List of electoral systems by country explained

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

Electoral systems by country

Democracies and hybrid regimes

scope=col width=80px	Country	scope=col	Body or office	scope=col	Type of body or office	scope=col	Electoral system	scope=col width=140px	Notes
scope=row rowspan=2	Albania	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Algeria	President	Head of state	Two-round system
Council of the Nation	Upper chamber of legislature	Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3)
People's National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Andorra	Co-Princes	Head of state	Two-round system (French Prince) Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince)
General Council	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Party block voting (14 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Angola	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Antigua and Barbuda	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Argentina	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited voting	Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists)
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (MMDs with DM 5 to 70)
scope=row rowspan=2	Armenia	President	Head of State	Appointed by the National Assembly
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row rowspan=3	Australia	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Instant-runoff voting
scope=row rowspan=3	Austria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Federal Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by federal states' legislatures
National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Bahamas	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Bangladesh	President	Head of State	Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad
Jatiya Sangsad	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Barbados	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Belgium	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats) Elected by the Senate (10 seats)
Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Belize	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Benin	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Bhutan	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (20 seats) Appointed by the King (5 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
scope=row rowspan=3	Bolivia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate
Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Presidency	Heads of State	First-past-the-post
House of Peoples	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by entities legislatures
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Botswana	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Brazil	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting (54 seats) First-past-the-post (27 seats)
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Bulgaria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Canada	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor General
House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Cape Verde	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Chile	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Colombia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Cook Islands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Costa Rica	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	40% of the vote to win in the first round
Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Croatia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Cyprus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Czech Republic	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Denmark	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Folketing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Dominica	President	Head of state	Elected by the House of Assembly
House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (21 seats) Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
scope=row rowspan=3	Dominican Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	East Timor	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	El Salvador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Estonia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Riigikogu
Riigikogu	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Fiji	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Finland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	France	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by local councillors
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
scope=row	Gabon	Currently no elections are held
scope=row rowspan=2	Georgia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Germany	President	Head of State	Elected by the Bundestag and State delegates
Bundesrat	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by State Governments
Bundestag	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Greece	President	Head of State	Elected by the Hellenic Parliament
Hellenic Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row rowspan=3	Grenada	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Guatemala	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Congress of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Guyana	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Honduras	President	Head of State and Government
National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Hungary	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system)^[1]
scope=row rowspan=2	Iceland	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Alþing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	India	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and state legislative assemblies
Rajya Sabha	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats) Appointed by the President (12 seats)
Lok Sabha	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Indonesia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Regional Representative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
People's Representative Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Iraq	President	Head of state	Elected by the Council of Representatives
Council of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
scope=row rowspan=3	Ireland	President	Head of State	Instant-runoff voting
Seanad Éireann	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by vocational panels (43 seats) Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats) Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats)
Dáil Éireann	Lower chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
scope=row rowspan=2	Israel	President	Head of State	Elected by the Knesset
Knesset	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Italy	President	Head of State	Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian Party-list proportional representation (126 seats) First-past-the-post (74 seats) Appointed by the President (5 seats)
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian Party-list proportional representation (253 seats) First-past-the-post (147 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Ivory Coast	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils (66 seats) Appointed by the President (33 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Jamaica	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Japan	Emperor	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Parallel voting Single non-transferable vote (148 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (289 seats) Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Jordan	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Kenya	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (47 seats) Appointed (20 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (337 seats) Appointed (12 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Kiribati	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats) Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat)
scope=row rowspan=2	Kyrgyzstan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting Party-list proportional representation (54 seats) First-past-the-post (36 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Latvia	President	Head of state	Elected by the Saeima
Saeima	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Lebanon	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Lesotho	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats) Appointed by the King (11 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Liberia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Liechtenstein	Prince	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Landtag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Lithuania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Seimas	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting Two-round system (71 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Luxembourg	Grand Duke	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Madagascar	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats) Appointed by the President (6 seats)
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (77 seats) Party-list proportional representation (86 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Malawi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Malaysia	Yang di-Pertuan Agong	Head of State	Elective monarchy
Dewan Negara	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats) Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats)
Dewan Rakyat	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Maldives	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
People's Majlis	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Malta	President	Head of state	Elected by the House of Representatives
House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote
scope=row rowspan=2	Marshall Islands	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Legislature
Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row rowspan=2	Mauritania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Mauritius	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (62 seats) Best Loser System (8 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Mexico	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited voting (96 seats) Party-list proportional representation (32 seats)
Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (300 seats) Party-list proportional representation (200 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Micronesia	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Congress
Congress	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Moldova	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Monaco	Prince	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
National Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (16 seats) Party-list proportional representation (8 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Mongolia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
State Great Khural	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row rowspan=2	Montenegro	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Morocco	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regions
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Mozambique	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Namibia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (96 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Nauru	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Parliament
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Dowdall system
scope=row rowspan=3	Nepal	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and the provincial assemblies
National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial assemblies
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (165 seats) Party-list proportional representation (110 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Netherlands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	New Zealand	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Nigeria	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Niue	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	North Macedonia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Norway	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Storting	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Pakistan	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and provincial assemblies
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial assemblies
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (266 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Palau	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
House of Delegates	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Panama	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (45 seats) First-past-the-post (26 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Papua New Guinea	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Instant runoff voting
scope=row rowspan=3	Paraguay	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Peru	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Congress	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Philippines	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (253 seats) Party-list proportional representation (63 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Poland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Sejm	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Portugal	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Romania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Saint Kitts and Nevis	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Saint Lucia	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Samoa	O le Ao o le Malo	Head of state	Elected by the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	San Marino	Captains Regent	Head of state	Elected by the Grand and General Council
Grand and General Council	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row rowspan=2	São Tomé and Príncipe	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Senegal	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats) Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Serbia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Seychelles	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (26 seats) Party-list proportional representation (10 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Sierra Leone	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (135 seats) Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Singapore	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party block voting (79 seats) First-past-the-post (14 seats) Best losers (12 seats) Appointed by the president (9 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Slovakia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Council	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Slovenia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Solomon Islands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	South Africa	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
National Council of Provinces	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures
National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	South Korea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Spain	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited plurality block voting (208 seats) Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats)
Congress of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Sri Lanka	President	Head of State and Government	Instant-runoff voting
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Sweden	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Riksdag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	Switzerland	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Federal Assembly
Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (4 seats) Landsgemeinde (1 seat)
National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Taiwan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Legislative Yuan	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (73 seats) Party-list proportional representation (34 seats) Single non-transferable vote (6 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Tanzania	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (264 seats) Party-list proportional representation (113 seats) Appointed by the President (10 seats) Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
scope=row rowspan=3	Thailand	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (400 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Tonga	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Trinidad and Tobago	President	Head of state	Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	Tunisia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Council of Regions and Districts	Upper chamber legislature	Elected by the regional and district councils
Assembly of the Representatives of the People	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
scope=row rowspan=2	Turkey	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Grand National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Tuvalu	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row rowspan=2	Uganda	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=2	Ukraine	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Verkhovna Rada	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=3	United Kingdom	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
House of Lords	Upper chamber of legislature	Life peer appointed by the King (670 seats) Hereditary peer (92 seats) Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats)
House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row rowspan=3	United States	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the electoral college
Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
scope=row rowspan=3	Uruguay	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Vanuatu	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Vatican City	Pope	Head of State	Elective monarchy
scope=row rowspan=2	Zambia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post

Authoritarian regimes

According to the Economist Democracy Index 2023 on electoral process and pluralism. These countries have no elections or sham elections.

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system
Afghanistan	Currently no elections are held
Azerbaijan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Azerbaijan	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Bahrain	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Consultative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
	Council of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Belarus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Council of Republic	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Brunei	Currently no elections are held
Burkina Faso	Currently no elections are held
Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cambodia	King	Head of State	Elective monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by commune councillors (58 sets) Appointed by the King (2 seats) Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cameroon	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by municipal councils (70 seats) Appointed by the President (30 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (58 seats) Party-list proportional representation (122 seats)
Central African Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Central African Republic	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Chad	Currently no elections are held
China	Currently no elections are held
Comoros	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Comoros	Assembly of the Union	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Democratic Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats) Senator for life (variable seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation First-past-the-post
Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Cuba	President	Head of state	Elected by the National Assembly
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Djibouti	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Djibouti	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian Party block voting (80% of seats) Party-list proportional representation (10% of seats)
East Timor	President	Head of State	Two-round system
East Timor	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Ecuador	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Egypt	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Egypt	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting Two-round system (284 seats) Party-list proportional representation (284 seats) Appointed by the President (28 seats)
Equatorial Guinea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (55 seats) Appointed by the President (15 seats)
	Chamber of People's Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Eritrea	Currently no elections are held
Eswatini	Ngwenyama	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats) Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats)
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Ethiopia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly
	House of Federation	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the State Councils
	House of Peoples' Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Gabon	Currently no elections are held
Guinea	Currently no elections are held
Guinea-Bissau	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Guinea-Bissau	National People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Haiti	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Iran	Supreme Leader	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly of Experts
	President	Head of Government	Two-round system
	Islamic Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system Plurality block voting
	Assembly of Experts	Electoral College	First-past-the-post Plurality block voting
Kuwait	Emir	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Kuwait	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Laos	President	Head of state	Elected by the National Assembly
Laos	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Libya	Currently no elections are held
Mali	Currently no elections are held
Mauritania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mauritania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
Mozambique	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Myanmar	Currently no elections are held
Nicaragua	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Nicaragua	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Niger	Currently no elections are held
North Korea	Supreme People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Oman	Sultan	Head of State and Government	Hereditary monarchy
	Council of State	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Sultan
	Consultative Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Qatar	Emir	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Qatar	Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Russia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Federation Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by federal subjects' legislatures
	State Duma	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (225 seats) Party-list proportional representation (225 seats)
Rwanda	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils (12 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (53 seats) Elected by local and national councils (27 seats)
Saudi Arabia	Currently no elections are held
South Sudan	Currently no elections are held
Sudan	Currently no elections are held
Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Suriname	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Syria	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Syria	People's Council	Unicameral legislature	Party block voting
Tajikistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Assembly of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (22 seats)
Togo	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Togo	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Turkmenistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Turkmenistan	Assembly	Unicameral of legislature	First-past-the-post
Uzbekistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by members of local councils (84 seats) Appointed by the President (16 seats)
	Legislative Chamber	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Vatican City	Pope	Head of State	Elective monarchy
Venezuela	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Venezuela	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting Party-list proportional representation (144 seats) First-past-the-post (133 seats)
Vietnam	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Vietnam	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Yemen	Currently no elections are held
Zimbabwe	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (60 seats) Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats) Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (210 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)

Countries with limited recognition

scope=col width=80px	Country	scope=col	Body or office	scope=col	Type of body or office	scope=col	Electoral system	scope=col	Notes
scope=row rowspan=2	Abkhazia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
scope=row rowspan=2	Kosovo	President	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly
Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Northern Cyprus	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	President	Head of State	Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front
Sahrawi National Council	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
scope=row rowspan=2	South Ossetia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (17 seats) Party-list proportional representation (17 seats)
scope=row rowspan=3	Somaliland	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
House of Elders	Upper chamber of legislature	—	Currently no system defined
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Transnistria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post

Colonies and dependencies

scope=col width=80px	Country	scope=col	Body or office	scope=col	Type of body or office	scope=col	Electoral system	scope=col width=140px	Notes
scope=row	Alderney	States	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row rowspan=2	American Samoa	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by county councils
House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
scope=row	Anguilla	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (7 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Deputy Governor (1 seats)
scope=row	Ascension	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row rowspan=2	Bermuda	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor
House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row	British Virgin Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (9 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
scope=row	Cayman Islands	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
scope=row	Falkland Islands	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	French Polynesia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row	Gibraltar	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Limited plurality block voting
scope=row	Guam	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	Guernsey	States of Deliberation	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	Hong Kong	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats) Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats) Single non-transferable vote (20 seats)
scope=row rowspan=2	Isle of Man	Legislative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats) President of Tynwald (1 seat) Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat) Attorney General (1 seat)
House of Keys	Lower chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	Jersey	States Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (37 seats) First-past-the-post (12 seats)
scope=row	Macau	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Indirectly elected member (12 seats) appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats)
scope=row	Montserrat	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	New Caledonia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
scope=row rowspan=2	Northern Mariana Islands	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (6 seats) First-past-the-post (3 seats)
House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (18 seats) First-past-the-post (2 seats)
scope=row	Pitcairn Islands	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote (7 seats) Administrator (1 seat) Governor (1 seat) Deputy Governor (1 seat)
scope=row rowspan=2	Puerto Rico	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Parallel voting Party block voting (16 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Parallel voting First-past-the-post (40 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
scope=row	Saint Barthélemy	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row	Saint Helena	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (12 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
scope=row	Saint Martin	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
scope=row	Sark	Chief Pleas	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	Tokelau	General Fono	Unicameral legislature
scope=row	Tristan da Cunha	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
scope=row	Turks and Caicos Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (10 seats) Plurality block voting (5 seats) Appointed by the Governor (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
scope=row	U.S. Virgin Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (14 seats) First-past-the-post (1 seat)
scope=row	Wallis and Futuna	Territorial Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation

External links

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.

Notes and References

Web site: 2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye . hu.