| Tai Nuea | |
| Nativename: | Tai Le |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /tai˥.lə˧/ |
| Script: | Tai Le script |
| States: | China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos |
| Region: | Southwest China |
| Ethnicity: | Tai Nua |
| Speakers: | 720,000 |
| Date: | 1983–2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Kradai |
| Fam2: | Tai |
| Fam3: | Southwestern (Thai) |
| Fam4: | Northwestern |
| Nation: | China (Dehong, co-official) |
| Iso3: | tdd |
| Glotto: | tain1252 |
| Glottoname: | Tai Nua |
| Notice: | IPA |
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (; Thai: ภาษาไทเหนือ, in Thai pronounced as /pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a/), also called Dehong Tai (; Thai: ภาษาไทใต้คง, in Thai pronounced as /pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ/) and Chinese Shan, is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China, especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province. It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan. It should not be confused with Tai Lü (Xishuangbanna Dai).
Most Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le (pronounced as /tai˥.lə˧/), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this is different from Tai Lue, which is pronounced pronounced as /tai˥.lɪ˦˧/ in Tai Nuea.
Another autonym is pronounced as /tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥/, where pronounced as /taɯ˧˩/ means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and pronounced as /xoŋ˥/ means 'the Hong River' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term pronounced as /taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥/.
The language is also known as Tai Mau, Tai Kong and Tai Na.[1]
Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into the Dehong (Chinese: 德宏) and Menggeng (Chinese: 孟耿) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers.
Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Plosive | tenuis | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/)* | (pronounced as /link/)* | ||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
| Front | Central-Back | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Low | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
Tai Nuea's diphthongs are pronounced as /iu, eu, ɛu; ui, oi, ɔi; əi, əu; ai, aɯ, au; aːi, aːu/
Tai Nuea has six tones:
Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.).
See main article: Tai Le script. The Tai Le script is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century.
The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988, the spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics.
The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters.
The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables.
| Letter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | [k] | x | [x] | ng | [ŋ] | ||||
| ts | [ts] | s | [s] | y | [j] | ||||
| t | [t] | th | pronounced as /[tʰ]/ | l | [l] | ||||
| p | [p] | ph | pronounced as /[pʰ]/ | m | [m] | ||||
| f | [f] | v | [w] | ||||||
| h | [h] | q | pronounced as /[ʔ]/ | ||||||
| kh | pronounced as /[kʰ]/ | tsh | pronounced as /[tsʰ]/ | n | [n] |
Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters:
| Letter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | pronounced as /[aː]/ | |||||
| i | [i] | u | [u] | |||
| ee | [e] | ᥝ | oo | [o] | ||
| eh | pronounced as /[ɛ]/ | o | pronounced as /[ɔ]/ | |||
| ue | pronounced as /[ɯ]/ | e | [ə] | |||
| aue | pronounced as /[aɯ]/ | ai | [ai] |
Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with the consonant [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j].
In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone.
Tone marks were presented via the third reform (1963) as diacritics. Then the fourth reform (1988) changed them into tone letters. A tone mark is put at the end of syllable whatever it is consonant or vowel. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones.
| Number | New (1988) | Old (1963) | Pitch | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 35 | |||
| 2. | 55 | |||
| 3. | 11 | |||
| 4. | 42 | |||
| 5. | 54 | |||
| 6. | 33 |
The sixth tone (mid level) is not marked. And if a syllable with -p, -t, -k finals have the fifth tone, the tone mark is not written.
| Meaning | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | ᥐᥝ (kau33) | ᥖᥧ (tu33) | ||
| ᥞᥝᥰ (hau55) | ||||
| 2nd person | ᥛᥬᥰ (maɯ55) | ᥔᥧᥴ (su35) | ||
| 3rd person | ᥛᥢᥰ (man55) | ᥑᥝᥴ (xau35) | ||
Tai Nuea uses an SVO word order.
| Word | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| ᥔᥒᥴ (sang35) | What | |
| Why | ||
| ᥐᥤᥱ (ki11) | How many | |
| ᥚᥬᥴ (phaɯ35) | Who | |
| ᥗᥬᥴ (thaɯ35) | Where |
Tai Nuea has official status in some parts of Yunnan (China), where it is used on signs and in education. Yunnan People's Radio Station (Yúnnán rénmín guǎngbō diàntái 云南人民广播电台) broadcasts in Tai Nuea. On the other hand, however, very little printed material is published in Tai Nuea in China. However, many signs of roads and stores in Mangshi are in Tai Nuea.
In Thailand, a collection of 108 proverbs was published with translations into Thai and English.[2]