American University of Beirut explained

American University of Beirut
Native Name:Arabic: الجامعة الأميركيّة في بيروت
Mottoeng:That they may have life and have it more abundantly[1]
Endowment:$779.3 million (2020)[2]
Students:9,408 (2019)[3]
Undergrad:7,782 (2019)
Postgrad:1,626 (2019)
Country:Lebanon
Free Label:University Press
Free Label2:Student newspaper
Free2:Outlook
Former Name:Syrian Protestant College (1866–1920)
Faculty:1,200 instructional faculty
Administrative Staff:4,340
Mascot:Phoenix

The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت|al-Jāmiʿa l-Amērkiyya fī Bayrūt)[4] is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its campus in Beirut, Lebanon.[5] AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.

AUB has an operating budget of $423 million[6] with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital)[7] (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.

History

On January 23, 1862, W. M. Thomson proposed to a meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions that a college of higher learning, that would include medical training, should be established in Beirut with Dr. Daniel Bliss as its president.[8] On April 24, 1863, while Bliss was raising money for the new college in the United States and England, the State of New York granted a charter for the Syrian Protestant College. The college, which was renamed the American University of Beirut in 1920, opened with a class of 16 students on December 3, 1866. Bliss served as its first president, from 1866 until 1902.[9] In the beginning Arabic was used as the language of instruction because it was the common language of the ethnic groups of the region, and prospective students needed to be fluent in Ottoman Turkish or in French as well as in English. In 1887 the language of instruction became English.[10]

AUB alumni have had a broad and significant impact on the region and the world for many years. For example, 20 AUB alumni were delegates to the signing of the United Nations Charter in 1945—more than any other university in the world. AUB graduates continue to serve in leadership positions as presidents of their countries, prime ministers, members of parliament, ambassadors, governors of central banks, presidents and deans of colleges and universities, academics, business people, scientists, engineers, doctors, teachers, and nurses. They work in governments, the private sector, and in nongovernmental organizations.

During the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) AUB pursued various means to preserve the continuity of studies, including enrollment agreements with universities in the United States. In 1982 acting president David S. Dodge was kidnapped on campus by pro-Iranian Shiite Muslim extremists.[11] [12] On January 18, 1984, AUB President Malcolm H. Kerr was murdered outside his office by members of Islamic Jihad, which preceded the Hezbollah.[13] In 1984 and 1985 a number of university staff were kidnapped, including electrical engineering professor Frank Regier, professor J. Leigh Douglas, professor Philip Padfield, professor Joseph Cicippio, dean of the faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Thomas Sutherland (held captive from 1985 to 1991), director David Jacobsen, and librarian Peter Kilburn (killed by his captors).[14] [15] In all, 30 university-connected people were kidnapped during the war.[11]

On 8 November 1991 a car-bomb demolished the main administrative building, killing one member of staff.[16] The New York Times reported that it was believed to have been set off by pro-Iranian Muslim fundamentalists.[17] [18] Another source states that Hassan Abd al-Nabih, a senior intelligence officer in the South Lebanon Army was accused of being responsible.[19] [20]

After initially announcing that it would stay open in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, and ignoring the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education's request that it shut down, in early March 2020 the university announced that it would close down.[21] [22] AUB later announced the creation of an expert committee.[23] A research portal was also created to help in studying COVID-19 pandemic related issues.[24]

On May 5, 2020, AUB's President Fadlo Khuri announced a projected 60% decline in AUB's revenue in the next academic year and added that furloughs, layoffs, and the elimination of departments and programs will be necessary for financial survival.[25] [26] Initially, Khuri announced that AUB would "fire 22–25%" of its staff due to severe financial difficulties;[27] in July, the university cut 850 jobs, including 650 staff layoffs and a further 200 employees not having their contracts renewed or taking retirement and not being replaced.[28]

Later that same year, in December, AUB adjusted the LBP-USD exchange rate at which its dollar-pegged tuition was charged, from an official rate of £L1,515 to the dollar to a £L3,900 rate used by banks for electronic transactions. This was interpreted by some as a 160% increase in tuition fees.[29] Although the university announced significant increases in financial aid,[30] some students protested the administration's decision and were blocked from entering campus, eventually being teargassed by the Lebanese Internal Security Forces and riot police.[31] [32]

Presidents

The list of university presidents since its establishment:[33]

Campus

The 61acres American University of Beirut campus is on a hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea on one side and bordering Bliss Street on the other. AUB's campus in Ras Beirut consists of 64 buildings, seven dormitories and several libraries. In addition, the university also houses the Charles W. Hostler Student Center, an Archaeological Museum as well as the widely renowned Natural History Museum. Students also have a range of recreational and research facilities, such as the 247 acre research farm and educational complex hosted by the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences' AREC (Advancing Research Enabling Communities Center) in Beqaa, Lebanon.[34]

Faculties

Students

In fall 2018, there were over 9,000 students enrolled at AUB: 7,180 undergraduates and 1,922 graduate students.[42]

Academics

AUB offers 141 undergraduate/graduate programs and 36 certificates and diplomas. In 2007, the university reintroduced PhD programs. AUB also includes dozens of research centers and institute that sponsor and promote research in a variety of fields.[43]

Rankings

The QS University Rankings places AUB at the 4th place in the Arab world in 2023, falling from 2nd place in 2022 and 1st place in 2018. However, AUB is ranked at the 1st place in the region in terms of graduate employability and sustainability.[44]

AUB Medical Center

The AUB Medical Center (AUBMC) is the private, not-for-profit teaching center of the Faculty of Medicine. AUBMC, which is accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCIA) on hospital accreditation, includes a 420-bed hospital and offers comprehensive tertiary/quaternary medical care and referral services in a wide range of specialties and medical, nursing, and paramedical training programs at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels.

Throughout its history, the AUB Medical Center, which was formerly known as the American University Hospital (AUH), has played a critical role in caring for the victims of regional and local conflicts.[45] It provided care for the sick and wounded during World War I and World War II, the Lebanese Civil War,[46] and the Palestinian conflict. In recent years, it has provided care for a number of Syrian refugees at the Medical Center in Beirut, at partner hospitals, and at mobile clinics.[47]

Since 1905, AUB's medical services have included a nursing school. In 2008, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) invited AUB's Rafic Hariri School of Nursing to become a full member, making it the first member of the AACN outside the United States. The American Nurses Credentialing Center's (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program awarded AUBMC its prestigious Magnet designation on June 23, 2009. AUBMC is the first healthcare institution in the Middle East and the third in the world outside the United States to receive this award.[48]

On April 4, 2011, AUB announced the AUBMC 2020 Vision,[49] which includes the construction of a state-of-the-art medical complex consisting of 12 buildings that would increase bed capacity to almost 600. In his inaugural address in January 2016,[50] AUB President Fadlo R. Khuri, MD, outlined Health 2025 affirming the university's commitment to be the regional leader and a key global partner in addressing global health challenges.

AUBMC now includes the Rafic Hariri School of Nursing Building, the Pierre Abu Khater Outpatient Building, the Wassef and Souad Sawwaf Building, the Medical Administration Building, the Halim and Aida Daniel Academic and Clinical Center, and the Inpatient and Outpatient hospital buildings.

The university is also home to several Clinical and Research Centers of Excellence such as the Mamdouha El-Sayed Bobst Breast Unit, the Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, the Abu-Haidar Neuroscience Institute, the Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon (affiliated with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee), the Moufid Farra Heart and Vascular Outpatient Center, the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, and the Ahmad and Jamila Bizri Neuro Outpatient Center. They address health issues endemic to the Arab region such as cancer, heart and vascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, blood disorders, and mental illness.

As part of the AUBMC 2020 vision, AUBMC held a groundbreaking ceremony for its New Medical Center Expansion Under the Patronage of President Michel Aoun in May 2019.[51]

American University of Beirut Press

American University of Beirut Press (also known as AUB Press) is a university press supported by American University of Beirut, Lebanon.[52] The press specializes in the publication of monographs and edited collections pertaining to Lebanon and the Middle East.[53]

The press in its current form can trace its origin back to 1969, when a formal publications office for the American University of Beirutthe Office of Publicationswas created. In 2001, the university began publishing works under the "American University of Beirut Press" name, and in 2004, the Office of Publications was split into an Office of University Publications (later renamed the "Office of Communications") and the press itself, which answered to the Office of the Provost.[54]

University museums and collections

There are three museums at AUB: the Archaeological Museum, the Geology Museum, and the Natural History Museum.

The Archaeological Museum is the third oldest museum in the Near East. Its collection includes more than 16,000 objects and 10,000 coins and features pottery, prehistoric flint tools, bronze figurines, Phoenician and classical sculptures and bas-reliefs, Egyptian alabaster vases from Byblos, hairpins, and musical instruments. The museum has conducted excavations in Lebanon and Syria.[55] The Society of the Friends of the AUB Museum organizes lectures, exhibits, and activities for children.[56]

The Geology Museum includes rocks, minerals, and fossils from around the world.[57] It is an important resource for AUB students and researchers and for students from other universities and schools in Lebanon.

The Natural History Museum houses a unique collection that represents the biodiversity of the area.[58] It is especially well known for the Post Herbarium, which includes 63,000 specimens.[59]

AUB's Archives and Special Collections includes important documents related to the founding of the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 and also many materials (documents, maps, photographs, etc.) of interest to scholars of Lebanon and the region including the Beirut Codex,[60] a New Testament in Syriac, dating back to the ninth or tenth century; the E. W. Blatchford Collection[61] (photographs of the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa taken between 1880 and 1900); and political and cultural posters dating back to the 1940s.[62]

The American University of Beirut has embarked upon a new initiative (AUB Art Galleries and Collections) to play an active role in promoting fine and contemporary art in the region.[63] The very first step taken in this new direction coincided with the generous donation of Samir Saleeby to AUB. The Rose and Shaheen Saleeby Collection[64] includes paintings by artists of different generations, ranging from Khalil Saleeby (1870–1928) and Cesar Gemayal (1898–1958) to Omar Onsi (1901–1969) and Saliba Douaihy (1912–1994). It also features works by Haidar Hamaoui (b. 1937), Chucrallah Fattouh (b. 1956), and Robert Khoury (b. 1923). The Saleeby donation is the cornerstone upon which AUB will establish a comprehensive collection of modern and contemporary art from the region.The new initiative commenced with the launching of new art spaces located in and around AUB campus: the Rose and Shaheen Saleeby Museum in Sidani Street and the Byblos Bank Art Gallery, in Ada Dodge Hall (on campus).[65]

The AUB curates the Palestinian Oral History Archive (POHA),[66] [67] [68] a Oral history preservation project. Other notable Palestinian oral history archives are the Palestinian Oral History Map, Columbia University's Oral History Project in New York, Duke University's Palestinian Oral History Project,[69] the Palestinian Rural History Project, Palestine Remembered, and Zochrot.

Libraries

University libraries

The university libraries include:

The Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) in the Beqaa Valley also includes an annex to the Science and Agriculture Library.

The University Libraries are home to a rich collection[71] that consists of:

Although many library resources are accessible remotely from on and off campus, the libraries themselves are equipped with e-classrooms, computer labs, and wireless connectivity. Trained and experienced library staff conduct classes and workshops throughout the year to introduce and train users to take advantage of the libraries' collections, information resources, and innovative technologies.

Newspaper

AUB Outlook is a student newspaper circulated on campus grounds and on their website.[72] It was established in 1949 and gained official status on July 15, 1957. by a license given to AUB under order no.113 issued by the Lebanese Minister of Information.[73] Outlook is not affiliated politically and strives to not be biased toward any sect, religion, race, or ethnicity. It is run by students and is independent from the direct control of the university with an editorial board of at least 12 members appointed annually.

Accreditation

AUB was granted institutional accreditation in June 2004 by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. The university's accreditation was reaffirmed in 2009 and again in 2016 and 2019.[74]

In September 2006, the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accredited the Graduate Public Health Program in the Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS). The program was reaccredited in 2012 for seven years. The AUB Graduate Public Health Program is the first CEPH-accredited public health program outside the North American continent and the only CEPH-accredited public health program in the Arab world, Asia, and Africa.[75]

The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) accredited AUB's Rafic Hariri School of Nursing's BSN and MSN programs on October 13, 2007. The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2012.[76]

In April 2009, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredited the Suliman S. Olayan School of Business (OSB). The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2014. AACSB is the leading international accrediting agency for undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degree programs in business administration and accounting. Less than five percent of business schools worldwide have earned AACSB International accreditation.[77]

The Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture at the American University of Beirut received accreditation for its undergraduate BE civil engineering, BE computer and communications engineering, BE in electrical and computer engineering, and BE in mechanical engineering programs from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in 2008. The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2016. The undergraduate program in chemical engineering was accredited in 2013.

The Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences' undergraduate Nutrition and Dietetics Coordinated Program (NDCP) was accredited by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) in 2013. It was reaccredited in 2017.[78]

Notable alumni

See main article: List of American University of Beirut alumni.

AUB has 64,417 living alumni. They reside in more than 120 countries.[79]

20 AUB graduates or former students were delegates to the signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco in 1945, including notable alumna Angela Jurdak Khoury, Lebanon's first woman diplomat.[80] During its 150th celebration in 2016, the university identified "History Makers" – men and women who have distinguished themselves in the areas of Leading, Innovating, and Serving by their accomplishments as scholars, politicians, artists, and in many other fields as well.[81]

The most notable alumna of the American University of Beirut is Angela Jurdak Khoury, who completed her undergraduate studies in 1937 and her master's degree in 1938.[82] She is the first known woman to graduate with a master's degree from the American University of Beirut. She went on to become Lebanon's first woman diplomat and was awarded the National Order of the Cedar, Lebanon's highest ranking state award, in 1959.[83]

Many other notable alumnae reached high positions in various fields. Some of these women are listed and described below:

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bible Gateway passage: John 10:10 – New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition. Bible Gateway. 27 March 2022. 27 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220327182404/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2010:10&version=NRSVCE. live.
  2. As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 . . February 19, 2021 . February 20, 2021 . 4 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220304051410/https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx . live .
  3. Web site: Facts and Figures. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321113750/https://www.aub.edu.lb/aboutus/Pages/facts.aspx. live.
  4. Web site: American University of Beirut. aub.edu.lb. 6 June 2017. 13 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100813135322/http://www.aub.edu.lb/. live.
  5. Web site: AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT FACTS AND FIGURES 2019. 16 May 2019. 8 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201208200500/https://www.aub.edu.lb/AboutUs/Documents/Facts-Figures-2019.pdf. live.
  6. Web site: AUB – About Us – Facts and Figures. aub.edu.lb. en-US. 2017-09-18. 19 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054437/http://www.aub.edu.lb/aboutus/Pages/facts.aspx. live.
  7. Web site: AUBMC – American University of Beirut Medical Center. aubmc.org.lb. 21 March 2019. 22 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194404/https://aubmc.org.lb/pages/home.aspx. live.
  8. [Bayard Dodge|Dodge, Bayard]
  9. News: The New York Times. Rev. H. H. Jessup Dead. 1910-04-29. 14 June 2018. 20 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191220053247/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/29/104931623.pdf. live.
  10. Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016., 9781317118442. Google Books PT194 .
  11. Web site: Special Report: The American University of Beirut: A Year Of Tragedy and Hope. WRMEA. 18 March 2020. 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212556/https://www.wrmea.org/005-december/special-report-the-american-university-of-beirut-a-year-of-tragedy-and-hope.html. live.
  12. Web site: David Stuart Dodge dies at 86; former university president was kidnapped in Lebanon. Los Angeles Times. 28 January 2009. 18 March 2020. 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318213443/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-dodge28-2009jan28-story.html. live.
  13. Farid . Farid . Steve Kerr on the Legacy of His Father's Assassination . The New Yorker . 2016-06-16 . 2020-03-18 . 14 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190214214300/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/steve-kerr-and-his-mother-talk-about-the-legacy-of-his-fathers-assassination . live .
  14. Book: The American University of Beirut: Arab Nationalism and Liberal Education . Betty S. Anderson . 15 November 2011 . University of Texas Press . 9780292726918 . 2020-03-18 . 1 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231001223940/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGU1i44tytgC&q=%22American+University+of+Beirut%22+regier&pg=PA188#v=snippet&q=%22American%20University%20of%20Beirut%22%20regier&f=false . live .
  15. Web site: The Released Hostages: Where Are They Now? With PM-Hostages, Bjt. AP NEWS. 27 March 2022. 27 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220327182731/https://apnews.com/article/a5194560f23d1d13dfa6e220965b562f. live.
  16. Middle East International No 416, 10 January 1992, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir p. 12
  17. Web site: American University Hit by Bombing . The New York Times . 1991-11-09 . 2020-03-18 . 18 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200318185507/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/world/american-university-hit-by-bombing.html . live .
  18. News: 4 Hurt by Beirut Bomb In American University . The New York Times . 8 November 1991 . 2020-03-18 . 18 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200318185505/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/08/world/4-hurt-by-beirut-bomb-in-american-university.html . live .
  19. Middle East International No 435, 9 October 1992, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir p. 12
  20. Middle East International No 413, 22 November 1991, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Michael Jansen p. 9
  21. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1634941/middle-east "Lebanon shuts schools after fourth coronavirus case,"
  22. Web site: Coronavirus: Lebanon to close schools, colleges for week | Mena . Gulf News . 2020-03-02 . 2020-03-18 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308131726/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/coronavirus-lebanon-to-close-schools-colleges-for-week-1.70101022 . live .
  23. Web site: All Announcements. 8 March 2021. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308073149/https://www.aub.edu.lb/emergency/Pages/latest.aspx. live.
  24. Web site: COVID-19 Research Response Portal. aub.edu.lb. 8 March 2021. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060305/https://www.aub.edu.lb/research/covid19/Pages/default.aspx. live.
  25. News: Prominent Beirut university faces fight of its life as crises hit. Reuters. 8 May 2020. Francis. Samia Nakhoul. 10 May 2020. 13 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513055621/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-aub/prominent-beirut-university-faces-fight-of-its-life-as-crises-hit-idUSKBN22K1RM. live.
  26. Web site: Lebanon's AUB faces staff cuts and department closures over budget crisis. 6 May 2020. 10 May 2020. 10 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510183323/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/lebanon-s-aub-faces-staff-cuts-and-department-closures-over-budget-crisis-1.1015857. live.
  27. Web site: L'AUB compte licencier près de 25 % de son personnel. 15 June 2020. 8 March 2021. 16 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616231621/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1221941. live.
  28. Web site: Protests in Lebanon over AUB's cutting 850 jobs amid coronavirus, economic crisis. 20 July 2020. 8 March 2021. 17 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417202311/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/20/American-University-of-Beirut-lays-off-850-employees-amid-coronavirus-economic-crisi. live.
  29. Web site: Azhari. Timour. Top Lebanese university hikes tuition 160 percent, citing crisis. 2021-02-26. aljazeera.com. en. 17 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217163009/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/8/lebanons-top-university-aub-hikes-tuition-160-percent-citing-crisis. live.
  30. Web site: AUB Will Provide More Than $90 Million in Financial Aid to Students. 3 February 2021. 8 March 2021. 25 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225110742/https://www.the961.com/aub-90-million-aid-to-students/. live.
  31. Web site: 2020-12-19. Lebanon police clash with AUB students protesting tuition hikes. 2021-02-26. Al Arabiya English. en. 12 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184214/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/12/19/Lebanon-protests-Lebanon-police-clash-with-students-protesting-tuition-hikes. live.
  32. Web site: Protesters clash with police in front of AUB again News, Lebanon News THE DAILY STAR. 2021-02-26. dailystar.com.lb. 22 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185231/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2020/Dec-29/515803-protesters-clash-with-police-in-front-of-aub-again.ashx. live.
  33. Web site: History of the Office. website.aub.edu.lb. 2 November 2019. 1 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101141404/https://www.aub.edu.lb/president/Pages/history.aspx. live.
  34. Web site: Campus. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002534/http://www.uniandi.com/?p=university_home&univid=542&lang=en. dead. 5 October 2013. Uniandi. 30 March 2013.
  35. Web site: Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111544/http://www.aub.edu.lb/fafs/pages/default.aspx. live.
  36. Web site: Faculty of Arts and Sciences. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111542/https://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/pages/default.aspx. live.
  37. Web site: Faculty of Health Sciences. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111547/https://www.aub.edu.lb/fhs/Pages/default.aspx. live.
  38. Web site: Faculty of Medicine. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111544/https://www.aub.edu.lb/fm/Pages/default.aspx. live.
  39. Web site: Rafic Hariri School of Nursing. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111542/https://www.aub.edu.lb/hson/Pages/default.aspx. live.
  40. Web site: Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111731/https://www.aub.edu.lb/msfea/Pages/default.aspx. live.
  41. Web site: Welcome to the Suliman S. Olayan School of Business. aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321111733/https://www.aub.edu.lb/osb/Pages/default.aspx. live.
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  47. Web site: AUB – 2014 – Syrian refugee relief crisis evokes community-wide response at AUB. website.aub.edu.lb. 21 March 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114627/http://website.aub.edu.lb/news/2014/Pages/aubmc-syrian.aspx. live.
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