Bayraktar TB2 explained

The Bayraktar TB2 is a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations. It is manufactured by the Turkish company Baykar Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., primarily for the Turkish Armed Forces.[1] The aircraft are monitored and controlled by an aircrew in a ground control station, including weapons employment. The development of the UAV has been largely credited to Selçuk Bayraktar, a former MIT graduate student.[2]

By November 2021, the TB2 drone had completed 400,000 flight hours globally.[3] [4] The largest operator of TB2 drones is the Turkish military, but an export model has been sold to the militaries of a number of other countries.[5] [6] Turkey has used the drone extensively in strikes on Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Protection Units (YPG) targets in Iraq and Syria. Bayraktar drones were later deployed by a number of other nations around the world in various wars, such as by Azerbaijan in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, by the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[7] [8] as well as by the Ethiopian National Defense Force during the Tigray War.[9] [10] [11]

Development

The development of the Bayraktar TB2 was spurred by a U.S. ban on exports of armed unmanned aircraft to Turkey due to concerns that they would be used against PKK groups inside and outside Turkey.[12]

Baykar started developing a new combat tactical aerial vehicle system at the request of the Presidency of Defense Industries, after the experiences of its first tactical UAV, the Bayraktar Çaldıran or Bayraktar TB1, delivered to the Turkish army in 2011.[13] The Bayraktar TB2 made its maiden flight in August 2014.[14] On 18 December 2015, a video was published of a test firing of a missile from the Bayraktar TB2, a result of a collaboration with Roketsan. Roketsan's MAM and TUBITAK-SAGE's BOZOK laser-guided bombs were tested for the first time.[15] [16]

Components and technologies

The aircraft previously relied on imported and regulated components and technologies such as Rotax 912 engines (manufactured in Austria) and optoelectronics (FLIR sensors imported from Wescam in Canada or Hensoldt from Germany). Bombardier Recreational Products, owner of Rotax, suspended delivery of their engines to certain countries in October 2020, after becoming aware of their military use despite being certified for civil use only.[17] [18]

According to the British newspaper The Guardian, the arming of the Bayraktar TB2 would not have been possible without the help of the UK Hornet micro-munitions bomb rack by EDO MBM Technology Ltd. The bomb rack was provided to Turkey in 2015, and a variant of it was integrated into the aircraft by EDO MBM and Roketsan.[19] In response to The Guardian newspaper article, Baykar Chief Technical Officer Selçuk Bayraktar denied that the bomb rack came from the UK. "We are not buying it from you, we never did. It not only does not work under any circumstances but is also very expensive", Bayraktar said on Twitter. "We have designed and manufactured a more advanced and cost-effective one ourselves."[20]

On 19 August 2020 the UK Department for International Trade (DIT) disclosed details of a six-year history of exports of the Hornet bomb rack to Turkey between 2014 and 2020, suggesting that supply of the critical technology to Turkey had continued well beyond the development stage of the Bayraktar TB2 and right up to the publication of the Guardian story in November 2019. 18 Standard Individual Export Licence (SIEL) applications were submitted by EDO MBM Technology between 2014 and 2020 for exports of goods 'related to Hornet Bomb Racks / Hornet Missile Launchers' for end-users in Turkey. Of these, 16 of the licences were granted.[21]

In October 2020, the drone's use of the Canadian Wescam MX-15D system was disclosed after Armenian officials claimed that remains of a MX-15D system had been recovered from a downed TB2 drone during the nation's conflict with Azerbaijan. That triggered the stopping of MX-15D exports to Turkey while an investigation by Global Affairs Canada evaluates the use of Canadian technology in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[22] [23] Turkish industry responded to foreign sales boycotts by announcing provision of domestically manufactured alternatives, including the TEI PD170 engine (manufactured by TEI),[24] [25] fuel valves, and the CATS FLIR system (manufactured by Aselsan).[26] Integration tests with that system started on 6 November 2020.[27] Turkish defense industry researcher Kadir Doğan tweeted that cancellation of sales of components to Baykar by foreign companies did not pose a major problem, and that, as of January 2021, all of those components have been replaced by locally manufactured alternatives.[28]

However, the majority of Baykar's customers—including Ukraine, Poland, Morocco, and Kuwait—declined to purchase the Aselsan CATS electro-optical turret and opted to order the Wescam MX-15D through an authorized distributor.[29] Reasons include a weight increase from, general performance, and compatibility with existing fleets.

Characteristics

Design

The Bayraktar TB2 platform has a blended wing body design with an inverted V-tail structure. Thrust is generated by a variable pitch two-blade propeller in pusher configuration. The propeller is mounted between the tail booms and driven by an internal combustion engine located in the body. The monocoque platform is modular with detachable main items such as wing, tail boom, and V-tails. Fuselage pieces are made mostly of carbon fiber composite with machined aluminum parts at joints. Fuel is stored within bladder tanks and fuel consumption is balanced with solenoid valves.

The ground control station (GCS) is based on a NATO-spec shelter unit, which is equipped with cross-redundant command and control systems. The mobile unit supports three personnel: pilot, payload operator, and mission commander. The GCS is equipped with redundant air conditioners and nuclear, biological, and chemical filtration (NBC) filtering units. All hardware inside the shelter is placed inside racked cabinets. Each operator has dual screens in front, along with the operator interface software used for real-time command, control, and monitoring.[30]

While the Turkish Armed Forces describe Bayraktar TB2 as "Tactical UAV Class" to prevent it from being a competitor to the TAI Anka UAV, international standards would classify it as a medium-altitude long-endurance UAV.[31] [32]

Configuration

Each TB2 is configured with six aerial vehicle platforms, two ground control stations, three ground data terminals (GDT), two remote video terminals (RVT), and ground support equipment. Each aerial platform is equipped with a triply-redundant avionics system. Its ground control system's cross-redundant architecture allows for pilot, payload operator, and mission commander to command, control, and monitor the platform.[33]

Digital flight control system

The TB2 has a triple-redundant flight control system with autonomous taxi, takeoff, cruise, landing, and parking capability. The computerized flight control system is the primary component, programmed with sensor fusion algorithms that act on real-time sensor data. Mission-specific controls are handled through the mission-control computer system. The aerial platform is guided using various redundant rotary and linear servo actuators. All of the main airborne avionics equipment, software, and hardware are under constant development.

The electronic power supply for the onboard systems is supported with triple alternators and balanced, smart lithium-ion battery units. A ruggedized heated camera unit is placed in the tail section of the platform to monitor flight, and all payload and telemetry data are saved to the airborne data recorder. The redundant architecture of the avionics supports autonomous emergency landings on different airfields if necessary. Sensor fusion algorithms, including an inertial navigation system, allow navigation and auto landing even with loss of global positioning signals.[34]

Price

Baykar has not stated a price, but has republished on its website several news reports about crowdfunding campaigns launched in 2022 in Europe to buy Bayraktar UAVs for Ukraine, all of them fixing a goal of around US$5–5.5 million for the unit.[35] [36]

That is around one-sixth of the price for the US-built Reaper UAV, albeit with the TB2 capable of carrying only one-tenth the payload of the Reaper.[37]

Operational history

Turkey

The Turkish military's use of the TB2 gained prominence in counterinsurgency operations against sites of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Protection Units (YPG) that were in Iraq and Syria.[38] [39] [40]

On 30 June 2018, one Turkish Air Force Bayraktar TB2 crashed due to technical problems in Hatay province, Turkey.[41] [42]

In early 2018, the Turkish military combined UAV and artillery tactics in Syria against the YPG. According to Turkey the use of armed responsible for 449 terrorists being killed or wounded, and TB2s, in combined operations, assisted in the neutralization of 680 more.

On 15 August 2018, Turkish Land Forces successfully used a Bayraktar TB2 in a joint cross-border operation, of the Turkish Armed Forces and the National Intelligence Organization of Turkey, to kill the senior (PKK) leader and board member of the Kurdistan Communities Union İsmail Özden in Sinjar District, northwestern Iraq.[43]

On 16 May 2021, one Bayraktar TB2 crashed in Zebari, northern Iraq; Kurdish terrorists claimed they had shot down the drone.[44]

A total of 37 Turkish Bayraktar TB2s successfully flew over 1551 hours in the earthquake zone of the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake. The drones have been instrumental in providing continuous updates and data to the crisis-response team for damage detection and search-and-rescue support, along with coordination activities.[45]

On 20 June 2023, a Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drone crashed in Qandil, northern lraq. The wreck fell in an area under Kurdish militia control.[46]

Turkish use in Syria

See also: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War.

In March 2020 Bayraktar TB2s, Anka-S UAVs, and an array of Koral electronic jammers were deployed and extensively used in coordinated action to strike Syrian army targets on the ground during Operation Spring Shield, launched by Turkey following losses the Turkish forces incurred at the hands of the Russian forces in northwestern Syria at the end of February 2020.[47] [48] [49] The deployment was assessed by experts to be a success and a tactical game-changer.[50] [51] [52]

During the week of fighting, Turkish drones took out 73 Syrian armed vehicles.[53] Russian sources said that the Russian-backed Syrian air defences claimed the destruction of seven Bayraktar TB2s by 5 March 2020.[54] However, there is only visual evidence for three Bayraktar drones being shot down.[55] [56] [57] [58]

On 23 August 2020, another Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down by Syrian air defenses near Kafr Nabl, Idlib, after being detected spotting targets for Syrian rebels.[59] [60]

On 22 October 2021, Turkey struck the Syrian town of Ayn al-Arab using Bayraktar TB2s, destroying several vehicles and killing a passenger of a car, a suspected member of a Kurdish rebel group.[61]

In 2022, Turkish drone strikes, including Bayraktar drones, killed 50 SDF fighters and 10 civilians.[62]

Libya

In June 2019, international news media reported that Libya's UN-recognized[63] Government of National Accord (GNA) used Bayraktar TB2s to strike an airbase held by General Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA). Despite the UN embargo on Libya's ongoing civil war, it is suspected that at least 3 Bayraktar TB2s were being used over Tripoli by the government forces. Video evidence, as early as 11 June 2019, showed at least one TB2 flying over Tripoli[64] about to land at Mitiga International Airport's military section, under control of GNA-allied forces.

Azerbaijan

In June 2020, the Defence Minister of Azerbaijan, Zakir Hasanov, announced that Azerbaijan had decided to purchase Bayraktar drones from Turkey.[98] During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Bayraktar TB2s were used against the Armed Forces of Armenia with great success.[99] Azerbaijan used TB2s to destroy Armenian artillery, infantry positions, and military vehicles, including BM-30 Smerch MLRS, T-72 tanks, and BMP-1 and BMP-2 IFVs.[100] [101] Nine Osa and Strela-10 air defense systems were also destroyed by Azerbaijani drones, likely TB2s.On 19 October 2020, a Bayraktar TB2 was shot down by air defenses of the Armenian army over Nagorno-Karabakh.[102] [103] On 8 November 2020, another Azerbaijani Bayraktar TB2 was shot down by air defense, in southeastern Nagorno-Karabakh.[104]

Ukraine

As part of its military modernization program, the Armed Forces of Ukraine purchased 12 Bayraktar TB2s in 2019.[105] [106] In January 2019, Baykar signed an agreement with Ukrspetsproject, part of Ukroboronprom, for the purchase of six TB2s and 3 ground control stations worth US$69 million for the Ukrainian army.[107] [108] Ukraine received the first batch of the UAVs in March 2019.[109] After successful testing of the aircraft, the Ukrainian Navy placed a separate order for six TB2s, to be delivered in 2021, according to navy officials.[110] Meanwhile, Turkish and Ukrainian officials announced the establishment of a joint venture to produce 48 additional Bayraktar TB2s in Ukraine.[111] The first batch of the Bayraktar TB2 complex was delivered to the navy in July 2021.[112]

During a Russian military buildup in Crimea and near Ukraine's borders, a TB2 conducted a reconnaissance flight over the Donbas region on 9 April 2021. This was the first operational use of the aircraft by Ukrainian forces within an active conflict zone.[113] [114] In October 2021, a TB2 drone was used for the first time in combat during the war, targeting a Russian separatist artillery position, destroying a D-30 howitzer, and halting the bombardment of Ukrainian troops near Hranitne.[115]

2022 Russian invasion

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TB2 drones were used by Ukraine's armed forces against Russian forces and equipment.[116] In January, prior to the invasion, the spokesperson for the air force command, Lt. Col. Yuri Ihnat, stated that "Ukraine has approximately 20 Bayraktar drones, but we will not stop there".[117] On 2 March, Ukrainian defense minister Oleksii Reznikov announced the arrival of additional TB2 drones.[118]

According to video footage released by the armed forces, TB2 drones have successfully destroyed, on different occasions, a Russian command post, military vehicles—including tanks, IFVs, and different types of trucks—surface-to-air missile systems (including Buk and Tor systems), self-propelled artillery, multiple rocket launcher (MLRS), howitzers, and an electronic warfare system.[119] [120] The drone also reportedly destroyed two Russian fuel trains, patrol boats, and a helicopter.[121]

On 24 February, the day of invasion, four Bayraktar TB2 drones stationed at Chuhuiv Air base were abandoned and later destroyed on the ground by Ukrainian Forces, amid reported Russian rocket attacks.[122] The People's Militia of the Luhansk People's Republic claimed it shot down two TB2 drones near the city of Luhansk.[123] On 27 February, Ukraine's air force confirmed two strikes by TB2s on Russian convoys in the Kherson and Zhytomyr regions.[124]

The chief of Ukraine's air force, Lieutenant General Mykola Oleschuk, called the UAV system "life-giving".[125] The popularity of the drone in Ukraine led to a song, "Bayraktar", which praised the drone while also insulting the Russian army and its invasion.[126] [127] [128]

Ukrainian drones appear to be equipped with anti-jamming antennas. They appear to use MAM-C and MAM-L laser-guided bombs. Traditional search radars appear to struggle against the TB2 because of its slow speed and size, which give it a low radar cross section. One radar that was destroyed on 7 May appeared to be actively scanning just prior to supposedly being hit, although Russian units reportedly turn off their own radars to reduce the radar being detected and targeted. The drone can also be deployed within minutes and launched from a normal road.[129]

On 26 February 2022, two TB2 drones were claimed shot down near Shchastia.[130] On 17 March 2022, a Bayraktar TB2 was shot down over Kyiv; Russia published images of the drone wreckage.[131] A second TB2 drone was shot down on 29 March 2022, in eastern Ukraine.[132] [133] On 2 April a third TB-2 drone was shot down.[134] [135]

On 12 April 2022, one Bayraktar TB2 was claimed to have been shot down by off the coast of Crimea.[136] [137]

On 13 April 2022, Ukrainian sources claimed at least two R-360 Neptune missiles were responsible for the sinking of the Russian cruiser Moskva – causing an explosion on one of the ship's exposed deckside missile tubes. Drones, likely TB2s, were alleged to have helped decoy the cruiser's defences.[138] [139]

On 26 and 27 April, three additional TB2 drones were destroyed, two in Kursk Oblast[140] [141] and the third in Belgorod Oblast, Russia, by a Pantsir-S1.[142] [143]

On 1 May, a TB2 drone with registration S51T was shot down in Kursk region, Russia.[144] TB2 losses amounted to seven units confirmed visually.[145]

On 2 May, Bayraktar drones operated by Ukraine attacked and destroyed two Russian Raptor-class patrol boats near Snake Island.

On 7 May, a TB2 drone attacked and destroyed a Russian Mil Mi-8 transport helicopter as it was unloading passengers on Snake Island.[146] In the same deployment, a TB2 drone destroyed a Tor missile launcher on the island, while a second launcher was destroyed as it was being unloaded from a landing craft. This cleared the way for a bombing run by a Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 'Flanker' aircraft against buildings on the island.[147]

On 23 May 2022, the remains of a Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2, tail number 75, were found in Romanian territorial waters by Romanian authorities. The drone was likely shot down during the Snake Island attacks of 7 May.[148] [149]

On 28 May 2022 Lithuanian citizens fundraised $3.2 million, out of the $5.37 million unit cost, to buy a single Bayraktar TB2 drone for Ukraine.[150] On 2 June, Baykar said: "The people of Lithuania have honorably raised funds to buy a Bayraktar TB2 for Ukraine. Upon learning this, Baykar will give a Bayraktar TB2 to Lithuania free of charge and asks those funds go to Ukraine for humanitarian aid."[151]

From the beginning of the invasion to late June, Ukraine received over 50 TB2s. On 28 June, Defence Minister Reznikov announced that Baykar would be devoting all of its capacities to meet the needs of the Ukrainian armed forces, fulfilling its requirement for "dozens more" of the aircraft.[152]

In July 2022, Haluk Bayraktar, CEO of Baykar, stated in an interview that his company would never supply Russia with its drones as he supports Ukraine's sovereignty and independence.[153]

Further use and vulnerability

Although at the start of the invasion Ukrainian drones, including the TB2, were able to be used to harass Russian forces, by summer 2022 they had become less effective in this role. The disorganized Russians were initially slow to set up proper air defenses; but once they did, Ukrainian UAVs were downed with increasing frequency. In addition to being shot down, electronic warfare is used to jam and disrupt communication links. This may have caused the Ukrainians to scale back TB2 use.[154] On 25 July, a military expert told the BBC that the slow speed and medium altitudes of Bayraktar drones made them easy targets for Russian air defenses, and that many were shot down.[155]

By late July, a TB2 with tail number U139 was reported shot down in Belgorod Oblast, Russia.[156] On 2 August another drone, with call sign 409, was shot down in Ukraine.[157] On 2 September 2022, the remains of a Ukrainian TB2 drone were discovered in Kherson.[158]

By July 2022, Bayraktar TB2 losses reached 14 units, confirmed visually.[159]

The commander of the Russian Air Defense Force, Lieutenant General Andrey Demin, claimed in April 2023 that Russia had shot down "more than 100" Bayraktar drones since the war began.[160]

On 5 May 2023, the Ukrainian air force said it downed one of its own TB2 drones over Kyiv, after they lost control of it due to a "likely" technical malfunction. No casualties were reported from the incident.[161]

By June 2023, the role of the remaining TB2 drones had changed from attack to reconnaissance, staying out of the range of Russian air defenses and using their more advanced optics and sensors to guide other drones.[162]

According to Oryx Blog, as of 1 August 2023 about 24 Bayraktar TB2s were destroyed, either on the ground or having been shot down by Russian forces.[163]

On 3 September, Ukraine released video of a KS-701 patrol boat being destroyed by a TB2 drone. This was the first time the drone had been confirmed as being used offensively in several months. Recently, it had been used for reconnaissance, such as correcting artillery fire, due to Russian air defences.[164] It is believed that the degrading of Russian air defenses due to Ukrainian attacks have allowed TB2 drones to be used in air strikes again.[165] However, Colonel Volodymyr Valiukh, a commander in Ukrainian Main Intelligence Directorate, reported in late October 2023 that TB2 drones are now rarely used and only for short-time reconnaissance missions because of more sophisticated Russian air defense and electronic warfare systems. He specifically said: "For the TB2, I don't want to use the word useless, but it is hard to find situations where to use them".[166]

Ethiopia

Ethiopian forces have reportedly been using the TB2 against the TPLF in the Tigray War. Satellite images have shown TB2 drones in Harar Meda airbase, and debris of MAM-L guided munition have been found in Tigray.[167] [168] [169] On 7 January 2022, a drone strike killed nearly 60 civilians and injured dozens more in a camp of internally displaced people in Dedebit in Tigray; the missile used was a MAM-L exclusively used with the TB2 drone.[170]

African insurgencies

Some parts of Africa face attacks by highly mobile bands of Islamist militants, who move through scrubby terrain by motorbike to attack isolated military and civilian targets. These attacks had largely been in the Sahel, but by 2019 they had been spreading. Drones provide countries with the aerial surveillance capacity to seek and potentially attack insurgents. Buying from Turkey reduces the dependence of Niger and Togo on former-colonial-power France.[171]

Variants

Bayraktar TB2S

In October 2020, Baykar CTO Selçuk Bayraktar showed the new, improved version of TB2, named TB2S. In Bayraktar's Twitter post, the TB2S has a protrusion on its body and an antenna on its nose for satellite communication (SATCOM).[172] [173] In the basic model, TB2, communication between the aircraft and the control station was via ground-based antennas. Communication via the TÜRKSAT satellite provides a much greater control range than the range of the basic model. The satellite communication will also make the TB2S more resistant to the jamming of communications by the enemy.[174] The SATCOM-integrated TB2S made its maiden flight on 4 December 2020.[175]

Operators

As of September 2023, the Bayraktar TB2 has been exported to 31 countries.[176] Some of these countries are unknown. The known countries are as follows:

Current operators

Future operators

Specifications (TB2)

Specifications for the Bayraktar TB2 (not TB2S) from Baykar Defence.[240]

General characteristics

Performance

Armaments

Avionics

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bayraktar TB2. Military Factory. 5 January 2020.
  2. Web site: Baykar İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemleri | Selçuk Bayraktar. Baykarsavunma.com. 8 June 2020. 13 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201113203612/https://www.baykarsavunma.com/en/SELCUK-BAYRAKTAR.html. dead.
  3. BAYKAR . BaykarTech . 1464196077129768962 . 26 November 2021 .
    1. BayraktarTB2 UAV has successfully completed 400,000 flight hours!
    . en . 26 November 2021.
  4. Web site: Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'dan 400 bin uçuş saati . 26 November 2021 . tr . TRT Haber .
  5. Web site: How drones are changing the game . 11 January 2022 . Israel National News . 11 January 2022 . en.
  6. Web site: 5 April 2021 . Droning On in the Middle East . 26 April 2021 . American Purpose . en.
  7. Web site: Ukraine credits Turkish drones with eviscerating Russian tanks and armor in their first use in a major conflict . 28 February 2022. Business Insider.
  8. Web site: Gatopoulos . Alex . The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is ushering in a new age of warfare . 3 March 2022 . aljazeera.com.
  9. Web site: Turkish Drones Join Ethiopia's war, Satellite Imagery Confirms – Peace Organization PAX . 2022-09-03 . paxforpeace.nl . 10 January 2022 . en.
  10. News: Bearak . Max . Kelly . Meg . Lee . Joyce Sohyun . How Ethiopia used a Turkish drone in a strike that killed nearly 60 civilians . 2022-09-03 . Washington Post . en.
  11. Web site: 2022-06-27 . Ethiopia Shows Off Combat Drones at Military Ceremony . 2022-09-03 . The Defense Post . en-US.
  12. News: Sabbagh . Dan . Dan Sabbagh . McKernan . Bethan . 27 November 2019 . Revealed: how UK technology fuelled Turkey's rise to global drone power . .
  13. Web site: Bayraktar Caldiran UAV. E-dergi.tubitak.gov.tr . 12 January 2022.
  14. Web site: Milli İHA'ya yerli füze takıldı!. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002750/http://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/1708923-milli-ihaya-yerli-fuze-takildi . dead. 18 June 2018. Haber7.
  15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLAHPEGqIUs YouTube
  16. Web site: Official video footage of Turkish UCAV tests . . 18 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170601130001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqRj59K9zPk . 1 June 2017 . live.
  17. Web site: Bombardier Recreational Products suspends aircraft engine exports over UCAV use concerns . Albert L . 28 October 2020 . OVD . Overt Defense . 2 March 2022.
  18. Web site: Bombardier Recreational Products suspends delivery of aircraft engines used on military drones. Levon Sevunts . 25 October 2020. CBC.
  19. Web site: Revealed: how UK technology fuelled Turkey's rise to global drone power. Dan. Sabbagh. Bethan. McKernan. 27 November 2019. Theguardian.com.
  20. News: Turkish drone maker slams Guardian report it used British technology. 28 November 2019. Ahval. 11 December 2020. 15 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210515122729/https://ahvalnews.com/drones/turkish-drone-maker-slams-guardian-report-it-used-british-technology. dead.
  21. Web site: EDO MBM Technology Ltd Export licence end users – a Freedom of Information request to Department for International Trade. 29 June 2020. WhatDoTheyKnow.
  22. Web site: Sevunts . Levon . Armenia claims it found Canadian tech on downed Turkish drone . cbc.ca . 20 October 2020.
  23. Web site: Canadian decision to halt tech exports exposes key weakness in Turkish drone industry . Cevheri Güven . 17 October 2020 . Turkish Minute.
  24. Web site: 16 January 2021. British Andair company stopped supplying parts to Bayraktar TB2 UAVs. 3 March 2022. defenceturk.net. tr.
  25. Web site: Aksan. Sertaç. The new actor of the skies will come with a domestic engine . 30 October 2020. 3 March 2022. TRT Haber. tr.
  26. Web site: 6 November 2020. Bayraktar TB2 completed shooting tests with ASELSAN CATS domestic optical camera component. 3 March 2022. defenceturk.net. tr.
  27. Web site: Bayraktar TB2 test-fires local ammo using Turkey-made electro-optical system . . . 6 November 2020.
  28. Web site: 15 January 2021. Replacements for Bayraktar TB2's halted components can be 'easily produced' . 3 March 2022. defenceturk.net. tr.
  29. Web site: 2022-02-23 . CANADA/POLAND/TURKEY : Aselsan's new sensor ball fails to convince the foreign market – 23/02/2022 . 2022-04-18 . Intelligence Online . en.
  30. Web site: Bayraktar's Tactical UAV Demonstrates Outstanding Performance Beyond Its Class . 1 June 2014 . Military Science Intelligence Magazine Turkey.
  31. Web site: Turkey Steadily Builds UAV Capabilities . https://archive.today/20140816051630/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140513/DEFREG01/305130028/Turkey-Steadily-Builds-UAV-Capabilities . dead . 16 August 2014 . 13 May 2014.
  32. Web site: Turkey's unmanned ambitions shift up gear. 6 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103113/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-unmanned-ambitions-shift-up-gear.aspx?PageID=238&NID=67292&NewsCatID=348 . 19 August 2014 . live.
  33. Web site: Turkey's unmanned ambitions shift up gear . 6 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103113/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-unmanned-ambitions-shift-up-gear.aspx?PageID=238&NID=67292&NewsCatID=348 . 19 August 2014. live.
  34. Web site: Bayraktar Taktik İHA . 8 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140812235319/http://www.suasnews.com/2014/08/30517/bayraktar-taktik-iha/ . 12 August 2014 . live.
  35. Web site: Norway, Canada start fundraising to buy Bayraktar TB2s for Ukraine. 18 August 2022. Baykar. 18 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220818105942/https://baykartech.com/en/press/norway-canada-start-fundraising-to-buy-bayraktar-tb2s-for-ukraine/. dead.
  36. Web site: Baykar, 3 adet Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'yı Ukrayna'ya hibe ettiğini açıkladı. 18 August 2022. Baykar. 18 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220818105940/https://baykartech.com/tr/haberler/baykar-3-adet-bayraktar-tb2-sihay-ukraynaya-hibe-ettigini-acklad/. dead.
  37. Web site: The Turkish Bayraktar TB2: Ankara's Renewed Prominence in the Drone Market. 14 August 2021. FINABEL European Army Interoperability Centre. 5 August 2021.
  38. Web site: Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drones enable swift, precise victory against YPG/PKK in Syria's Afrin . 19 April 2018 . Daily Sabah . 28 October 2020.
  39. News: Syria's War News: Battle for Idlib: Turkey's drones and a new way of war . Gatopoulos . Alex . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2020 . 25 August 2022 .
  40. Turkey's Drone War in Syria – A Red Team View . Crino . Scott . Dreby . Andy . Small Wars Journal . 16 April 2020 .
  41. Web site: Turkish Air Force Bayraktar TB-2S armed drone crashed in Hatay province. 2 July 2018.
  42. Web site: Hatay'da Bayraktar İHA'sı düştü. 30 June 2018. tr.
  43. Web site: 3 gün adım adım izlendi, son darbeyi SİHA indirdi! . Gazetevatan. 17 August 2018. tr. 28 October 2020.
  44. Web site: Guerrillas shoot down Turkish killer drone Bayraktar TB2 . ANFNews.
  45. Web site: Feb 17, 2023 . Bayraktar TB2 UAVs conduct over 1,551 hours of flights in quake zone . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307181943/https://www.baykartech.com/en/press/bayraktar-tb2-aknc-uavs-conduct-over-1551-hours-of-flights-in-quake-zone/ . 7 March 2023 . 8 August 2023 . BAYKAR Technology.
  46. News: Turkish Bayraktar TB2 UAV Crashes in Northern Iraq, Ends Up in Kurdish Hands - GEOPOLITIKI . 28 October 2023 . 21 June 2023.
  47. Web site: Damage caused to Assad regime assets demonstrates Turkey's high UAV capabilities . dailysabah.com. 1 March 2020.
  48. News: Turkey's Killer Drone Swarm Poses Syria Air Challenge to Putin . Bloomberg News. 1 March 2020.
  49. Web site: Karnozov . Vladimir . Fighter-bombers and Anka UAVs Downed as Turkey and Syria Exchange Blows . Aviation International News . 2 March 2020 . 9 March 2020 . 10 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200310144551/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-02/fighter-bombers-and-anka-uavs-downed-turkey-and-syria-exchange-blows . dead .
  50. Web site: Ten Hezbollah, Syrian Army Commanders Killed in Turkish Drone Strikes. defenseworld.net. 3 March 2020.
  51. Web site: Gatopoulos . Alex . Battle for Idlib: Turkey's drones and a new way of war . Al Jazeera . 3 March 2020 . 9 March 2020.
  52. Web site: Petkova . Mariya . Turkish drones – a 'game changer' in Idlib . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2020 . 9 March 2020.
  53. Web site: The Syrian Regime's Combat Losses in Spring 2020, and What Lies Ahead. 18 October 2020. Middle East Institute. en.
  54. Web site: Турецкая армия потеряла десять дронов над Идлибом за 3 дня. eadaily.com. 5 March 2020.
  55. Web site: Drone Crash Database. 1 July 2020. 3 November 2020.
  56. Web site: Two Turkish Air Force Drone Reportedly Shot Down By Syrian Air Defense Over Idlib. 3 March 2020.
  57. Web site: Images of one of the Turkish drones shot down by Syrian Arab Army units in Idleb. Syrian Arab News Agency. 4 March 2020. 4 March 2020. 26 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200526021657/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=187369. dead.
  58. Web site: Wreckage Of Turkish Combat Drone Uncovered In Southeast Idlib (Photos). 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318225020/http://remmont.com/165949/. 18 March 2020. dead.
  59. Web site: СРОЧНО: В Сирии сбит ударный беспилотник, координировавший вражеские удары (ФОТО). Rusvezna.ru. ru. 23 August 2020. URGENT: An attack drone, coordinating enemy strikes, was shot down in Syria (PHOTOS).
  60. Web site: Syrian air defenses shot down a Turkish attack UAV Bayraktar TB2. 24 August 2020. Avia-pro.net.
  61. Web site: GDC. 21 October 2021. Turkish TB2 Drone Strike Killed Kurdish Leader in Syria. 22 October 2021. Global Defense Corp. en-US.
  62. Web site: Death toll update | Five people killed in Turkish drone attack and SDF reacts by shelling Turkish positions in Al-Raqqa • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights . 16 September 2022.
  63. News: As Libya marks 64th independence anniversary, UN envoy urges unity behind new Government. United Nations. 24 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160127183615/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52902#.VuSLs_krLIX. 27 January 2016.
  64. Web site: Libya: Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2 UAV seen at the GNA-held airbase. 11 June 2019. Military Africa. 11 June 2019.
  65. Web site: Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council. United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. p.297 Summary of HAF Bayraktar TB2 UCAV destroyed (14 May 2019 to date) 14 May 2019 Confirmed by Imagery.
  66. Web site: (VIDEO) LNA shoots down a drone of GNA's militias. 14 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190516110634/https://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/45885. 18 March 2021. 16 May 2019.
  67. Web site: (شاهد الصور) طائرة الاستطلاع التركية تثب تورط ركيا في دعم الإرهاب في ليبيا. 16 May 2019.
  68. Web site: Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council . United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. p.32 The Panel is aware that two Bayraktar TB2 UCAVs were destroyed by HAF air strikes against the Misrata air academy on 6 and 7 June 2019, with a third shot down by HAF on 30 June 2019, but combat losses have reportedly been much higher.
  69. Web site: Libya:Drone test laboratory for a new type of air warfare. Air & Cosmos International. 15 November 2019. 18 March 2021.
  70. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 226717 (The military drone was apparently shot down by LNA.) . aviation-safety.net . 1 July 2019.
  71. Web site: Libya's deadly game of drones. 19 March 2020. "On July 25, several Bayraktars were used to attack and subsequently destroy two Ilyushin Il-76 military transport aircraft operated by Ukraine's Air Europe airfreight company, at Al Jufra Air Base. A hangar was also destroyed at the base, which was being used as a key staging post for supporters of General Haftar's LNA.". Arabian Aerospace. https://web.archive.org/web/20210805211752/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/libya-s-deadly-game-of-drones.html. 5 August 2021.
  72. Web site: Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council. United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. p.297 Summary of HAF Bayraktar TB2 UCAV destroyed (14 May 2019 to date) 25 July 2019 Confirmed by Imagery.
  73. Web site: What we know about the drone shot down in Tripoli. Italian Military Radar. 14 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20210805211751/https://www.itamilradar.com/2019/12/14/what-we-know-about-the-drone-shot-down-in-tripoli/. 5 August 2021.
  74. Web site: Drone Crash Database. Dronewars.net. 25 November 2010.
  75. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 231892. Aviation Safety Network. 4 January 2020.
  76. Web site: GNA drone shot down in Tripoli. Italian Military Radar. 22 January 2020.
  77. Web site: Libyan Army shoots down Turkish aircraft in southern Tripoli. Al-Masdar News. 28 September 2021. 6 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006053829/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/libyan-army-shoots-down-turkish-aircraft-in-southern-tripoli/. dead.
  78. Web site: VIDEO Two GNA drones shot down in Tripoli. Italian Military Radar. 26 February 2020.
  79. Web site: New drone shot down south of Tripoli. Asharq Al-Awsat. 27 February 2020.
  80. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 233271. Aviation Safety Network.
  81. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 343597. Aviation Safety Network.
  82. Web site: LNA Downs Another Turkish Bayraktar Drone Loaded at Mitiga Airbase. 31 March 2020. Almarsad.co.
  83. Web site: New drone shot down south of Tripoli. Italian Military Radar. 31 March 2020.
  84. Web site: Latest Updates on Libya, 12 April 2020. Islamic World news. 12 April 2020.
  85. Web site: Aviation Occurrence 235058. 14 April 2020. Aviation Safety Network.
  86. Web site: Aviation Occurrence 235131. 16 April 2020. Aviation Safety Network.
  87. Web site: Drone Losses Impact Turkey's Fighting in Libya Small Wars Journal. smallwarsjournal.com. 28 May 2020.
  88. Web site: A Turkish drone shot down in Libya. Islamic World News. 17 April 2020.
  89. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 235147. 17 April 2020.
  90. Web site: Libya: the drones' nightmare. Italian Military Radar. 20 April 2020.
  91. Web site: الجيش الليبي يسقط طائرة تركية مسيرة جنوب طرابلس. Sky News Arabia. ar. 18 April 2020.
  92. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 235730. 5 May 2020. Aviation Safety Network.
  93. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 236038. 15 May 2020. Aviation Safety Network.
  94. Web site: Hot market for UAV destruction in Libya!. Islamic World News. 23 May 2020.
  95. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 249569. 22 May 2020.
  96. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 343598. 7 June 2020.
  97. Web site: Libyan War Claimed 25 Large military Drones in 2020. Defenseworld.net. 2 July 2020.
  98. Web site: Anadolu Ajansı. Azerbaijan to purchase combat drones from Turkey . 29 September 2020.
  99. Web site: Turkish armed drones used against Armenia, Azerbaijan confirms. Middle East Eye. 5 October 2020. 11 October 2020.
  100. Web site: Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan. 28 September 2020. The Drive. 26 October 2020. 10 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201210113547/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36777/everything-we-know-about-the-fighting-that-has-erupted-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan. dead.
  101. Web site: Bayraktar TB2 Armed UAVs operated by the Azerbaijan Air Force have destroyed 2 more Armenian Smerch MLRS platform. Cybershafarat. 30 October 2020 . 1 November 2020.
  102. Web site: Karabakh displays wreckage of Turkish Bayraktar drone (Video). 19 October 2020. Panarmenian.
  103. News: Տեսնես' ինչքա՞ն "Բայրաքթար" ունեն. 20 October 2020. ՀՐԱՊԱՐԱԿ.
  104. Web site: Karabakh air defense shoots down another Turkey-made Bayraktar drone of Azerbaijan (photos). Armenia News. 8 November 2020.
  105. Web site: 27 November 2020. Ukraine to buy five more Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones in 2021 . 19 April 2021 . Daily Sabah. en-US.
  106. Web site: Axe . David . 9 April 2021 . Ukraine Might Field A Drone Strike Force—And It Could Knock Out Russian Tanks . 19 April 2021. Forbes. en.
  107. Web site: Ukraine signs agreement to procure Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones . 12 January 2019. The Defense Post. en-US. 15 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190115185431/https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/12/ukraine-turkey-bayraktar-tb2-drones/. 15 January 2019 . live.
  108. Web site: Ukraine, Turkey have signed deal for 12 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs, Poroshenko says. 12 January 2019. . https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122430/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/01/12/ukraine-turkey-have-signed-deal-for-12-bayraktar-tb2-uavs-poroshenko-says. 13 January 2019. live.
  109. Web site: Sariibrahimoglu . Lale . Ukraine receives Bayraktar armed UAVs from Turkey . Jane's 360 . 11 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190311212735/https://www.janes.com/article/87135/ukraine-receives-bayraktar-armed-uavs-from-turkey . 11 March 2019 . Ankara . 11 March 2019 . live.
  110. Web site: Ukrainian Navy to receive Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 UAVs this year. 19 April 2021 . Ukrinform.net. 27 January 2021 . en.
  111. Web site: Ukrainian Navy Will Receive Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Drones This Year . Thedefensepost.com . 28 January 2021 . 19 April 2021. en-US.
  112. Web site: Ukrainian military gets first Turkish Bayraktar UAV complex . 27 July 2021 . www.ukrinform.net . 15 July 2021 . en.
  113. Web site: Ukraine flies its first Turkish-made armed drone over Donbas. 19 April 2021. Aerotime.aero. en. 18 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418075122/https://www.aerotime.aero/27677-ukraine-flies-its-first-turkish-made-armed-drone-over-donbas. dead.
  114. Web site: Ukraine flies first Turkish-made strike drone over Donbas . 19 April 2021. Unian.info. en.
  115. Web site: Ukrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas . 26 October 2021 . 26 October 2021. Defense World Net.
  116. News: Ukraine posts videos it says show Bayraktar drones blowing up Russian armor, further cementing their heroic status . Business Insider . 14 March 2022 . 16 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220315024347/https://www.businessinsider.com/videos-purport-to-show-ukriane-bayraktar-strikes-on-russia-vehicles-2022-3 . 15 March 2022 . live.
  117. Web site: Zaman . Amberin . 27 January 2022 . Turkish drones boost Ukrainian spirits amid fears of Russian invasion . 3 March 2022 . Al-Monitor.
  118. Web site: Ukraine receives new batch of Bayraktar TB-2 drones from Turkey. 2 March 2022. Aero Time Hub.
  119. Ukraine's Secret Weapon Against Russia: Turkish Drones . 1 March 2022 . Time.
  120. News: In three days, two Bayraktar drones destroy nearly $27 million of Russian hardware . . 3 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905015947/https://news.yahoo.com/three-days-two-bayraktar-drones-082100951.html . 5 September 2022 . live.
  121. Web site: A cheap drone is giving Ukraine's military an edge against Russia. 3 March 2022. Quartz.
  122. Web site: Кримінальні справи (з 01.01.2019); Кримінальні правопорушення проти встановленого порядку несення військової служби (військові кримінальні правопорушення); Умисне знищення або пошкодження військового майна.. 12 December 2022. Ukrainian Tribunal. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325025352/https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/107759506 . 25 March 2023 . uk.
  123. Web site: Ukraine's Turkish-made Bayraktar drones shot down – Russia . 24 February 2022. Aero Time Hub.
  124. Web site: Ukraine credits Turkish drones with eviscerating Russian tanks and armor in their first use in a major conflict . 28 February 2022 . Business Insider.
  125. Web site: Ukraine Says It Used Turkish-Made Drones to Hit Russian Targets . 27 February 2022. Wall Street Journal.
  126. Web site: Kornhaber . Spencer . 2022-03-10 . The Military Weapon That Has Become a Musical Touchstone in Ukraine . 2022-03-12 . The Atlantic . en.
  127. Web site: 11 April 2022 . Turkish drones have become a symbol of the Ukrainian resistance .
  128. Web site: 4 April 2022 . Ukraine Has Written a Folk Song About Its Drone .
  129. Web site: Incredible Success Of Ukraine's Bayraktar TB2: The Ghost Of Snake Island . 18 May 2022.
  130. Web site: Tiwari . Sakshi . 2022-02-26 . Zelensky 'Begs For Peace' As Russia Cripples Ukraine; Shoots-Down Its Most Sophisticated Bayraktar TB2 Drones – Reports . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309101555/https://eurasiantimes.com/zelensky-begs-for-peace-as-russia-cripples-ukraine/ . 9 March 2022 . 2022-04-03 . The EurAsian Times . en-US.
  131. Web site: Russian defense ministry shares photos of downed Ukrainian Bayraktar. 17 March 2022.
  132. Web site: Aviation Safey # 276935 . 30 March 2022. Aviation Safety Network.
  133. Web site: Russia Has Shot Down A Second TB-2. It's Too Little, Too Late To Stop Ukraine's Killer Drones.. 31 March 2022. Forbes. .
  134. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 277049 . 2 April 2022. Aviation Safety Network.
  135. Web site: Russia Just Lost A Killer Drone Over Ukraine. It Can't Afford To Lose Many More. 9 April 2022. Forbes. David. Axe. At the same time, there's photographic evidence that the Ukrainians have shot down at least one of Russia's killer drones. Yes, the Russians have shot down at least three TB-2s, but the Ukrainians can afford to lose more drones..
  136. Web site: Russian frigate Admiral Essen destroys Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2 UAV. navyrecognition.com. 12 April 2022.
  137. Web site: Russia claims its frigate destroyed Ukrainian Bayraktar drone off Crimean coast – video. navaltoday.com. 12 April 2022.
  138. Web site: Henry Holloway and The Sun . 15 April 2022 . Sneaky way Ukraine distracted Russian warship Moskva . news.com.au.
  139. Web site: Hambling . David . 14 April 2022 . Ukraine's Bayraktar Drone Helped Sink Russian Flagship Moskva . forbes.com.
  140. Web site: Появились снимки сбитых в Курской области беспилотников "Байрактар". 25 April 2022. Vesti. ru.
  141. Web site: В Курской области нашли сбитый Байрактар с уцелевшей системой управления. 27 April 2022. avia.pro. ru.
  142. Web site: В приграничном районе Белгородской области сбили беспилотник "Байрактар ТБ2". bel.ru. 27 April 2022. ru.
  143. Web site: The Russians Got Caught Faking A TB-2 Drone Shoot-Down . Forbes. 28 April 2022.
  144. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 277801. 1 May 2022. Aviation Safety Network.
  145. Web site: Ukraine Claims TB2 Drones Sunk Russian Patrol Boats Off Snake Island. 2 May 2022. The Drive. .
  146. Web site: Ukrainian TB2 struck Russian Mi-8 just as troops are disembarking . bulgarianmilitary.com . 8 May 2022.
  147. Web site: 2022-05-10 . Stefano . D'Urso . David . Cenciotti . Bayraktar TB2 Videos Show New Wave Of Ukrainian Attacks Against Russian Forces On Snake Island . 2022-05-12 . The Aviationist . en-US.
  148. Web site: Epava dronei ucrainene din apele României – un Bayraktar TB2. Foarte probabil UAV-ul a fost doborât în timpul bătăliei pentru Insula Șerpilor. ro. 23 May 2022.
  149. Web site: Imagini cu drona Bayraktar prăbuşită la Sulina. Ce performanţe are. ro. 23 May 2022. Aderavul.
  150. Web site: Lithuanians Join Together to Buy Drone for Ukraine . 28 May 2022.
  151. Web site: Turkey's Baykar donates drone for Ukraine after Lithuanian crowdfunder . . 2 June 2022.
  152. Web site: 30 June 2022. Ukraine conflict: Baykar to commit entire Bayraktar production to Ukraine. Janes Information Services. https://web.archive.org/web/20220716162559/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-baykar-to-commit-entire-bayraktar-production-to-ukraine. 16 July 2022. live.
  153. Web site: 'We will never' supply Russia with drones, says Turkish CEO . 2022-08-30 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  154. https://www.businessinsider.com/drones-russia-ukraine-war-electronic-warfare-2022-7 Ukraine's drones are becoming increasingly ineffective as Russia ramps up its electronic warfare and air defenses
  155. Web site: Ukrainian Conflict: How drones are playing. 25 July 2022. BBC.
  156. Web site: 25 July 2022 . Aviation Safey # 280814 . Aviation Safety Network.
  157. Web site: 9 August 2022 . ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 281305 . Aviation Safety Network.
  158. Web site: 2 September 2022 . Aviation Safety # 281902 . Aviation Safety Network.
  159. Web site: Axe . David . 28 July 2022 . After Five Months, The Russians Finally Managed To Destroy Some Ukrainian Drone Equipment . Forces.
  160. Web site: Russian air defenses shoot down 100 Bayraktar drones during special operation.
  161. News: 2023-05-04 . Ukraine shoots down its own drone over Kyiv after device 'lost control' . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-05-07 . 0261-3077.
  162. News: Shoaib . Alia . Bayraktar TB2 drones were hailed as Ukraine's savior and the future of warfare. A year later, they've practically disappeared. . 6 June 2023 . Business Insider.
  163. Web site: Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine. 8 August 2023.
  164. News: 3 September 2023 . Ukraine's TB-2 Drones Are Back In Action. That's An Ominous Sign For Russia. . David Axe. en-US . Forbes . 4 September 2023.
  165. News: Rennolds . Nathan . Ukraine's Bayraktar TB2 drones appear to be back in combat — and with devastating effect, reports say . 10 September 2023 . Business Insider.
  166. Web site: Gosselin-Malo . Elisabeth . Are the once-vaunted Bayraktar drones losing their shine in Ukraine? . Defense News . 2023-10-31 . 2023-11-02.
  167. Web site: How armed drones may have helped turn the tide in Ethiopia's war . Alex. Gatopoulos . Aljazeera.com . 12 January 2022.
  168. Web site: Ethiopia-Turkey pact fuels speculation about drone use in Tigray war. 4 November 2021. The Guardian. 12 January 2022.
  169. Web site: Ethiopia: The drone identification plate pointing to Turkish drones being used in Tigray. Martin. Plaut. Eritreahub.org. 4 October 2021. 12 January 2022. 11 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220111113956/https://eritreahub.org/ethiopia-the-drone-identification-plate-pointing-to-turkish-drones-being-used-in-tigray. dead.
  170. News: How Ethiopia used a Turkish drone in a strike that killed nearly 60 civilians. The Washington Post. 7 February 2022. Weapon remnants recovered from the site of the strike by aid workers showed internal components and screw configurations that matched images of Turkish-made MAM-L munitions released by the weapons manufacturer. The MAM-L pairs exclusively with the Turkish-made TB-2 drone..
  171. News: 25 August 2022 . Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drone: Why African states are buying them . BBC News .
  172. Web site: SATCOM'lu Bayraktar TB2 ilk kez görüntülendi . 13 November 2021 . 10 November 2020 . savunmasanayist.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20201110090111/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/satcomlu-bayraktar-tb2-ilk-kez-goruntulendi/ . 10 November 2020 . turkish.
  173. Web site: Selçuk Bayraktar: "Uydu haberleşmesine sahip Bayraktar TB2/S SİHA'lar görevde" . 13 November 2021 . 20 February 2021 . tolgaozbek.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20210226152113/https://tolgaozbek.com/savunma/turk-savunma-sanayi/selcuk-bayraktar-uydu-haberlesmesine-sahip-bayraktar-tb2-s-sihalar-gorevde/ . 26 February 2021 . turkish.
  174. News: TB2 Bayraktar will be able to fly in every region covered by Türksat (Google Translate) . Hasan Hız . 11 November 2020 . . 1 March 2022.
  175. Web site: SATCOM entegre edilen Bayraktar TB2S SİHA uçuş gerçekleştirdi . 13 November 2021 . 4 December 2020 . defenceturk.net . https://web.archive.org/web/20201204143043/https://www.defenceturk.net/satcom-entegre-edilen-bayraktar-tb2s-siha-ucus-gerceklestirdi . 4 December 2020 . turkish.
  176. Web site: 15 September 2023 . BAYKAR'ın AKINCI ve TB2 ihraç ettiği ülke sayısı açıklandı . The number of countries to which Baykar exports Akinci and TB2 has been announced . Savunma Sanayi ST . Turkish.
  177. Web site: Oryx . An International Export Success: Global Demand For Bayraktar Drones Reaches All Time High . 2022-09-02 . Oryx.
  178. Web site: Aka . Mert Can . 2022-06-24 . Yeni TB2'ler Kara Kuvvetleri envanterine girdi! Sayısı kaça çıktı? . 2022-10-20 . Teknoloji Haberleri - ShiftDelete.Net . tr.
  179. Web site: Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı'na teslim edilen SİHA ilk test uçuşunu yaptı . 26 March 2021 . Milliyet.com.tr . 16 April 2019 . tr.
  180. 1118204469957877761. Selcuk. Deniz Kuvvetleri'mizin Bayraktar SİHA'sı Akdeniz semalarında ilk test uçuşunu yaptı. Bismillah Vira. ✈⚓️ #MilliTeknolojiHamlesi https://t.co/uoZ9qxYbCL. Selçuk Bayraktar. 16 April 2019. 29 May 2021. tr. Bayraktar. Selçuk.
  181. Web site: TB2 Gendermarie GC . 12 January 2022 . Setav.org.
  182. Web site: 8 May 2020 . Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Delivery to Gendarmerie General Command . 26 March 2021 . RayHaber RaillyNews . en.
  183. Web site: admin . 2022-10-20 . SSB-Führer Demir: TB2s wurden in das Inventar des Coast Guard Command aufgenommen . 2022-10-20 . Wikiforlive . de-DE.
  184. Web site: Soy . Yunus . 2022-09-30 . EGM'ye 3 adet Bayraktar TB2 İHA teslimatı . 2022-10-20 . DefenceTurk . tr.
  185. Web site: sabah . daily . 2 July 2016 . Turkish National Police starts using Bayraktar Unmanned Aerial Vehicle . 26 March 2021 . Daily Sabah . en-US.
  186. Web site: 6 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs Delivered to the Turkish National Police . 26 March 2021 . Defenceturkey.com.
  187. Web site: 24 April 2020 . Bayraktar TB2 İHA polisin emrinde . 26 March 2021 . Haber.aero . tr.
  188. Web site: Bayraktar TB2, Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı'nın envanterine girdi . 26 March 2021 . Takvim.com.tr . tr.
  189. Web site: Bayraktar TB2'den yeni rekor: 300 bin uçuş saatini tamamladı . 26 March 2021 . Trthaber.com . 22 February 2021 . tr.
  190. Web site: 8 April 2020 . Turkey delivered Bayraktar TB2 drones to Qatari Emirati Armed Forces . 4 November 2020 . Global Defense Corp.
  191. Web site: 'Largest drone war in the world': How airpower saved Tripoli . 4 November 2020 . Al Jazeera.
  192. Web site: Alemdar . Ahmet . 5 October 2020 . Ukrayna 48 adet Bayraktar TB2 SİHA tedarik etmek istiyor .
  193. Web site: GDC . 27 July 2021 . Turkey delivers first Bayraktar TB2 UCAV to Ukrainian Navy . 27 July 2021 . Global Defense Corp . en-US.
  194. https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-defense/3281272-ukrainian-military-gets-first-turkish-bayraktar-uav-complex.html Ukrainian military gets first Turkish Bayraktar UAV complex
  195. Web site: 14 September 2021 . Ukraine to buy four more Bayraktar TB2 strike drones from Turkey – Commander-in-Chief . 14 September 2021 . Ukrinform.
  196. Web site: Oryx . Turkmenistan Parades Newly-Acquired Bayraktar TB2s . 27 September 2021 . Oryx Blog.
  197. Web site: 20 April 2021 . Morocco to Receive 13 Bayraktar TB2 Combat Drones From Turkey . 12 January 2022 . Thedefensepost.com.
  198. Web site: Morocco receives their first Turkish drones . Defense Arabia . arabic.
  199. Web site: Latrech . Oumaima . Morocco to Acquire 6 More Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Military Drones . 12 January 2022 . Moroccoworldnews.com/.
  200. Web site: Morocco receives first Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle . 21 October 2021 . Air Recognition . en-US.
  201. Web site: Coskun . Orhan . Spicer . Jonathan . Toksabay . Ece . 14 October 2021 . Turkey expands armed drone sales to Ethiopia and Morocco – sources . 12 January 2022 . Reuters.com.
  202. Web site: Walsh . Declan . 20 December 2021 . Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War . 12 January 2022 . The New York Times.
  203. Web site: Spicer . Jonathan . Paravicini . Giulia . Coskun . Orhan . 22 December 2021 . EXCLUSIVE U.S. concerned over Turkey's drone sales to conflict-hit Ethiopia . 12 January 2022 . Reuters.com.
  204. Web site: 2 November 2021 . Ethiopia – Turkey: Ankara's ongoing economic and military support . 12 January 2022 . Theafricareport.com.
  205. Web site: Kyrgyzstan set to receive Turkish armed drones . 22 October 2021 . Aa.com.tr.
  206. Web site: 21 October 2021 . Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'ların Yeni Alıcısı Kırgızistan Oldu . 21 October 2021 . Savunma Sanayi ST . Turkish.
  207. Web site: ЦАМТО / / Пограничная служба Кыргызстана получила БЛА "Байрактар TB2" . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220206114241/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1220/133065753/detail.shtml . 6 February 2022 . 12 January 2022 . Armstrade.org.
  208. Web site: Straturka . 2021-12-10 . Somalia has received the first batch of Bayraktar TB2 drones . 2022-10-20 . Straturka . en-US.
  209. Web site: Azman . Kaan . 2022-10-03 . Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Somali'de görüntülendi . 2022-10-20 . DefenceTurk . tr.
  210. Web site: Pakistan Air Force To Acquire State-Of-The-Art Weaponry from Allied Nations. Global Defense Insight. 26 August 2022.
  211. Web site: Pakistan Procures Bayraktar TB-2 Drone. PakStrategic.com. 8 January 2022.
  212. Web site: PAKISTAN AIR FORCE Officially Deploys TURKISH Bayraktar TB2 Medium Altitude Long Endurance Tactical Combat Drone for Combat Missions . 8 January 2022. PakDefense .
  213. Web site: 5 July 2022 . Niger, Djibouti become Africa's latest Bayraktar TB2 operators . Key Aero.
  214. News: Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drone: Why African states are buying them . BBC News . 25 August 2022.
  215. Web site: 22 May 2022 . Nijer'e Bayraktar TB2 SİHA teslimatı . defenceturk.net . Defence Turk . Turkish.
  216. Web site: 18 November 2021 . Erdoğan discusses Turkey-Niger relations with Bazoum . Daily Sabah.
  217. Web site: 22 May 2021 . Poland to become first NATO country to buy Turkish drones . 22 May 2021 . Reuters.
  218. Web site: BAL . AYŞE BETÜL . Poland receives 1st batch of Turkish Bayraktar TB2 combat drones . Daily Sabah . 29 October 2022 . 28 October 2022.
  219. Web site: Siminski . Jack . Final Delivery of Polish Bayraktar TB2 Drones Completed . The Aviationist . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517182709/https://theaviationist.com/2024/05/17/final-delivery-of-polish-bayraktar-tb2/ . 17 May 2024 . 17 May 2024 . live.
  220. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . Russia's African Offensive: Russia Builds Up Malian Air Force . Oryx Blog . 23 December 2022 . 16 August 2022.
  221. Web site: Mali receives more TB2, L-39 aircraft . 2023-03-24 . Janes.com . en.
  222. Web site: Coskun. Orhan . Exclusive: Turkey sells battle-tested drones to UAE as regional rivals mend ties. . 8 March 2023 . 21 September 2022.
  223. Web site: Soylu . Ragıp . 8 September 2022 . Bayraktar TB2: UAE in talks to buy large number of armed drones from Turkey . 8 March 2023 . Middle East Eye.
  224. Web site: Sahin . Anil . 7 March 2023 . BAE'nin Bayraktar TB2 tedarik ettiği bu fotoğrafla kesinleşti . 8 March 2023.
  225. Web site: Kosovo Security Forces receive Turkish Bayraktar drones . 6 May 2022 . 9 May 2023.
  226. News: Saballa . Joe . Bangladesh to Procure Bayraktar TB2 Drones After Ukraine Success . The Defense Post . 27 July 2022 . en-us.
  227. News: Bangladesh gets Bayraktar TB2. December 2023. en.
  228. Web site: 1 September 2022 . Demersuri privind achiziția a trei sisteme de aeronave fără echipaj uman la bord (UAS) . Ministerul Apărării Naționale . ro.
  229. Web site: Romanya'dan milyonlarca dolarlık Bayraktar TB2 siparişi. Haber Merkezi. tr. savunmasanayist.com. 25 April 2023.
  230. Web site: Parada militară de 1 Decembrie: Ce militari și ce tehnică militară au defilat pe sub Arcul de Triumf din Capitală de Ziua Națională. Victor Cozmei. ro. HotNews. 1 December 2023.
  231. Web site: 20 December 2022 . Arnavutluk'tan Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Siparişi . 20 December 2022. Savunmasanayist.com . tr.
  232. News: Bayraktar drones have arrived in Albania, announces defense minister . 4 March 2024 . Euronews . 1 March 2024.
  233. News: Bir ülkeye daha Bayraktar TB2! Türk SİHA'ları Avrupa semalarında . 4 March 2024 . . 4 March 2024 . tr.
  234. Web site: savunmasanayist . Bayraktar TB2 SİHA era has begun for Maldives. 11 March 2024 . savunmasanayist. 9 March 2024 .
  235. Web site: 28 August 2021 . Irak'tan Bayraktar TB2, T129 ATAK ve EH Sistemleri Açıklaması . 28 August 2021 . Savunmasanayist.com . tr.
  236. Web site: Iddon . Paul . Why Iraq Would Want To Buy Turkish Drones And Attack Helicopters . 31 August 2021 . Forbes.com . en.
  237. Web site: ЦАМТО / / Ирак подписал контракт на закупку восьми турецких БЛА "Байрактар TB2S" . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220206102439/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1224/124565845/detail.shtml . 6 February 2022 . 12 January 2022 . Armstrade.org.
  238. Web site: 18 January 2023 . Baykar inks $370M export deal with Kuwait for Bayraktar TB2s . 18 January 2023. dailysabah.com . tr.
  239. Web site: "新型機の感想は？" 無人戦闘機「バイラクタル」製造企業を駐トルコ日本大使が訪問. 乗りものニュース. 5 April 2023 . 2023-05-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104607/https://trafficnews.jp/post/125223. 2023-04-05.
  240. Web site: Bayraktar TB2 . 2022-03-18 . www.baykartech.com . tr . 6 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220306210404/https://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb2/ . dead .
  241. Web site: 2019-07-19 . Turkey's indigenous Bayraktar drone breaks endurance record . 2022-04-18 . . en-US.
  242. Web site: Roblin . Sebastien . Turkish Drones and Artillery Are Devastating Assad's Forces In Idlib Province-Here's Why . Forbes . 2 March 2020 . 9 March 2020.
  243. Web site: Frantzman . Seth J. . Turkish drones revolutionize Idlib conflict – analysis . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com . 2 March 2020 . 9 March 2020.
  244. Web site: Roketsan's Smart Micro Guided Munitions Boost Effectiveness of UAVs. 25 March 2019. Asian Military Review. en-US. 2 March 2020.
  245. Web site: Turkish UMTAS Missile Dropped From a Bayraktar Tactical Drone Defense Update. Eshel. Tamir. defense-update.com. 19 December 2015. 28 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160413060704/http://defense-update.com/20151219_umtas_bayraktar.html. 13 April 2016. live.
  246. Web site: Cırıt 2.75" Laser Guided Missile . Roketsan . 17 October 2020 . 18 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018211507/https://www.roketsan.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/C%C4%B0R%C4%B0T-ENG-Flayer.pdf . dead.
  247. Web site: Turkey To Outfit Drones with Local Mini Rocket. Burak Ege. Bekdil. 8 August 2017. Defense News.
  248. Web site: TURKISH DEFENCE INDUSTRY PRODUCT CATALOGUE. 14 April 2021. Ssb.gov.tr. 14 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414004330/https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/en/208/. dead.
  249. Web site: Mehmet. Fatih. 23 January 2020. Asisguard ve Tübitak Sage TOGAN'ı SONGAR'a entegre etti. 14 April 2021. DefenceTurk. tr.
  250. Web site: Hambling . David . New Weapons From U.S. Could Rearm Ukraine's Bayraktar Drones . 2022-04-08 . Forbes . en.
  251. Web site: KEMANKEŞ Mini Intelligent Cruise Missile . 2023-06-16 . Baykar . en .
  252. Web site: CATS- COMMON APERTURE TARGETING SYSTEM- Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Targeting System. Aselsan.com.tr.
  253. Web site: Ergöçün . Gökhan . 6 October 2020 . Turkish defense industry moving on despite embargoes . 24 October 2020 . Anadolu Agency.
  254. Web site: Özbek . Tolga . 5 October 2020 . Wescam satışını durdurdu . 24 October 2020 . Tolgaozbek . Turkish.
  255. Web site: SSB İsmail Demir: SİHA'larımızın CATS kameraları seri üretime geçiyor. 6 October 2020. Defence Turk. tr. 24 October 2020.
  256. News: Canada suspends exports of military drone technology to Turkey. Levon Sevunts . CBC News . 5 October 2020 .
  257. Web site: Foreign Import of Locally-Built Bayraktar TB-2 Turkish Drone Parts . 2022-04-08 . www.1lurer.am . 28 October 2020 . en.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bayraktar TB2".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.