOne. 1 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101013827/https://www.asiaone.com/asia/taiwan-cuts-ties-kiribati-amid-soaring-china-pressure. dead.
- News: 2020-09-14. Taiwan plays down Liberia blow. 13 October 2003. BBC News. 28 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200628231654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3186334.stm. live.
- Web site: The China Post. Amber. Wang. 2020-09-14. Six Taiwan citizens evacuated as Liberian fighting intensifies. 11 June 2003. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152559/https://chinapost.nownews.com/20030611-154594. live.
- News: Yu-Tzu. Chin. 19 January 2006. 2020-12-19. Taiwan and Libya to revitalize links. Taipei Times. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155151/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/01/19/2003289648. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-19. Taiwan Commercial Office in Tripoli officially began functioning in Libya on February 13, 2008. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155059/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/En/News_Content.aspx?n=539A9A50A5F8AF9E&sms=37B41539382B84BA&s=DC8CA6B55CFCDDF7. live.
- Web site: Emmanuelle. Tzeng. Jamie. Wang. 3 January 2012. 2020-09-11. Taiwan to evaluate reopening representative office in Libya - Focus Taiwan. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152605/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201201030034. live.
- Web site: 2020-12-22. 2020-11-23. Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg. Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2020-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20201222231804/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/be_en/post/115.html. live.
- Cambridge University Press. The China Quarterly. Taiwan's "Macedonian Project," 1999-2001. Czeslaw. Tubilewicz. 179. September 2004. 794.
- News: Monique. Chu. 2020-09-14. Taiwan severs ties with Skopje. 19 June 2001. Taipei Times. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152609/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2001/06/19/0000090603. live.
- Moisés. Silva Fernandes. How to Relate With a Colonial Power on Its Shore: Macau in the Chinese Foreign Policy, 1949–1965. Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies. 17. 2008. 228. 16 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155033/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/361/36122836009.pdf. live.
- News: Sam. Cohen. Macao Locals Favor Portuguese Rule. 2 June 1974. 4-H. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 25 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155100/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Ug0AAAAIBAJ&pg=4785%2C822777. live.
- Web site: Mabvuto. Banda. Marius. Bosch. Mary. Gabriel. Reuters. 2020-09-11. Taiwan out of Africa. 16 January 2008. Brisbane Times. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152603/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/taiwan-out-of-africa-20080117-ge9kcr.html. live.
- Web site: 2021-12-10. China and Nicaragua re-establish ties in blow to U.S. and Taiwan. 10 December 2021. Reuters. 10 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211210052819/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-nicaragua-hold-talks-city-tianjin-following-taiwan-break-2021-12-10/. live.
- Book: China and Africa: A Century of Engagement. David H.. Shinn. Joshua. Eisenman. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10 July 2012. 2020-09-12. 87. 978-0-8122-0800-9. 4 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404000517/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hu7n1YNNrqcC&lpg=PA88&ots=sLRkD_Z-aY&dq=nigeria%20trade%20office%20in%20taiwan%20r.o.c.%20established&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q=nigeria%20trade%20office%20in%20taiwan%20r.o.c.%20established&f=true. live.
- Web site: Keoni. Everington. 2018-01-05. 2020-09-12. Nigeria forces Taiwan to change country name of de facto embassy to 'Taipei'. Taiwan News. 31 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190831113221/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3334798. live.
- Web site: Elaine. Hou. 27 July 2017. 2020-09-10. Taiwan suspending operations at 3 overseas offices - Focus Taiwan. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. 25 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191125084655/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201707270016.aspx. live.
- Web site: Keoni. Everington. 2020-09-10. 2017-06-14. Taiwan closes embassy after Panama kowtows to Beijing. Taiwan News. 1 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190901221306/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3187288. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-14. 2009-10-02. MOFA to close down Johannesburg office. Taiwan News. Central News Agency. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152604/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/1071677. live.
- Web site: Zheping. Huang. Isabella. Steger. 2020-09-10. 21 December 2016. And then there were 21: Taiwan says goodbye to tiny São Tomé and Príncipe. Quartz. 14 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914095549/https://qz.com/868794/taiwan-loses-another-diplomatic-ally-as-tiny-sao-tome-and-principe-switches-allegiance-to-beijing/. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-10. Jamie. Tahana. Once a stronghold, Taiwan's presence in the Pacific wanes. 21 September 2019. Radio New Zealand. 24 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200624110041/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/399293/once-a-stronghold-taiwan-s-presence-in-the-pacific-wanes. live.
- Book: Harris, Karen L.. https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwuDwAAQBAJ&dq=roc+consulate+johannesburg&pg=PT97. Rising China and the history of the South African Chinese. China's Rise and the Chinese Overseas. Bernard P.. Wong. Tan. Chee-Beng. Routledge. New York and Abingdon. 978-1-315-23195-2. 2018. 23 December 2020. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155216/https://www.google.com/books/edition/China_s_Rise_and_the_Chinese_Overseas/YJwuDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=roc+consulate+johannesburg&pg=PT97&printsec=frontcover. live.
- Web site: 2020-09-23. Pesi. Fonua. China switch brings Tonga closer to UN dream. 20 December 1998. Matangi Tonga. 2020-09-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923210543/https://matangitonga.to/1998/12/20/china-switch-brings-tonga-closer-un-dream. live.
- Book: https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/almanac/almanac2000/mofa_10.htm . 中華民國八十九年外交年鑑 . . 2000 . 二三、我國與烏拉圭關係 (23: Our relations with Uruguay) . zh . The Foreign Relations Yearbook 2000 Republic of China (Taiwan) . 第六項:我國與中南美地區國家關係 . Item Six: Relations between our country and nations in Central and South America.
- Book: https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/almanac/almanac2000/mofa_10.htm . 中華民國九十一年外交年鑑 . . 2002 . 壹、前言 (One: Preface) . zh . The Foreign Relations Yearbook 2002 Republic of China (Taiwan) . 第六項:我國與中南美地區國家關係 . Item Six: Relations between our country and nations in Central and South America.
- Book: Chang Yin Tang. File No. 701.9311/131: The Chinese Minister to the Secretary of State. 14 February 1912. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912/d68. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1912 - Office of the Historian. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State.
- Book: Hull. Cordell. Cordell Hull. 123J634/359: Telegram - The Secretary of State to the Minister in China (Johnson). 20 August 1935. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1935v03/d496. Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1935, The Far East. III. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State.
- News: Christopher. Dickey. 2021-05-11. Third Embassy Property Relinquished by Taiwan. Washington Post. 29 December 1978.
- Book: Implementation of the Taiwan Relations Act: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session October 23 and November 8, 1979. . ILS 000086758 . . 1980 . 44 . en.
- Web site: Central News Agency. 6 March 2020. 2020-09-10. Taiwan mourns death of Venezuela's president. Taiwan News. 20 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152626/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2165437. live.