Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn explained

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Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
L:	Taiwanese Southern Min Romanization Solution
Bpmf:	ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
W:	T
P:	Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
Tp:	Táiwan Mǐn-nán-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh Pin-yin Fang-àn
Mps:	Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎtz Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
Gr:	Tair'uan Miinnanyeu Luomaatzyh Pin'in Fang'ann
Y:	Tòihwāan Máhnnàahmyuh Lòhmáhjih Pingyām Fōng'on
J:	toi4 waan1 man5 naam4 jyu6 lo4 maa5 zi6 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3
Poj:	Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tl:	Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
H:	Thòi-vàn Men-nàm-ngî Lò-mâ-sṳ Piang-yîm Fông-on
Also Known As:	Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
L2:	Taiwanese (language) Romanization Solution
Poj2:	Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tl2:	Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Altname3:	Tâi-lô
Bpmf3:	ㄊㄞˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
W3:	T
P3:	Táiluó Pīnyīn
Tp3:	Tái-luó Pin-yin
Mps3:	Táiluó Pinyin
Gr3:	Tairluo Pin'in
Poj3:	Tâi-lô Pheng-im
Tl3:	Tâi-lô Phing-im
H3:	Thòi-lò Piang-yîm

The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an,^[1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.^[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ.

Alphabet

The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

			Letter name (variant 1)	Letter name (variant 2)
A	a	pronounced as /nan-TW/	a	a
B	b	pronounced as /nan-TW/	bi	be
E	e	pronounced as /nan-TW/	e	e
G	g	pronounced as /nan-TW/	gi	ge
H	h	pronounced as /nan-TW/	hi	ha
I	i	pronounced as /nan-TW/	i	i
J	j	pronounced as /nan-TW/	ji	je
K	k	pronounced as /nan-TW/	ki	ka
Kh	kh	pronounced as /nan-TW/	khi	kha
L	l	pronounced as /nan-TW/	li	e-luh
M	m	pronounced as /nan-TW/	mi	e-muh
N	n	pronounced as /nan-TW/	ni	e-nuh
Ng	ng	pronounced as /nan-TW/	ngi	nge
NN	nn	pronounced as /nan-TW/	inn	enn
O	o	pronounced as /nan-TW/	o	o
Oo	oo	pronounced as /nan-TW/	oo	oo
P	p	pronounced as /nan-TW/	pi	pe
Ph	ph	pronounced as /nan-TW/	phi	phe
S	s	pronounced as /nan-TW/	si	e-suh
T	t	pronounced as /nan-TW/	ti	te
Th	th	pronounced as /nan-TW/	thi	the
Ts	ts	pronounced as /nan-TW/	tsi	tse
Tsh	tsh	pronounced as /nan-TW/	tshi	tshe
U	u	pronounced as /nan-TW/	u	u

• "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalized in all-caps texts.
• Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
• Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Sample texts

Tâi-lô

Pe̍h-uē-jī (PUJ) sī tsı̍t khuán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-uī tong-tshoo sī thuân-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, sóo-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-huē Lô-má-jī, hı̍k-tsiá sī kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-tsiá bē-tsió m̄-sī kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo mā tsin tsē bē-hiáu PUJ.

Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) sī chı̍t khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, só͘-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ kiò-chò Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.

Hàn-jī

Chinese: 白話字（POJ）是一款用拉丁（羅馬）拼音系統來寫臺灣的語言的書面文字。因為當初是傳教士引入來的，所以也有人共POJ叫做教會羅馬字，或者是簡稱教羅。不而過現代的使用者袂少毋是教徒，教徒嘛真濟袂曉POJ。

IPA

pronounced as /nan-TW/

Values

Consonants

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Bilabial!	Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m] ㄇ Chinese: 毛(moo)		n [n] ㄋ Chinese: 耐(nāi)				ng [ŋ] ㄫ Chinese: 雅(ngá)
Plosive	Unaspirated	p [p] ㄅ Chinese: 邊(pian)	b [b] ㆠ Chinese: 文(bûn)	t [t] ㄉ Chinese: 地(tē)				k [k] ㄍ Chinese: 求(kiû)	g [g] ㆣ Chinese: 語(gí)
	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] ㄆ Chinese: 波(pho)		th [tʰ] ㄊ Chinese: 他(thann)				kh [kʰ] ㄎ Chinese: 去(khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ts [ts] ㄗ Chinese: 曾(tsan)	j [dz] ㆡ Chinese: 熱(jua̍h)	tsi [tɕ] ㄐ Chinese: 尖(tsiam)	ji [dʑ] ㆢ Chinese: 入(ji̍p)
	Aspirated			tsh [tsʰ] ㄘ Chinese: 出(tshut)		tshi [tɕʰ] ㄑ Chinese: 手(tshiú)
Fricative				s [s] ㄙ Chinese: 衫(sann)		si [ɕ] ㄒ Chinese: 寫(siá)				h [h] ㄏ Chinese: 喜(hí)
Lateral					l [l] ~[ɾ] ㄌ Chinese: 柳(liú)

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Finals! !!Bilabial!!Alveolar!Velar!!Glottal Nasal consonant -m [m] ㆬ -n [n] ㄣ -ng [ŋ] ㆭ Stop consonant -p [p̚] ㆴ -t [t̚] ㆵ -k [k̚] ㆶ -h [ʔ] ㆷ

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Syllabic consonant! !!Bilabial!!Velar Nasal m [m̩] ㆬ 姆(ḿ) ng [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes

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!!colspan=2 Front! Central Back Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Close i [i] ㄧ Chinese: 衣(i) inn [ĩ] ㆪ Chinese: 圓(înn) u [u] ㄨ Chinese: 污(u) unn [ũ] ㆫ Chinese: 張(tiunn) Mid e [e] ㆤ Chinese: 禮(lé) enn [ẽ] ㆥ Chinese: 生(senn) o[ə] ㄜ Chinese: 高(ko) oo [ɔ] ㆦ Chinese: 烏(oo) onn [ɔ̃] ㆧ Chinese: 翁(onn) Open a [a] ㄚ Chinese: 查(tsa) ann [ã] ㆩ Chinese: 衫(sann)

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Dialect!Tâi-lô!!IPA!!Bopomofo ir pronounced as /[ɨ]/ ㆨ er pronounced as /[ə]/ ㄜ ee pronounced as /[ɛ]/ ㄝ ere pronounced as /[əe]/ ㄜㆤ

• o pronounced [<nowiki/>[[Mid central vowel|ə]]] ㄜ in general dialect in Kaohsiung and Tainan, [o] ㄛ in Taipei.
• -nn forms the nasal vowels
• There is also syllabic m and ng.

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Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [<nowiki/>[[Glottal stop|ʔ]]] [a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah annh [ai] ai ainn aih ainnh [au] au auh [e] e enn eh ennh [i] i inn im in ing ip it ik ih innh [ia] ia iann iam ian iang iap iat iak iah iannh [iau] iau iaunn iauh [iə] io ioh [iɔ] iong iok [iu] iu iunn iuh iunnh

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Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [ə] o oh [ɔ] oo onn om ong op ok ooh onnh [u] u un ut uh [ua] ua uann uan uat uah [uai] uai uainn [ue] ue ueh [ui] ui [m̩] m － mh [ŋ̍] ng － ngh

• ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones

Tone No.	1	2 (= 6)	3	4	5	7	8
Name	Chinese: 陰平	Chinese: 上聲	Chinese: 陰去	Chinese: 陰入	Chinese: 陽平	Chinese: 陽去	Chinese: 陽入
	im-pîng	siōng-siann	im-khì	im-ji̍p	iông-pîng	iông-khì	iông-ji̍p
Symbol	None	Acute	Grave	None (-p, -t, -k, -h)	Circumflex	macron	Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
	◌	◌́	◌̀	◌	◌̂	◌̄	◌̍
Pitch	˥	˥˩	˧˩	˧ʔ	˨˦	˧	˥ʔ
	55	51	31	3ʔ	24	33	5ʔ
Example	tong (東)	tóng (黨)	tòng (棟)	tok (督)	tông (同)	tōng (洞)	to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Computing

The IETF language tags register for Tâi-lô text.^[4]

Unicode codepoints

The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in Tâi-lô. The tones used by Tâi-lô should use Combining Diacritical Marks instead of Spacing Modifier Letters used by bopomofo.^{[5] [6]} As Tâi-lô is not encoded in Big5, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some Taiwanese Romanization System letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially.^[7]

Base letter/Tone 1!Tone 2!Tone 3!Tone 4!Tone 5!Tone 6!Tone 7!Tone 8!Tone 9

Combining mark

́ (U+0301)

̀ (U+0300)

h

̂ (U+0302)

̌ (U+030C)

̄ (U+0304)

̍h (U+030D)

̋ (U+030B)

Uppercase

A

Á (U+00C1)

À (U+00C0)

AH

 (U+00C2)

Ǎ (U+01CD)

Ā (U+0100)

A̍H (U+0041 U+030D)

A̋ (U+0041 U+030B)

E

É (U+00C9)

È (U+00C8)

EH

Ê (U+00CA)

Ě (U+011A)

Ē (U+0112)

E̍H (U+0045 U+030D)

E̋ (U+0045 U+030B)

I

Í (U+00CD)

Ì (U+00CC)

IH

Î (U+00CE)

Ǐ (U+01CF)

Ī (U+012A)

I̍H (U+0049 U+030D)

I̋ (U+0049 U+030B)

O

Ó (U+00D3)

Ò (U+00D2)

OH

Ô (U+00D4)

Ǒ (U+01D1)

Ō (U+014C)

O̍H (U+004F U+030D)

Ő (U+0150)

U

Ú (U+00DA)

Ù (U+00D9)

UH

Û (U+00DB)

Ǔ (U+01D3)

Ū (U+016A)

U̍H (U+0055 U+030D)

Ű (U+0170)

M

Ḿ (U+1E3E)

M̀ (U+004D U+0300)

MH

M̂ (U+004D U+0302)

M̌ (U+004D U+030C)

M̄ (U+004D U+0304)

M̍H (U+004D U+030D)

M̋ (U+004D U+030B)

N

Ń (U+0143)

Ǹ (U+01F8)

NH

N̂ (U+004E U+0302)

Ň (U+0147)

N̄ (U+004E U+0304)

N̍H (U+004E U+030D)

N̋ (U+004E U+030B)

Lowercase

a

á (U+00E1)

à (U+00E0)

ah

â (U+00E2)

ǎ (U+01CE)

ā (U+0101)

a̍h (U+0061 U+030D)

a̋ (U+0061 U+030B)

e

é (U+00E9)

è (U+00E8)

eh

ê (U+00EA)

ě (U+011B)

ē (U+0113)

e̍h (U+0065 U+030D)

e̋ (U+0065 U+030B)

i

í (U+00ED)

ì (U+00EC)

ih

î (U+00EE)

ǐ (U+01D0)

ī (U+012B)

i̍h (U+0069 U+030D)

i̋ (U+0069 U+030B)

o

ó (U+00F3)

ò (U+00F2)

oh

ô (U+00F4)

ǒ (U+01D2)

ō (U+014D)

o̍h (U+006F U+030D)

ő (U+0151)

u

ú (U+00FA)

ù (U+00F9)

uh

û (U+00FB)

ǔ (U+01D4)

ū (U+016B)

u̍h (U+0075 U+030D)

ű (U+0171)

m

ḿ (U+1E3F)

m̀ (U+006D U+0300)

mh

m̂ (U+006D U+0302)

m̌ (U+006D U+030C)

m̄ (U+006D U+0304)

m̍h (U+006D U+030D)

m̋ (U+006D U+030B)

n

ń (U+0144)

ǹ (U+01F9)

nh

n̂ (U+006E U+0302)

ň (U+0148)

n̄ (U+006E U+0304)

n̍h (U+006E U+030D)

n̋ (U+006E U+030B)

Notes 1. Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.

Characters not directly encoded in Unicode requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters.

Font support

Fonts that currently support POJ includes:

• Charis SIL
• DejaVu
• Doulos SIL
• Linux Libertine
• Taigi Unicode
• Source Sans Pro^{[8] [9]}
• I.Ming (8.00 onwards) from Ichiten Font Project
• Fonts made by justfont foundry
• Fonts modified and release in GitHub repository POJFonts : POJ Phiaute, Gochi Hand POJ, Nunito POJ, POJ Vibes, and POJ Garamond.
• Fonts modified and released by But Ko based on Source Han Sans: Genyog, Genseki, Gensen ; based on Source Han Serif: Genyo, Genwan, Genryu.

Notes

Words in native languages

External links

• Chinese: 臺灣閩南語羅馬拼音及其發音學習網, Taiwanese Romanization System (Tai-lo) learning site by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2006 . Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn . zh:臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 . Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization Solution . 20 November 2019 . zh-hant . language.moe.edu.tw.
2. Book: . Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè . 2008 . 978-986-01-6637-8 . 2nd . zh-hant . zh:臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 . Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System . first edition 2007.
3. Book: . Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè . 2007 . 978-986-00-7755-1 . zh-hant . zh:臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 . Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System . 2014-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171118152811/http://khai.mtwww.mt.au.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b077/img/img/276/tshiutsheh.pdf . 2017-11-18 . dead.
4. Web site: Language Subtag Registry . Internet Enginnering Task Force . 22 May 2024 . en . 2024-05-16.
5. Web site: aiongg . aiongg/POJFonts . GitHub - POJ Fonts . 2020-12-02 . 2020-11-22 . 2021-04-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210412122044/https://github.com/aiongg/POJFonts . live .
6. Web site: Tseng Gorong . 談金萱的台羅變音符號設計 . justfont blog . 2020-12-02 . zh-TW . 2019-01-11 . 2021-04-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210412113558/https://blog.justfont.com/2019/01/jinxuan-taiwan-letters/ . live .
7. Web site: FAQ - Characters and Combining Marks . unicode.org . 2020-12-02 . 2021-04-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114907/http://unicode.org/faq/char_combmark.html#9 . live .
8. Web site: 2010-09-06 . Fonts version 3.006 (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2, Variable) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180351/https://github.com/adobe-fonts/source-sans-pro/releases/tag/3.006R . 2020-12-24 . 2010-09-06 . GitHub . Adobe Systems Incorporated.
9. Iûⁿ . Ún-giân . 2009 . Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging . PhD . National Taiwan University . 367595113 . 20.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn".

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