TGM3 explained

Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TGM3 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Transglutaminases are enzymes that catalyze the crosslinking of proteins by epsilon-gamma glutamyl lysine isopeptide bonds. While the primary structure of transglutaminases is not conserved, they all have the same amino acid sequence at their active sites and their activity is calcium-dependent. The protein encoded by this gene consists of two polypeptide chains activated from a single precursor protein by proteolysis. The encoded protein is involved the later stages of cell envelope formation in the epidermis and hair follicle.

See also

• Proximal promoter

Further reading

• Ahvazi B, Boeshans KM, Rastinejad F . The emerging structural understanding of transglutaminase 3 . J. Struct. Biol. . 147 . 2 . 200–7 . 2005 . 15193648 . 10.1016/j.jsb.2004.03.009 .
• Rice RH, Green H . Relation of protein synthesis and transglutaminase activity to formation of the cross-linked envelope during terminal differentiation of the cultured human epidermal keratinocyte . J. Cell Biol. . 76 . 3 . 705–11 . 1978 . 24643 . 10.1083/jcb.76.3.705 . 2110014 .
• Steck TL . Cross-linking the major proteins of the isolated erythrocyte membrane . J. Mol. Biol. . 66 . 2 . 295–305 . 1972 . 5038456 . 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90481-0 .
• Mariniello L, Esposito C, Di Pierro P, etal . Human-immunodeficiency-virus transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 is an amino acceptor and donor substrate for transglutaminase in vitro . Eur. J. Biochem. . 215 . 1 . 99–104 . 1993 . 7688299 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18011.x . free .
• Amendola A, Lombardi G, Oliverio S, etal . HIV-1 gp120-dependent induction of apoptosis in antigen-specific human T cell clones is characterized by 'tissue' transglutaminase expression and prevented by cyclosporin A . FEBS Lett. . 339 . 3 . 258–64 . 1994 . 7906657 . 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80427-3 . 39872629 . free .
• Kim IG, Lee SC, Lee JH, etal . Structure and organization of the human transglutaminase 3 gene: evolutionary relationship to the transglutaminase family . J. Invest. Dermatol. . 103 . 2 . 137–42 . 1994 . 7913719 . 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12392470 . free .
• Kim IG, Gorman JJ, Park SC, etal . The deduced sequence of the novel protransglutaminase E (TGase3) of human and mouse . J. Biol. Chem. . 268 . 17 . 12682–90 . 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)31442-X . 8099584 . free .
• Lee JH, Jang SI, Yang JM, etal . The proximal promoter of the human transglutaminase 3 gene. Stratified squamous epithelial-specific expression in cultured cells is mediated by binding of Sp1 and ets transcription factors to a proximal promoter element . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 8 . 4561–8 . 1996 . 8626812 . 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4561. free .
• Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, etal . Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags . Genome Res. . 6 . 9 . 807–28 . 1997 . 8889549 . 10.1101/gr.6.9.807 . free .
• Kim SY, Grant P, Lee JH, etal . Differential expression of multiple transglutaminases in human brain. Increased expression and cross-linking by transglutaminases 1 and 2 in Alzheimer's disease . J. Biol. Chem. . 274 . 43 . 30715–21 . 1999 . 10521460 . 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30715 . free .
• Méhul B, Bernard D, Simonetti L, etal . Identification and cloning of a new calmodulin-like protein from human epidermis . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 17 . 12841–7 . 2000 . 10777582 . 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12841 . free .
• Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, etal . The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20 . Nature . 414 . 6866 . 865–71 . 2002 . 11780052 . 10.1038/414865a . 2001Natur.414..865D . free .
• Sárdy M, Kárpáti S, Merkl B, etal . Epidermal transglutaminase (TGase 3) is the autoantigen of dermatitis herpetiformis . J. Exp. Med. . 195 . 6 . 747–57 . 2002 . 11901200 . 10.1084/jem.20011299 . 2193738 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Ahvazi B, Boeshans KM, Idler W, etal . Roles of calcium ions in the activation and activity of the transglutaminase 3 enzyme . J. Biol. Chem. . 278 . 26 . 23834–41 . 2003 . 12679341 . 10.1074/jbc.M301162200 . free .
• Hitomi K, Presland RB, Nakayama T, etal . Analysis of epidermal-type transglutaminase (transglutaminase 3) in human stratified epithelia and cultured keratinocytes using monoclonal antibodies . J. Dermatol. Sci. . 32 . 2 . 95–103 . 2004 . 12850301 . 10.1016/S0923-1811(03)00091-4 .
• Gonzalez HE, Gujrati M, Frederick M, etal . Identification of 9 genes differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. . 129 . 7 . 754–9 . 2003 . 12874078 . 10.1001/archotol.129.7.754 . free .

Notes and References

1. Wang M, Kim IG, Steinert PM, McBride OW . Assignment of the human transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) genes to chromosome 20q11.2 . Genomics . 23 . 3 . 721–2 . Mar 1995 . 7851911 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1571 .
2. Aeschlimann D, Koeller MK, Allen-Hoffmann BL, Mosher DF . Isolation of a cDNA encoding a novel member of the transglutaminase gene family from human keratinocytes. Detection and identification of transglutaminase gene products based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers . J Biol Chem . 273 . 6 . 3452–60 . Mar 1998 . 9452468 . 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3452 . free .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: TGM3 transglutaminase 3 (E polypeptide, protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase).