TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK explained

The TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK is a twin-engine, tandem seat, multi-role, all-weather attack helicopter based on the Agusta A129 Mangusta platform. It was developed by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[1] in partnership with Leonardo S.p.A. The helicopter is designed for armed reconnaissance and attack missions in hot and high environments and rough geography in both day and night conditions.[2] [3]

The ATAK programme was begun to meet the requirements of the Turkish Armed Forces for an armed tactical reconnaissance and attack helicopter. The T129 is the result of the integration of Turkish-developed avionics, airframe modifications, and weapon systems onto the AgustaWestland A129 airframe, with upgraded engines, transmission and rotor blades. It is in use by the Turkish Army and other services including the Turkish Gendarmerie.[4] [5] The helicopter has a unit cost of roughly US$50 million.[6]

Development

Origins

The ATAK programme was begun to meet the Turkish Armed Forces' requirements for an attack and tactical reconnaissance helicopter.[7] Turkey announced on 30 March 2007 that it had decided to negotiate with AgustaWestland to co-develop and produce 51 (with 40 options) attack helicopters based on the Agusta A129 Mangusta.[8] [9] It is to be assembled in Turkey by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) as the T129. On 7 September 2007, a $1.2 billion contract was signed.[10] [11] [12]

On 22 June 2008, the agreement between TUSAS Aerospace Industries (TAI) and AgustaWestland formally entered into force. Under the agreement, TAI would develop an indigenous mission computer, avionics, weapons systems, self-protection suites and the helmet-mounting cuing systems. Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) would manufacture the LHTEC CTS800-4N engines under licence.[13] Under the agreement, Turkey has full marketing and intellectual property rights for the T129 platform; Turkey can export also the platform to third party nations, excluding Italy and the United Kingdom.[14] However, the T129's LHTEC CTS800-4N gives the United States a veto over any prospective export sales and so Turkey developed its own TEI TS1400 powerplant.[15] [16] [17] About 95% of the initial parts of the serial production T129 are manufactured in Turkey.[1]

On 16 July 2007, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Meteksan Savunma Sanayii AŞ and Bilkent University formed a consortium to develop an advanced millimetre wave radar (MILDAR), similar to the Longbow and the IAI/ELTA radars, intended to enter service in 2009.[18] [19] MILDAR was successfully completed development in February 2012.[20]

In 2007, it was reported that one helicopter will be kept by the Turkish Ministry of Defense and used as a systems development testbed while the remaining 50 T129s will be delivered to the Turkish Army. An optional 40 further T129s will be produced if necessary.[21] These rotorcraft would be designated T129B.[22] In November 2010, Turkey ordered an additional nine T129s, increasing its total on order to 60.[23] [24] These T129s were for an urgent Turkish Army operational requirement and was built by TAI for delivery in 2012, one year prior to the delivery of the previously ordered 51 helicopters.[10] [25] Designated T129A, these lack advanced anti-tank missiles; as a result of delays, they entered service in 2014.[22]

Flight testing

On 28 September 2009, the T129's maiden flight took place when the P1 prototype flew at AgustaWestland's facilities in Vergiate, Italy.[26] On 19 March 2010, the first T129 prototype (P1) conducted high-altitude hover tests near Verbania, Italy following the completion of several successful test flights. During the hover test, T129 P1 lost its tail rotor at 15,000 feet. Test pilot Cassioli regained enough control to steer away from a residential area before crashing; the crew escaped without serious injuries.[27] [28] On 17 August 2011, TAI announced the first successful flight of the T129 prototype "P6", the first of three prototypes to be assembled in Turkey.[29]

In 2013, media reports claimed that the first batch of helicopters delivered to the Turkish Army for trials did not meet the contracted requirements, specifically in terms of "vibration, balance, weight". The T129 was nose-heavy; to resolve this, 137 kg was added to the tail, causing the total weight to exceed the specified requirement. The higher weight may decrease the T129's service ceiling, which is detrimental for operating under hot and high conditions, like those found in Southeastern Anatolia. The Undersecretariat for Defense Industries will adjust the contract in accordance, although experts expect weight reductions as development continues.[30]

On 22 April 2014, TAI formally delivered the first serial production T129 to the Turkish Land Forces.[1] A total of nine T129s of the first batch were delivered to the Turkish Land Forces after completing qualification testing.[31]

HAVELSAN developed a simulator system for the T129 and presented it at the International Defence Industry Fair (IDEF) 2017.[32]

Design

The T129 ATAK is optimized for "hot and high conditions", performance requirements against challenging geographical and environmental conditions in night and day operations.[1] [33] It has several key improvements over the original A129 inline with the requirements of the Turkish Army.[1] [34] The T129 has been designed to achieve a high level of maneuverability, high impact resistance and ballistic tolerance, along with a reduced visibility, sound and radar silhouette.[1]

The helicopter is equipped with the Hunter Kaska integrated control system. This system, which was purpose-designed for the T129, enables the automatic orientation of target detection and weapon systems to the pilot's line of sight with high tracking accuracy.[1] The T129 is also equipped with a dedicated electro-optical FLIR system ASELFLIR-300T,[35] suitable for multi-purpose mission operations, it is manufactured by the Turkish company Aselsan.[36] [1] The rotorcraft is also equipped with advanced electronic warfare and countermeasure systems which increase survival capabilities in combat situations. These systems include a Radar Warning Receiver (RIAS), Radar Frequency Mixer (RFKS) and a Laser Receiver (LIAS) in addition to an automatic Countermeasure Firing System (KTAS).[1]

The T129 can be used in a variety of roles, including anti-armour, armed reconnaissance, ground attack, escort, asymmetrical, fire support and short range anti-aircraft missions. It is equipped with a single 20 mm three-barrel rotary cannon fitted on a nose turret with 500 rounds of ammunition. The T129 can also be equipped with up to eight UMTAS 160 mm long range anti-tank missiles, 76 unguided 70mm rockets for close air support, 16 CIRIT 70 mm missiles and eight air launched Stinger short range air-to-air missiles.[1]

Operational history

Turkey

In May 2014, the Turkish Army formally inducted the first nine T129s into service; these initial rotorcraft were to a less advanced interim T129A EDH model, intended to replace some of the ageing AH-1s in use prior to the introduction of the more capable T129B variant to service.[37] On 25 April 2015, a pair of T129s were used in combat for the first time in a counter-terrorism operation in Turkey's Siirt Province.[38] Delivery of the final EDH-standard T129s took place on 31 July 2015.[39]

On 10 February 2018, during the Turkish military operation in Afrin, a Turkish Army T129 was shot down by Kurdish YPG anti-aircraft fire in Kırıkhan district of Hatay Province; the loss was confirmed by the Turkish Armed Forces and President Erdoğan.[40]

Philippines

When the Philippine Air Force (PAF) re-evaluated its capabilities and performance after the siege of Marawi in 2017 against ISIS-inspired terrorists, it found that the MD-520MG Defender and the newer AW-109E Power armed helicopters did not have sufficient firepower.[41] [42] In 2017, the Philippine government received confirmation from the Jordanian government that they would provide two used Bell AH-1S Cobra attack helicopters,[43] [44] with options for more, subject to the decision of the Jordanian government.[45]

Instead of acquiring more light armed helicopters, the PAF favoured purpose-built attack helicopters, even if acquired in smaller quantities. In the end, the PAF's Technical Working Group (TWG) selected the T129 due to its lower price than its American competitors in 2018.[46] [42] The delay was due to sanctions on supplying the LHTEC T800-4A engines, which was eventually resolved when the US approved the helicopters for export.[46] [47] [48] TAI was able to offer six T129s for the approved budget of around Php 13.8 Billion.[49] [50]

In 2021, the Department of National Defense signed a contract for the purchase of six T129Bs for Php13.7 billion via a government-to-government deal with the Turkish Ministry of Defense.[51] [52] By December 2022, a total of four T129Bs and accompanying spare parts and logistical support had been accepted by the PAF; the last two helicopters were expected to be completed and delivered by 2023. The T129Bs are to be deployed to the 15th Strike Wing.[53]

On May 2024, two more T129s have formally entered active duty, effectively completing the delivery of six helicopters.[54] [55]

Nigeria

According to a statement by the Turkish Aerospace Industries General Manager Temel Kotil during the Farnborough Airshow, TAI will provide six T129s to Nigeria under a recent contract.[56] [57] In January 2023, the Nigerian Air Chief announced that Nigeria will receive 6 T129s by the end of the first quarter of 2023.[58] In November 2023, Nigeria took delivery of 2 T129 ATAK helicopters and have been effectively operational in the war against insurgency.[59]

Potential operators

Brazil

In September 2018, Brazil showed interest in acquiring T129 with army officials visiting Turkey. In March 2019, ten Brazilian Army pilots received certificates for completing T129 test flights at Forte Ricardo Kirk, Taubaté.[60]

Iraq

In an Iraqi TV broadcast, the Iraqi defense minister announced in August 2021 that Iraq will acquire 12 T129 ATAK helicopters.[61]

Pakistan

In 2017, Pakistan indicated that it was interested in possibly purchasing the T129 for the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps (PAAC), as a replacement to their ageing Bell AH-1F Cobra gunships; the PAAC had extensively tested the T129 and the Z-10ME in 2016.[62] [63]

In May 2018, Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Parti) announced that Pakistan is purchasing 30 T129s for US$1.5 billion, which Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) confirmed in July.[64] However, Pakistan's T129 purchase has been politically complicated; the United States Department of Defense (DoD) refused to issue the export license for the LHTEC T800-4A engines that power the gunships owing to diplomatic issues between the United States and Turkey.[65] In 2020, Pakistan granted a one-year extension to TAI so that the latter could persuade the DoD to issue the required export license; TAI also approached its sister company, Tusaş Engine Industries, to develop an indigenous engine for the T129 as a possible replacement for the T800-4A.[66] TAI also hired a U.S-based lobbying firm, Capitol Counsel, to promote the issue to U.S lawmakers.[67] In 2021, Pakistan granted a six-month extension to TAI in a further bid to resolve the issue.[66]

In January 2022, multiple reports of Pakistan cancelling the T129 deal in favor of the Z-10ME emerged.[68] [69] However, the Pakistani military's public relations wing - the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), denied the reports, stating that the deal had not been terminated.[70] [71]

Qatar

In January 2019, it was reported that Qatar had signed a preliminary agreement to buy T129s.[72]

Saudi Arabia

In 2011, Saudi Arabia asked Turkey to enter a tender to produce attack helicopters for the Saudi Air Force.[73]

Failed bids

Morocco

On 31 July 2021, it was reported that Morocco was in the "advanced stage of negotiation" with Turkey for the purchase of 22 T129s.[74] Additional sources claimed previous negotiations were suspended in 2018 due to US sanctions.[75]

South Korea

In January 2013, a media report stated that South Korea's attack helicopter competition included the T129 in the final three bidders with the Bell AH-1Z Viper and the Boeing AH-64 Apache.[76] [77] However, the AH-64E Apache was chosen in April 2013.[78]

Variants

T129A EDH (Erken Duhul Helikopteri or Early Delivery Helicopter)
  • T129A is the "combat support" version equipped with a 20 mm gatling gun and rounds and can carry 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets; nine T129As have been ordered.[79] Six helicopters have been delivered to the Turkish Army. The T129As are to be upgraded to the T129B standard.[22]
    T129B
  • T129B is the "multi-role" version equipped with electronic warfare systems. 51 helicopters are to be produced, with one to be used as a weapons testbed. The T129B is armed with a 20 mm gatling gun and can carry a varied payload of eight UMTAS ATGMs, 16 Cirit missiles, eight air launched Stinger, 76 70 mm (2.75 in) unguided rockets.[2]

    Operators

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: T129 ATAK . Turkish Aerospace . 13 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210601200316/https://www.tusas.com/en/products/helicopter/co-development-production/t129-atak . 1 June 2021 . live.
    2. Web site: T129 ATAK . Turkish Aerospace . 15 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210714183406/https://www.tusas.com/content/files/uploads/1890/TUSAS_2020_Genel_Flyer_T129Atak_EN.pdf . 14 July 2021 . live.
    3. Web site: News Archives . Airforce Technology. 3 October 2017 .
    4. Web site: T129 ATAK completes first demo flights in Poland . 18 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616164129/http://www.arabianaerospace.aero/t129-atak-completes-first-demo-flights-in-poland.html . 16 June 2016 . live.
    5. Web site: SABAH . DAILY . 25 February 2021 . TAI delivers ATAK Phase-2 helicopter to Turkish police forces . live . https://archive.today/20240523061132/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/tai-delivers-atak-phase-2-helicopter-to-turkish-police-forces . 23 May 2024 . 23 March 2024 . Daily Sabah.
    6. Web site: T129 ATAK Helikopterinin fiyatı ne kadar? . 24 May 2021 . Savunma Sanayi ST . turkish.
    7. Web site: T129 Attack Helicopter . Army-Technology.com . 9 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223219/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/t129-attack-helicopter/ . 12 May 2014 . live.
    8. http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Helicopter/atakHel/Sayfalar/ATAK).aspx "Attack and Tactical Reconnaissance Helicopter Procurement Program"
    9. http://www.agustawestland.com/node/3399 "Turkey Announces the Start of Contract Negotiations With AgustaWestland for the ATAK Project"
    10. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/turkey-shortlists-2-attack-helicopters-updated-02397/ "Turkey Finally Lands Its Attack Helicopters"
    11. Ozbek, Tolga. "AgustaWestland 129 to be model for Turkish ATAK" . Flight International, 14 September 2007.
    12. http://www.tai.com.tr/prog.aspx?contentDefID=26 T-129 ATAK page
    13. http://www.tei.com.tr/1/tr/images/news/dergi/TEI%20News%20103.pdf TEI News 2010, p. 7
    14. "ATAK Helikopter Projesi'nde mutlu son". Milliyet, 22 June 2008.
    15. Web site: Bekdil . Burak Ege . 2015-07-26 . TAI's T129 Export Hopes Hinge on US License . live . https://archive.today/20190112115442/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/07/26/tai-s-t129-export-hopes-hinge-on-us-license/ . 2019-01-12 . 2024-05-23 . Defense News . en.
    16. Web site: 18 October 2018 . Yerli ve Milli Helikopter Motorumuz TS1400 hakkında ilk bilgiler . First information about our Local and National Helicopter Engine TS1400 . live . https://archive.today/20240523061901/https://www.savunmasanayi.org/yerli-ve-milli-helikopter-motorumuz-ts1400-hakkinda-ilk-bilgiler/ . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Savunma Sanayi . TR.
    17. Web site: 3 December 2020 . Turkish Aerospace to Receive First ATAK-GOKBEY Helo Engine Prototype . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201203134348/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28460/Turkish_Aerospace_to_Receive_First_ATAK_GOKBEY_Helo_Engine_Prototype . 3 December 2020 . 23 May 2024 . Defense World.
    18. http://www.ssm.gov.tr/TR/etkinlikler/imzatorenleri/Pages/KaraHedefAngajman_20070716.aspx Kara Hedef Angajmanı İçin Milimetrik Dalga Radar Teknikleri Geliştirilmesi Projesi Sözleşmesi İmza Töreni
    19. http://www.meteksansavunma.com.tr/alt_menu-en.asp?uid=8&id=36 MILDAR (Millimeter Wave Radar) Capabilities
    20. Web site: MILDAR Projesi Süresinde ve Bütçesi İçinde Başarı ile Tamamlandı . Meteksan . 3 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150123022626/http://www.meteksan.com/tr/bilgi/haberler/107-mildar-kapanis-toereni . 23 January 2015 . dead.
    21. Savunma ve Havacılık (Defence and Aerospace) magazine. Issue no: 122. October 2007. pp. 26-28.
    22. Web site: T129 Attack Helicopter. Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc . 5 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150720214143/https://www.tai.com.tr/en/project/atak . 20 July 2015 .
    23. http://www.agustawestland.com/news/turkey-orders-nine-more-t129-helicopters-land-forces-command-0 "Turkey Orders Nine More T129 Helicopters For The Land Forces Command"
    24. Hoyle, Craig. "Turkey signs for more T129 attack helicopters ". Flight International, 9 November 2010.
    25. https://archive.today/20120729204504/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=5116751 "Seeking Top Role in Turkey"
    26. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/09/28/332845/atak-team-flies-first-t129-prototype.html "ATAK team flies first T129 prototype"
    27. Web site: PICTURE: Turkey's first T129 attack helicopter crashes . 9 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100331043954/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/03/23/339797/picture-turkeys-first-t129-attack-helicopter-crashes.html . 31 March 2010 . live.
    28. http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=73522 ASN Wikibase Occurrence #73522
    29. http://www.tai.com.tr/news.aspx?contentDefID=150
    30. http://kokpit.aero/atak-teslimat-sorunu "T-129 not meeting requirements, requirements are changing"
    31. http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/tai-delivers-first-nine-t129-helicopters/ "TAI marks Turkish T129 ATAK milestone"
    32. http://quwa.org/2017/05/01/idef-2017-havelsan-will-showcase-simulator-tai-t-129-atak/ IDEF 2017: HAVELSAN WILL SHOWCASE SIMULATOR FOR THE TAI T-129 ATAK
    33. Web site: TAI Displays T129 ATAK Helicopter at BIAS 2014 . 20 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182701/https://www.tai.com.tr/en/basin-bultenleri/tai-displays-t129-atak-helicopter-at-bias-2014 . 2 February 2014 . live.
    34. Web site: Verification on T-129 and modifications . 29 September 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090420045955/http://www.vtol.org/issues.html#turkey . 20 April 2009 . dead.
    35. https://www.aselsan.com.tr/en/capabilities/avionics-and-navigation-systems/electrooptical-systems/aselflir300t-electrooptical-reconnaissance-surveillance-and-targeting-system "ASELFLIR-300T Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Targeting System"
    36. Web site: OPTICS, ELECTRO-OPTICS AND LASERS: ASELFLIR-300T . TURKISH DEFENCE INDUSTRY PRODUCT CATALOGUE . 23 July 2021.
    37. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/turkey-inducts-edh-standard-t129-attack-helicopters-398785/ Turkey inducts EDH-standard T129 attack helicopters
    38. http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1728%20 Two Turkish-made T-129 combat helicopters deployed for the first time in operation
    39. Stevenson, Beth. "TAI completes deliveries of first T129 batch to Turkish army." Flight International, 17 August 2015.
    40. Web site: Erdoğan says Turkish military helicopter shot down during Afrin operation in Syria. daily. sabah. February 10, 2018. Daily Sabah.
    41. Web site: Farolan . Ramon J. . 18 December 2022 . Of helicopters, Turk and Russian . live . https://archive.today/20231019024704/https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2022/12/18/2231497/helicopters-turk-and-russian . 19 October 2023 . 23 May 2024 . Philstar Global.
    42. Web site: Ng . Jr . 10 March 2022 . First two T129B ATAK helicopters arrive in the Philippines . live . https://archive.today/20240523062636/https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2022/03/first-two-t129b-atak-helicopters-arrive-in-the-philippines/ . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Asian Military Review.
    43. Web site: Yeo . Mike . 23 May 2018 . Philippines to receive Cobra helicopter gunships from Jordan . live . https://archive.today/20180523162645/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/05/23/philippines-to-receive-cobra-helicopter-gunships-from-jordan/ . 23 May 2018 . 23 May 2024 . Defense News.
    44. Web site: 9 September 2019 . Knowing the Philippine Air Force's Donated AH-1S Helicopters from Jordan . 23 May 2024 . Pitz Defense Analysis.
    45. Web site: Jordan might give PH another attack helicopter — Duterte » Manila Bulletin News. 15 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190415142012/https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/04/14/jordan-might-give-ph-another-attack-helicopter-duterte/ . 15 April 2019 .
    46. Web site: Lake . Jon . 1 June 2022 . US sanctions deal double blow to TAI helicopter sales | Times Aerospace . live . https://archive.today/20240523062951/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/us-sanctions-deal-double-blow-to-tai-helicopter-sales . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . timesaerospace.aero.
    47. Web site: Bekdil . Burak Ege . May 26, 2021 . Turkey to export T129 helos to Philippines despite block on Pakistani order . live . https://archive.today/20210809054015/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2021/05/25/turkey-to-export-t129-helos-to-philippines-despite-block-on-pakistani-order/ . August 9, 2021 . March 25, 2023 . Defense News.
    48. Web site: April 6, 2022 . Philippines gets Turkish-made choppers with eyes on greater cooperation . live . https://archive.today/20220407042531/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/philippines-gets-turkish-made-choppers-with-eyes-on-greater-cooperation . April 7, 2022 . March 25, 2023 . Daily Sabah.
    49. Web site: Mangosing . Frances . 13 May 2020 . Lorenzana: US attack helicopters beyond PH budget . live . https://archive.today/20240523063210/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/187675/lorenzana-us-attack-helicopters-beyond-ph-budget . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . INQUIRER.net.
    50. Web site: 2018-12-27 . Understing In Detail the TAI T-129 'ATAK' Combat Attack Helicopter for PAF . 2024-05-23 . Pitz Defense Analysis.
    51. Web site: Kadidal . Akhil . 9 March 2022 . Philippines gets first two ATAK helicopters . live . https://archive.today/20240523063526/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/philippines-gets-first-two-atak-helicopters . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Janes.
    52. Web site: Nepomuceno . Priam . 31 May 2022 . 2 Turkish-made attack helicopters now mission capable: PAF | Philippine News Agency . live . https://archive.today/20220602014326/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175494 . 2 June 2022 . 23 May 2024 . Philippine News Agency.
    53. Web site: Philippine Air Force to receive first T129B attack helos in Q3 2021. Janes.com.
    54. Web site: Argosino . Faith . 2024-05-21 . PAF receives two more T-129 ATAK helicopters . live . https://archive.today/20240523063942/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/237024/paf-receives-two-more-t-129-atak-helicopters . 2024-05-23 . 2024-05-23 . INQUIRER.net . en.
    55. Web site: Domingo . Juster . 2024-05-20 . Philippines Receives Two T129 ATAK Helicopters From Turkey . live . https://archive.today/20240523064419/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2024/05/20/philippines-t129-atak-helicopters-turkey/ . 2024-05-23 . 2024-05-23 . The Defense Post.
    56. Web site: 11 July 2022 . Turkey eager to sell more weapons to Nigeria . live . https://archive.today/20240523064834/https://nordicmonitor.com/2022/07/turkey-willing-to-sell-more-weapons-to-nigeria/ . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Levent Kenez . en.
    57. Web site: Lionel . Ekene . 26 July 2022 . TAI confirms sale of T-129 ATAK helicopter to Nigeria . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240122062312/https://www.military.africa/2022/07/tai-confirms-sale-of-t-129-atak-hhelicopter-to-nigeria/ . 22 January 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Military Africa . en.
    58. Web site: Aslam . Umair . 22 January 2023 . Nigeria To Receive Three Wing Loong II UCAVs And Six T-129 Helicopters . live . https://archive.today/20240523073311/https://defensetalks.com/nigeria-to-receive-three-wing-loong-ii-ucavs-and-six-t-129-helicopters/ . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Global Defense Insight.
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    61. Web site: 28 August 2021 . Irak'tan Bayraktar TB2, T129 ATAK ve EH Sistemleri Açıklaması . Bayraktar TB2, T129 ATAK and EW Systems Statement from Iraq . live . https://archive.today/20240523073547/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/irak-bayraktar-tb2-t129-atak/ . 23 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Savunma Sanayi Haberleri . tr.
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