Tahōtō Explained

A is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. It is unique among pagodas because it has an even number of stories (two). (The second story has a balustrade and seems habitable, but is nonetheless inaccessible and offers no usable space.)[1] Its name alludes to Tahō Nyorai, who appears seated in a many-jewelled pagoda in the eleventh chapter of the Lotus Sutra.[2] With square lower and cylindrical upper parts, a mokoshi 'skirt roof', a pyramidal roof, and a finial, the tahōtō or the larger daitō was one of the seven halls of a Shingon temple.[3] After the Heian period, the construction of pagodas in general declined, and new tahōtō became rare. Six examples, of which that at Ishiyama-dera (1194) is the earliest, have been designated National Treasures.[4] There are no examples in China, whether architectural or pictorial, of anything that resembles the tahōtō, although there is a Song dynasty textual reference to a tahōtō with an encircling chamber'.[5]

Hōtō

The or treasure pagoda is the ancestor of the tahōtō and dates to the introduction to Japan of Shingon and Tendai Buddhism in the ninth century.[2] [5] No wooden hōtō has survived, although modern copies do exist. They are usually made from stone, bronze, or iron, and specimens are always miniatures comprising a foundation stone, barrel-shaped body, pyramid roof, and a finial.[2] [6]

Daitō

While the tahōtō is 3x3 ken (bays), a larger 5x5 ken version exists, known as or 'large pagoda'.[3] This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a row of pillars or a wall separating the corridor (hisashi) from the core of the structure, abolished in smaller pagodas.[6] [7] Daitō used to be common but, of all those ever built, only a few are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, another at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture, another at Narita-san in Chiba. (See the respective list entries.) Kūkai himself, founder of the Shingon school, built the celebrated daitō for Kongōbu-ji on Kōyasan; almost fifty metres high, chronicles relate that 'the mightiness of its single storey outdoes that of multi-storeyed pagodas'.[5] The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.

Structure

Single-storey

Japanese pagodas have an odd number of stories.[8] While the tahōto may appear to be twin-storied, complete with balustrade, the upper part is inaccessible with no usable space. The lower roof, known as a mokoshi, provides shelter and the appearance of an additional storey.[5] [9]

Floor plan

Raised over the, the ground floor has a square plan, 3x3 ken across, with a circular core.[6] [10] Inside, a room is marked out by the, a reference to the Four Heavenly Kings.[1] [6] The main objects of worship are often enshrined within.[6] [11]

Upper part

Above is a second 'tortoise mound', in a residual reference to the stupa.[5] Since exposed plaster weathers rapidly, a natural solution was to provide it with a roof, the mokoshi.[5] [12] Above again is a short, cylindrical section and a pyramidal roof, supported on four-stepped brackets.[1] [13]

Finial

See main article: Sōrin. Like all Japanese pagodas, the tahōtō is topped by a vertical shaft known as the .[14] This comprises the base or 'dew basin'; an inverted bowl with attached lotus petals; nine rings; 'water flame'; and jewel.[14] The finial's division in sections has a symbolic meaning and its structure as a whole itself represents a pagoda.[15]

Miniature versions

A number of smaller versions of the tahōtō are known, of stone, bronze, iron, or wood, and similar to the hōtō.[16] [17]

Meaning

A number of mandala show the Iron Stupa in southern India, where the patriarch Nāgārjuna received the Esoteric scriptures, as a single-storey pagoda with a cylindrical body, a pyramidal roof, and a spire.[5] The forms used in the tahōtō, namely the square, circle, triangle, semi-circle, and circle, may represent the Five Elements or the Five Virtues.[18] [5] The egg-shaped stupa mound or aṇḍa may represent Mount Sumeru, with the finial as the axis of the world; or, by a folk interpretation, the square base may represents a folded robe, the dome an overturned begging bowl, and the spire a walking staff.[18] The tahōtō served not as a reliquary tower but often as an icon hall.[6]

Examples

ImagePropertyDateMunicipalityPrefectureCommentsDesignation
[19] [20] 1556 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[21] 1684 3 ken; originated in a three-storey pagoda of 1254, later ruined and rebuilt Prefectural
1692
[22] 1534 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[23] 1639 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[24] 1761 3 ken, copper roof Prefectural
[25] 1548 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
1984
[26] 1938
[27] 1828 ICP
[28] [29] 1275-1332 3 ken, hinoki roof ICP
[30] [31] 1536 3 ken, copper roof ICP
[32] [33] 1393-1466 3 ken, copper roof ICP
[34] [35] 1467-1572 3 ken, hinoki roof ICP
1962 3 ken, tiled roof
[36] [37] 1535 3 ken, hinoki roof ICP
[38] [39] 1509 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[40] [41] 1528 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[42] [43] 1393-1466 3 ken, shingle roof; dismantled for repairs in 1953, roof repairs in 1977 ICP
[44] [45] [46] [47] 1194 3 ken, hinoki roof; four painted pillars of the Kamakura period (ICP); inside are a Heian period and a Kamakura period wooden seated statue of Dainichi Nyorai, both (ICP) National Treasure
[48] 1298 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
1620 3 ken, hinoki roof ICP
[49] 1621 3 ken, hinoki roof ICP
[50] 1438 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[51] 1808 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
1942 3 ken, copper roof
[52] [53] 1935 3 ken, tiled roof; inside are five Heian period wooden seated statues of Kokuzō Bosatsu (National Treasures)
1958 3 ken, tiled roof
[54] 1928
[55] 1967 3 ken, tiled roof
[56] 1960
1961 3 ken, copper roof
[57] 1702 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[58] 1804 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[59] 1275-1332 3 ken, hinoki roof; dismantled for repairs in 1918, roof repairs in 1955 ICP
[60] 1751 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[61] 1500 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[62] 1597 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[63] [64] 1467-1572 3 ken, copper roof; inside is a Heian period seated wooden statue of Dainichi Nyorai (ICP) ICP
[65] 1086-1184 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[66] 1271 3 ken, hinoki roof National Treasure
[67] 1515 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[68] 1987 3 ken, copper roof
[69] 1368 3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1921, roof repairs in 1969 ICP
[70] 1652 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[71] 1662 3 ken, tiled lower roof, hinoki upper roof ICP
1709 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
1710 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[72] 1478 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[73] 1648 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[74] 1812 3 ken, hinoki roof Prefectural
3 ken, iron upper roof, tiled lower roof Prefectural
1715 3 ken, hinoki roof Prefectural
[75] 1607 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
1767 3 ken, tiled roof
[76] 1463 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[77] 1615-1660 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
3 ken, tiled roof
1957 3 ken, tiled roof
[78] 3 ken, shingle roof
[79] 1624 3 ken, copper roof Prefectural
1937 5 ken; five Buddhas of the Diamond Realm enshrined inside, with bodhisattva painted on the columns, in a form of mandala; the first daitō was completed in 837; it and four successors were destroyed by fire
[80] 1834 5 ken, tiled roof; five Buddhas of the Womb Realm enshrined inside
1984
[81] [82] 1223 National Treasure
[83] 1449 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[84] 1653 3 ken, tiled roof
[85] 1492-1554 3 ken, hinoki roof National Treasure
[86] 1275-1332 3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935 ICP
[87] 1357 3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1927 National Treasure
[88] 1606 3 ken, tiled roof ICP
[89] 1670 3 ken, tiled roof; rebuilt after a storm in 1843 Prefectural
[90] 1688-1703 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[91] 1690 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
[92] [93] 1526 Prefectural
[94] [95] 1523 3 ken, shingle roof ICP
[96] [97] 1319-28 3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935, repainted in 1973 National Treasure
[98] 1942 Registered
[99] 1927 3 ken, copper roof Registered
[100] [101] 1560 3 ken, shingle roof; inscription with date found in 1928 ICP
[102] 1618 ICP
[103] 1963
[104] 1774 3 ken, tiled roof Prefectural
1984 3 ken, tiled roof
1954
1980 3 ken, tiled roof
1984

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Houtou . . 25 August 2010.
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  4. Web site: Database of National Cultural Properties (多宝塔) . . 23 May 2011.
  5. Book: The Evolution of Buddhist Architecture in Japan . Soper, Alexander Coburn . . 1942 . 194–7.
  6. Web site: Tahoutou . . 25 August 2010.
  7. Book: Hamashima, Masashi. Jisha Kenchiku no Kanshō Kiso Chishiki. 1999. Shibundō. Tokyo. 74. ja.
  8. Web site: Tasoutou . . 23 May 2011.
  9. Web site: Mokoshi . . 23 May 2011.
  10. Web site: Kamebara . . 23 May 2011.
  11. Web site: Shitenbashira . . 23 May 2011.
  12. Book: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan . Suzuki, Kakichi . . 1980 . 0-87011-386-0 . 18f.
  13. Book: The Roof in Japanese Buddhist Architecture . Parent, Mary . Weatherhill . 1983 . 0-8348-0186-8 . 128, 292f.
  14. Web site: Sourin . . 23 May 2011.
  15. Book: Hamashima, Masashi. Jisha Kenchiku no Kanshō Kiso Chishiki. 1999. Shibundō. Tokyo. 224. ja.
  16. Web site: Database of National Cultural Properties . https://archive.today/20120721084842/https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/102/937 . dead . 21 July 2012 . . 23 May 2011 .
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  18. Book: Sacred Koyasan: A pilgrimage to the Mountain Temple of Saint Kōbō Daishi and the Great Sun Buddha . Nicoloff, Philip L. . . 2008 . 978-0-7914-7259-0 . 124–131, 301–3.
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  54. Web site: Eikando – History . . 23 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014802/http://www.eikando.or.jp/English/nenpyou_e.htm . 23 July 2011 .
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  56. Web site: Kuramadera tahoto . Kurama-dera . 23 May 2011.
  57. Web site: Seiryoji tahoto . . 23 May 2011.
  58. Web site: Anaoji tahoto . . 23 May 2011.
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  60. Web site: Maizuru tahoto . . 23 May 2011.
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  102. Web site: Database of National Cultural Properties . https://archive.today/20120722104713/https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/102/3268 . dead . 22 July 2012 . . 23 May 2011 .
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  104. Web site: Tokushima bunkazai . . 23 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152705/http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/docs/2008081800012/ . 27 September 2011 .

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