Trophinin Explained

Trophinin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRO gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

This gene encodes a membrane protein that mediates apical cell adhesion between trophoblastic cells and luminal epithelial cells of the endometrium and is implicated in the initial attachment during the process of embryo implantation. This gene is related to the MAGED gene family by sequence similarity and chromosome location. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene; however, the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.^[3]

Further reading

• Fukuda MN, Nozawa S . Trophinin, tastin, and bystin: a complex mediating unique attachment between trophoblastic and endometrial epithelial cells at their respective apical cell membranes. . Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. . 17 . 3 . 229–34 . 2000 . 10797941 . 10.1055/s-2007-1016230 . 260319642 .
• Fukuda MN, Sato T, Nakayama J, etal . Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation. . Genes Dev. . 9 . 10 . 1199–210 . 1995 . 7758945 . 10.1101/gad.9.10.1199 . free .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB . Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. . Genome Res. . 6 . 9 . 791–806 . 1997 . 8889548 . 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 . free .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Suzuki N, Zara J, Sato T, etal . A cytoplasmic protein, bystin, interacts with trophinin, tastin, and cytokeratin and may be involved in trophinin-mediated cell adhesion between trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 95 . 9 . 5027–32 . 1998 . 9560222 . 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5027 . 20207 . 1998PNAS...95.5027S . free .
• Suzuki N, Nakayama J, Shih IM, etal . Expression of trophinin, tastin, and bystin by trophoblast and endometrial cells in human placenta. . Biol. Reprod. . 60 . 3 . 621–7 . 1999 . 10026108 . 10.1095/biolreprod60.3.621 . free .
• Kikuno R, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, etal . Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. . DNA Res. . 6 . 3 . 197–205 . 1999 . 10470851 . 10.1093/dnares/6.3.197 . free .
• Wang HY, Xing FQ, Chen SL . Expression of trophinin in the cycling endometrium and its association with infertility. . Di Yi Jun Yi da Xue Xue Bao . 22 . 6 . 539–41 . 2002 . 12297480 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, etal . Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis. . Exp. Cell Res. . 288 . 1 . 35–50 . 2003 . 12878157 . 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7 .
• Nakayama J, Aoki D, Suga T, etal . Implantation-dependent expression of trophinin by maternal fallopian tube epithelia during tubal pregnancies: possible role of human chorionic gonadotrophin on ectopic pregnancy. . Am. J. Pathol. . 163 . 6 . 2211–9 . 2004 . 14633596 . 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63579-1. 1892375 .
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, etal . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . free .
• Bertrand M, Huijbers I, Chomez P, De Backer O . Comparative expression analysis of the MAGED genes during embryogenesis and brain development. . Dev. Dyn. . 230 . 2 . 325–34 . 2005 . 15162511 . 10.1002/dvdy.20026 . free .
• Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, etal . The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. . Nature . 434 . 7031 . 325–37 . 2005 . 15772651 . 10.1038/nature03440 . 2665286 . 2005Natur.434..325R .
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, etal . Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. . Nature . 437 . 7062 . 1173–8 . 2005 . 16189514 . 10.1038/nature04209 . 2005Natur.437.1173R . 4427026 .
• Aoyama J, Nakayama Y, Sugiyama D, etal . Apical cell adhesion molecule, trophinin, localizes to the nuclear envelope. . FEBS Lett. . 579 . 28 . 6326–32 . 2006 . 16288751 . 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.10.012 . 20457063 .

Notes and References

1. Pack SD, Tanigami A, Ledbetter DH, Sato T, Fukuda MN . Assignment of trophoblast/endometrial epithelium cell adhesion molecule trophinin gene TRO to human chromosome bands Xp11.22→p11.21 by in situ hybridization . Cytogenet Cell Genet . 79 . 1–2 . 123–4 . Apr 1998 . 9533028 . 10.1159/000134698 .
2. Chomez P, De Backer O, Bertrand M, De Plaen E, Boon T, Lucas S . An overview of the MAGE gene family with the identification of all human members of the family . Cancer Res . 61 . 14 . 5544–51 . Jul 2001 . 11454705 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: TRO trophinin.